DOI : 10.17577/IJERTV2IS120803
- Open Access
- Total Downloads : 216
- Authors : C. Ranganathan, Dr. R. Balasubramani
- Paper ID : IJERTV2IS120803
- Volume & Issue : Volume 02, Issue 12 (December 2013)
- Published (First Online): 31-12-2013
- ISSN (Online) : 2278-0181
- Publisher Name : IJERT
- License:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Authorship Pattern of Digital Architecture Research Output : A Scientometric Analysis
C. Ranganathan1 And Dr. R. Balasubramani2
1Assistant Professor, Department of Library and Information Science,Bharathidasan University,Tiruchirappalli-24, TamilNadu
2Assistant Professor, Department of Library and Information Science, Bharathidasan University,Tiruchirappalli-24, TamilNadu
ABSTRACT
The study deals with the Scientometric study on the publication of "Digital Architecture". The records are collected from Web of Science Databases for the period of 1999-2013. A total of 6335 papers were identified in Web of Science database. The study reveals that, most of the researchers preferred to publish their research results in journals; as such 79.41% of articles were published in journals. More numbers of articles were published in the year 2012. The authorship trend shows that, out of total 6335 iterature published, 89% of the publication published under the joint author. It is observed that author productivity is not in agreement with Lotka's law, but productivity distribution data partially fits the law when the value of Chi- square to 727.37. Further this study also identified to analyses coverage growth rates, coverage growth rates, sourcewise. Degree of collaboration, Areas of research concentration, word frequency, Geographical distribution of the literature and citation analysis is also noted.
Keyword: Digital Architecture, Digital, Authorship Pattern, Scientometric Analysis, Lotkas Law
-
INTRODUCTION
Digital technology of the current age has grown so boundlessly that it is triggering a radical change throughout culture, art, science and lifestyle. It has rapidly penetrated into our everyday lives. Of the three fundamental human needs – clothing, housing and food – the first two appear to have various phases of digital evolution. Meanwhile, urban spaces, including architecture, are carefully seeking their role as electronic interfaces. The new environment, created by digital technology, has freed humanity from the borders of physical limits of time and space. It is now transforming this era's paradigm of value: from being static to diversion, materialism to immaterialism, heaviness to lightness, logical relationship to indefiniteness and clarity to obscurity. Architecture is restructured according to the contents within an electronic world, and the image of structured space expresses these contents.The digital architecture can be defined as an architecture which eliminates geometrical artificiality by creating non-geometrical space, as digital information and human perception meet and handle multidimensional space.
The major focus of the study is to apply the scientometric analysis with a view to analyse the authorship pattern of research out put in Digital Architecture. This study related to authors and their productivity; collaborative patterns and other aspects is important and useful to understand the mechanism underlying the growth of knowledge of a discipline. This study also to analyse the authorship pattern of Digital Architecture research output interms of its content and coverage relative growth rates, doubling time, sourcewise. Degree of collaboration, Collaborative index, Areas of research concentration, author productivity, authorship Pattern, and citation analysis is also noted.
-
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
-
To examines the growth of literature in Digital architecture in scientometric analysis during the period from 1999 to 2013.
-
To examine the various sources of research publications in digital architecture.
-
To identify the nature of Authorship pattern and determine the degree of collabration.
-
To identify the proportion of single and multi-authored papers of digital architecture research output.
-
To test the applicability of Lotka's law to the scientific productivity of authors.
-
To identify the Countrywise research output performance in Digital architechture in bibliometrics.
2. METHODOLOGY
The present study is carried out about source documents and research output. The data for the study was downloaded from the web of science database in May 2013. All the Publications retrieved from the Scopus database on Digital Architecture and cover the period from 1999 to 2013, Further; the research has downloaded the bibliographical data in the form of notepad files. Then the bibliographical details are converted to using Histcite software. Overall data retrieved by the researcher are 6335 records and the researcher chosen only 6335 records for analyzing the present study.
-
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
-
GROWTH OF PUBLICATION RESEARCH OUTPUT AND CITATION SCORES
To analysis the year wise publication of research on digital architecture, the data has been presented in the above table-1.It could clearly see that during the period 1999 – 2013 a total of 6335 publications were published in Global level within the fifteen years. Highest percentage of papers were published in the year 2012, 2011 and 2009 constituting 9.39 % and 8.71% and 8.70% respectively.
Table -1: Year Wise Distribution of the Research Output and Citation Scores
No
Publication of Year
Publication output
Percentage
TLCS
TGCS
1
1999
320
5.05
332
4355
2
2000
306
4.83
281
4887
3
2001
288
4.55
228
4003
4
2002
319
5.03
178
6832
5
2003
371
5.86
352
5727
6
2004
370
5.84
368
5440
7
2005
451
7.12
380
5608
8
2006
479
7.56
313
4458
9
2007
449
7.09
368
4940
10
2008
502
7.92
283
4560
11
2009
551
8.70
221
3300
12
2010
530
8.37
135
2179
13
2011
552
8.71
80
1205
14
2012
595
9.39
23
366
15
2013
252
3.98
3
23
Total
6335
100
57883
The highest publication is 595 in the year of 2012 with 366 Global Citation Scores followed by 552papers in 2011 with 1205 Global Citation Scores. The lowest publication is 288 in 2001 with 4003 Globl Citation Scores. But the publication is 319 in 2002 with highest Global Citation Scores (6832). It shows that even minimum numbers of records were scored higher global citations. The study also reveals all these 6335 publications have 57883 cited references it shows that there is a healthy trend in citing reference is found among the Scientists belongs to digital architecture.
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GROWTH RATE AND DOUBLING TIME IN DIGITAL ARCHITECTURE RESEARCH OUTPUT
A study of the growth rate of Digital architecture literature is an important factor in analyzing the research and development in the field. Table-2 indicates the relative growth rate of research output in Digital Architecture at the global level. It is apparent that the relative growth rate has increasing trend or more or less similar trend -0.04 in 1999 to -0.85 in 2013. The mean relative growth rate for the period 1999 and 2005 is worked out to 0.05 and it is 0.91 for the period 2006 2013. The overall study period has witnessed a mean relative growth rate of 0.06. Invariably the doubling time for publications of research output in Digital Architecture has increased from -17.32 year in 2000 to 9.9 in 2012. Quite obviously the whole study period has recorded a mean doubling time for publication as 0.24 years. The mean doubling time for the period 1999 to 2006 is worked out to -0.26 years and for the period 2007 to 2013 it is calculated as 0.82 years. It is evident from the above discussion that the relative growth rate of publication has shown more or less a similar trend. Consequently, the mean doubling time for publication of Digital Architecture has shown an increasing trend.
Table-2 Relative Growth Rate and Doubling Time of Overall Research Output
Year
No. of Output
Cumula tive No. of Output
W1
W2
R (a)
Mean R(a)
Doubling Time Dt (a)
Mean Dt(a) 1-2
1999
320
320
5.76
-0.26
2000
306
626
5.76
5.72
-0.04
-17.32
2001
288
914
5.72
5.66
-0.06
-11.55
2002
319
1233
5.66
5.76
0.10
6.93
2003
371
1604
5.76
5.91
0.15
4.62
2004
370
1974
5.91
5.91
0.00
0
2005
451
2425
5.91
6.11
0.19
3.64
2006
479
2904
6.11
6.17
0.06
0.05
11.55
2007
449
3353
6.17
6.10
-0.06
-11.55
0.82
2008
502
3855
6.10
6.21
0.11
6.3
2009
551
4406
6.21
6.31
0.09
7.7
2010
530
4936
6.31
6.27
-0.03
-23.1
2011
552
5488
6.27
6.31
0.04
17.32
2012
595
6083
6.31
6.38
0.07
9.9
2013
252
6335
6.38
5.52
-0.85
0.91
-0.81
Mean R(a) 0.06 0.24 years
Mean R(a) 0.06 0.24 years
-
AUTHORSHIP PATTERNS
The table-3 indicates the authorship pattern of research publication on Digital Architecture research output. It could be noted that three author publications contribute 24.35%, it is followed by Double author publication with 22.05 %, four authorship publications with 17.14%, single author research output with 10.53, five author publications with 10.34%, six authors 5.74% and above ten author research output with 3.39% respectively.
Table 3 Showing Year wise Authorship pattern
Year
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Total
1999
57
(8.49)
74
(5.29)
72
(4.66)
38
(3.50)
26
(3.98)
16
(4.40)
15
(7.14)
8
(6.4)
3(4)
11
(5.16)
320
(5.05)
2000
62
(9.23)
80
(5.72)
83
(5.37)
49
(4.52)
15
(2.29)
5
(1.37)
5
(2.38)
2
(1.6)
1
(1.33)
4
(1.87)
306
(4.83)
2001
46
(6.85)
83
(5.94)
68
(4.40)
34
(3.13)
19
(2.90)
12
(3.30)
5
(2.38)
5
(4)
6(8)
10
(4.69)
288
(4.54)
2002
38
(5.66)
77
(5.51)
88
(5.69)
53
(4.88)
29
(4.44)
14
(3.85)
8
(3.80)
4
(3.2)
4
(5.33)
4
(1.87)
319
(5.03)
2003
32
(4.76)
94
(6.72)
105
(6.80)
62
(5.71)
29
(4.44)
18
(4.95)
11
(5.23)
7
(5.6)
5
(6.66)
8
(3.75)
371
(5.85)
2004
30
(4.47)
80
(5.72)
116
(7.51)
63
(5.81)
20
(3.06)
17
(4.68)
17
(8.09)
7
(5.6)
4
(5.33)
16
(7.51)
370
(5.84)
2005
52
(7.47)
97
(6.94)
98
(6.34)
88
(8.11)
45
(6.89)
28(7.71)
14
(6.66)
8
(6.4)
5
(6.66)
16
(7.51)
451
(7.11)
2006
42
(6.25)
118
(8.44)
119
(7.70)
71
(6.54)
59
(9.03)
27
(7.43)
13
(6.19)
8
(6.4)
8
(10.66)
14
(6.57)
479
(7.56)
2007
51
(7.60)
112
(8.01)
100
(6.47)
69
(6.36)
43
(6.58)
25
(6.88)
11
(5.23)
12
(9.6)
9(12)
17
(7.98)
449
(7.08)
2008
51
(7.60)
99
(7.08)
128
(8.29)
106
(9.77)
42
(6.43)
31
(8.53)
14
(6.66)
9(7.2)
2
(2.60)
20
(9.38)
502
(7.92)
2009
49
(7.30)
112
(8.01)
127
(8.22)
100
(9.22)
64
(9.80)
37
(10.19)
20
(9.52)
17
(13.6)
7
(9.33)
18
(8.45)
551
(8.69)
2010
47
(7.00)
108
(7.73)
128
(8.29)
102
(9.40)
62
(9.49)
32
(8.81)
20
(9.52)
7
(5.6)
4
(5.33)
20
(9.38)
530
(8.36)
2011
48
(7.15)
114
(8.16)
130
(8.44)
86
(7.93)
82
(12.55)
40
(11.01)
18
(8.57)
13
(10.4)
7
(9.33)
14
(6.54)
552
(8.71)
2012
49
(7.30)
104
(7.44)
130
(8.44)
103
(9.50)
90
(13.78)
43
(11.84)
28
(13.33)
14
(11.2)
7
(9.33)
27
(12.67)
595
(9.39)
2013
17
45
52
60
28(4.28)
18
11
4
3(4)
14
252
(2.53)
(3.22)
(3.36)
(5.53)
(4.95)
(5.23)
(3.2)
(6.57)
(3.97)
TOTAL
671
(10.53)
1397
(22.05)
1544
(24.35)
1084
(17.14)
653
(10.34)
363
(5.74)
210
(3.31)
125
(2.00)
75
(1.25)
213
(3.39)
6335
(100)
From the result we come to know that the multi author publication is the highest compare to single author publication. Out of the fifteen year analysis, year 2012 has recorded the highest publication distribution of 9.39 percent among the fifteen years. The year 2011 recorded 8.71 percent, year 2009 recorded 8.69 percent, 2010 recorded 8.36 percent and 2008 recorded
7.92 percent respectively.In view of this analysis the following year distribution 2000, 2001 and 2013 have contributed less than five percent on Digital Architecture.
-
SINGLE VS MULTIPLE AUTHORED RESEARCH OUTPUT AND DEGREE OF COLLABORATION
It is observed that the single version multi author research output during the period 1999 to 2013. At the overall level, the single author contributed papers constitute 10.59 per cent of the total publications: where as the remaining majority 89.40 of the papers are contributed by multi authorship.It is inferred from the table -4 that at the aggregate level, the degree of collaboration is of 0.89 during the study period 1999 to 2013 i.e, that is out of total 6335 literature published, 96% of them or published under the joint author of publications in Digital Architecture research output.The period wise analysis indicates that its level is somewhat less in the first period [1999-2005: 0.86] and it has shown. An increasing trend during the period [2006- 13: 0.91]. This brings out clearly the high level of prevalence of collaborative research in Digital Architecture.Based on this study, the result of the degree of collaboration C=0.89 i.e., 89 percent of collaboration authors articles published during the study periods.
Table-4 Single Vs Multiple Authored Research Output and Degree of Collaboration
Year
Single Author
Multiple Author
Total (%)
Degree of collaborati on
Mean Degree of collaboration
No. of Out put
Percentage
No. of Out put
Percentage
1999
57
17.81
263
82.18
320(5.05)
0.82
2000
62
20.26
244
79.73
306(4.83)
0.79
2001
46
15.97
242
84.02
288(4.54)
0.84
2002
38
11.91
281
88.08
319(5.03)
0.88
2003
32
8.62
339
91.37
371(5.85)
0.91
2004
30
8.10
340
91.89
370(5.84)
0.91
2005
52
11.52
399
88.47
451(7.11)
0.88
0.86
2006
42
8.76
437
91.23
479(7.56)
0.91
2007
51
11.35
398
88.64
449(7.08)
0.88
2008
51
10.15
451
89.84
502(7.92)
0.89
2009
49
8.89
502
91.10
551(8.69)
0.91
2010
47
8.86
483
91.13
530(8.36)
0.91
2011
48
8.69
504
91.30
552(8.71)
0.91
2012
49
8.23
546
91.76
595(9.39)
0.91
2013
17
6.74
235
93.25
252(3.97)
0.93
0.91
Total
671
10.59
5664
89.40
6335
0.89
-
RANKING OF AUTHORS PRODUCTIVITY BASED ON PUBLICATIONS
Table- 5 indicates ranking of authors by number of publications. Authors Kim J published highest number of articles for the study period with 39 records, consecutive authors Kim S are published next highest number of articles for he study period with 20 records. Muhamed K having highest Global Citation Scores of 597 with just 12 publications followed by Balsara PT is having Global Citation Score of 256 with just 10 publications, while Kim S having lowest Global Citation Score of 48 with just 20 publications. Thus the most-cited authors are distinguished from the most-published ones. It is found from the analysis that Lotkas law may not be applicable with regard to author productivity in proliferation of research in Digital Architechture as the research papers equally distributed by a large number of authors.
Table 5 Ranking of Authors Productivity based on Publications
No
Author
No. of Articles
TLCS
TGCS
1
Kim J
39
69
588
2
Kim S
20
5
48
3
Lee J
17
7
55
4
Chandrakasan AP
16
55
500
5
Kim B
16
36
200
6
Lee H
16
3
93
7
Parhi KK
16
13
86
8
Staszewski RB
16
139
856
9
Rodriguez-Vazquez A
15
8
144
10
Meher PK
14
22
67
11
Moon UK
14
39
220
12
Varandas CAF
14
12
94
13
De Caro D
13
11
103
14
de la Rosa JM
13
3
76
15
Fontaine R
13
24
116
16
Lee S
13
5
77
17
Maloberti F
13
4
40
18
Roy K
13
5
130
19
Sousa J
13
12
92
20
Wang ZH
13
7
73
21
Gabrielli A
12
7
37
22
Geraci A
12
22
134
23
Lecomte R
12
23
112
24
Morie T
12
18
76
25
Muhammad K
12
104
597
26
Strollo AGM
12
11
102
27
Wang Y
12
6
416
28
Chen CY
11
2
35
29
Hu Y
11
5
289
30
Karim KS
11
21
143
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LOTKAS LAW OF AUTHOR PRODUCTIVITY
The Lotkas law of author productivity is tested with the applications of scientific productivity Chi-square model, and it is applied in relation to number of authors contributing to the number of publications. Potter (1981) identified the Lotkas fraction 1/na = 4.65 on the basic of Euler maclaurin formula of summation. This model is applied in the present study. The Chi-square can be computed as (f-p) 2/p, where f = observed number of authors with n publications; p = Expected number of authors. In this study, the productivity of Digital Architecture research scientists is examined. At the first observation, the analyzed data invalidate Lotkas findings that the proportion of all contributions that make a single contribution is less than 60 percent. Further, Lotkas Chi square model confirms the source trend. It explains the fact that the calculated x2 value is 727.32 which is less than the tabulated value at 5 percent level of significance.
Table-6 Showing Lotkas Law of Author Productivity
No. of Publication
Observer No. of Authors with n (an) or F
Observed % of authors 100 X an/ al
Expected No of Authors (an=al/n2 ) (P)
Expected percentage of authors predicate by Lotkas 100/n2
(F-P) 2 /p
1
3100
100
3100
100
0
2
211
6.80
775
25
410.44
3
136
4.38
344.44
11.11
126.14
4
117
3.77
193.75
6.25
30.40
5
63
2.03
124
4
30.00
6
59
1.90
86.11
2.77
8.53
7
58
1.87
63.26
2.04
0.43
8
49
1.58
48.43
1.56
0.00
11
39
1.25
25.61
0.82
6.98
12
34
1.09
21.52
0.69
7.22
14
33
1.06
15.81
0.51
18.66
15
26
0.83
13.77
0.44
10.84
16
25
0.80
12.10
0.39
13.72
19
24
0.77
8.58
0.27
27.66
21
23
0.74
7.02
0.22
36.28
Total
X2
727.37
-
-
-
MAJOR FINDINGS
-
The finding of growth of publication of Digital Architecture research output brings out the highest percentage of papers were published in the year 2012, 2011 and 2009 constituting 9.39 % and 8.71% and 8.70% respectively. It shows that even minimum numbers of records were scored higher global citations. The study also reveals all these 6335 publications have 57883 cited references it shows that there is a healthy trend in citing reference is found among the Scientists belongs to digital architecture.
-
The findings of overall relative growth rate of literature in Digital Architecture in examine the following facts. Relative growth rate of publication has shown more or less a similar trnd. Consequently the mean doubling time for publication of Digital Architecture has shown an increasing trend.
-
It is found that three author publications contribute 24.35%, it is followed by double author publication with 22.05 %, four authorship publications with 17.14%, single author research output with 10.53, five author publications with 10.34%, six authors 5.74% and above ten author research output with 3.39% respectively. From the result we come to know that the multi author publication is the highest compare to single author publication.
-
The findings of degree of collaboration analysis reveal the following facts that the case of single author contributed papers is less. It brings out clearly the high level prevalence of collaborative research in digital architecture. Based on this study, the result of the degree of collaboration C=0.89 i.e., 89 percent of collaboration authors articles published during the study periods.
-
The findout author contributionKim J published highest number of articles for the study period with 39 records, consecutive authors Kim S are published next highest number of articles for the study period with 20 records. Muhamed K having highest Global Citation Scores of 597 with just 12 publications followed by Balsara PT is having Global Citation Score of 256 with just 10 publications, while Kim S having lowest Global Citation Score of 48 with just 20 publications.
-
The findings of author productivity in terms of Lotka's law implications reveal the following facts that the analyzed data invalidate Lotkas findings. Lotkas Chi square model confirms the source trend. It explains the fact that the calculated x2 value is 727.32 which is less than the tabulated value at 5 percent level of significance.
-
The findings of country wise analysis examine the following facts. The European Country top the list in using number cowards in the literature in Digital Architecture in bibliometric the North American countries the second, the Asia countries the third, the Oceania countries and the African countries the last respectively.
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