GIS Based Air Quality Mapping for Dharwad City

GIS Based Air Quality Mapping for Dharwad City

Dr. Nagraj S. Patil 1 Dr. V. S. Hegde2 Abdulhamid Yadwad3 & Mohemad Asif3

1 Associate Professor 2 Professor, Dept. of Civil Engg., 3 Student Dep, t. of Civil Engg.,

Dept. of Water & Land Management, SDMCET, Dharward, India SDMCET, Dharward, India VTU PG Studies,

Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, India,

Abstract :- Air pollution is one of the major problems the world is facing today. The concentration of air pollutants depend not only on the quantities that are emitted from air pollution sources but also on the ability of the atmosphere to either absorb or disperse these emission. The pollution concentration vary spatially and temporarily causing the air pollution pattern to change with different locations and time due to changes in meteorological and topographical condition. These substances are produced by various anthropological activities such as usage of vehicles, factory activities, etc. The parameters considered are Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), and Carbon Monoxide (CO) etc. Based on these parameters and location selection it is possible to prepare GIS based Air Quality maps which will serve as a baseline for management and policymakers.

Keywords: Air pollution, Air quality Map, GIS.

1. INTRODUCTION

   Air pollutants are added in the atmosphere from variety of sources that change the composition of air and affect the environment. The concentration of air pollutants depend not only on the quantities that are emitted from air pollution sources but also on the ability of the atmosphere to either absorb or disperse these emission [1]. The pollution concentration vary spatially and temporarily causing the air pollution pattern to change with different locations and time due to changes in meteorological and topographical condition. The sources of air pollutants include vehicles, industries, domestic and natural sources [4]. The presence of air pollutants in the ambient air adversely affects the health of the population. In order to prevent and control air pollution, the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was enacted in1981. The responsibility has been further emphasized under Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Despite of these Acts there is continuous pollution of environment and hence it is necessary to assess the present and anticipated air pollution through air quality survey/monitoring programs.[11]

2. METHODOLOGY

   1. Study Area

      Dharwad (Shown in fig.3) is situated just to the east of the Western Ghats and is surrounded by hills. Dharwad district (before re-organization, 1997) covers an area of 203 Sq.

      km with a population of 200000. Dharwad is the district headquarters and the Hubli-Dharwad twin city, is educational, financial, industrial hub for North Karnataka. The climate is hot during the summer and wet during the rainy seasons and pleasant during winters. Dharwad is the administrative capital of the district Hubli and Hubli serves as a commerce center and is larger city than Dharwad. Dharwad is about 20 km away from Hubli and form the twin cities of Hubli- Dharwad.

   2. Flow Diagram

      Comparison with standard norms

      Analysis of wind Vector Diagram

      Figure1. Shows the procedure for developing Air quality map

      Meteorology monitoring

      Pollutant Monitoring

      Meteorological data

      Analysis of pollutants

      Direction of pollutant flow

      Interpretation

      Fig.1. Procedure for Formulation of Air Quality Map

   3. Analysis Method for RSPM, SO2 & NOx

      Title:-Method for determination of respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) in the atmosphere (high volume method)[10]

      Principle:-Air is drawn through a size selective inlet and through a 20.3×25.4 cm (8 x 10 in) filter at flow rate which is typically 1132 L/min (40ft3/min). Particles with aerodynamics diameters less than the cut point of the inlet are collected by filter. The mass of these particles is determined by the difference in filter weights prior to and after sampling. The concentration of suspended particulate matter in the designated size range is calculated by dividing

      the weight gain of the filter by the volume of air sampled.

      Fig.2. a. Filter paper

      Fig. 2. b. Inside view of dust sampler

      Fig.2. c. Complete setup of apparatus

      Title:-Method for determination of sulphur dioxide in ambient air (modified west & Geake method).[3] Principle:-Sulphur dioxide from air is absorbed in a solution of potassium tetrachloro-mercurate (TCM). A dichlorosulphito mercurate complex, which resists oxidation by the oxygen in the air, is formed. Once formed, this complex is stable to strong oxidants such as ozone and oxides of nitrogen and therefore, the absorber solution may be stored for some time prior to analysis. The complex is made to react with pararosaniline acid, and formaldehyde to form the intensity colored parasanilinem ethyl sulphonic acid. The absorbance of the solution is measured by means

      of a suitable spectrophotometer. Concentration of sulphur dioxide is in the range of 25-1050 µg/m3 in an air sample of 30 litres.

      TITLE: -Method for determination of Nitrogen Dioxide in the Ambient Air (Sodium Arsenite method).[2]

      PRINCIPLE: -Ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is collected by bubbling air through a solution hydroxide and sodium arsenite. The concentration of nitrite ion (NO2) produced during sampling is determined colorimetrically by reacting the nitrite ion with phosphoric acid, sulfanilamide, and N_(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine di- hydrochloride (NEDA) and measuring the absorbance of the highly colored azo dye at 540 nm. The nominal range of the method is 9 to 750 µg NO2/m3) the range of the analysis is 0.04 to 2.0 µg NO2/ml, following Beers law throughout this range (0 to 1.0 absorbance units).

3. MAPPING AIR POLLUTION CONCENTRATION The steps involved are

   • Digitization of Dharwad map.

   • Input ground data to map.

   • Generation of thematic maps.

   • Generated continuous data by interpolation method(IDW) for NOx,SO2, RSPM.

   The procedure adopted is to develop a GIS based air pollution surface model using different continuous surface generation techniques. In this study, interpolation technique for mapping the variation of point data over space has been compared. The methods of spatial prediction used for the study are some local deterministic interpolation methods such as Thiessen Polygons, Inverse Distance and Thin Plate Splines. Data used for the study comprised values of different pollutants observed at point locations, sparsely distributed over the study area. Different interpolation methods mentioned above have been compared to find out the best suitable method for studying the seasonal air pollution levels.[12]

   Fig 3. Maps for different locations of Dharwad

4. WIND ROSE PLOTS

   Figure 4. Shows wind rose plot for rainy season in Dharwad which indicates that the predominant winds are mainly flowing from North-East direction. Calm conditions are observed for 1.01% of the total time.

   Fig.4 Wind Rose Plot for Rainy Season in Dharwad

   Figure 5. shows wind rose plot for winter season in Dharwad which indicates that the predominant winds are mainly flowing from North-East, with the secondary wind direction being from the North-West. Calm conditions are observed for 1.06% of the total time.

   Fig. 5.Wndrose Plot for Winter Season in Dharwad

5. FORMULATION OF AIR QUALITY MAP USING GIS

   The formulations of air quality atlas using GIS are discussed below.

   1. Pollutant concentration maps (Rainy Season)

      In Dharwad city, during rainy season oxides of nitrogen concentration varies from 2g/m3 to 15.99g/m3 and is in desirable limit. Figure 6. shows that spatial distribution of nitrous oxide in the study area, low concentration of nitrous oxide was observed in South-West part of the study area, which comes under Karnataka University and maximum concentration of nitrous oxide was observed at Belur industrial area.

      Fig. 6 GIS Map of Nitrous Oxide Concentration in Dharwad city

      In Dharwad city, during rainy season respirable suspended particulate matter concentration varies from 20g/m3 to 79.99g/m3 and is in desirable limit. Figure 7. shows that spatial distribution of respirable suspended particulate matter in the study area, low concentration of respirable suspended particulate matter was observed in South-West part of the study area, which comes under Karnataka University and maximum concentration of respirable suspended particulate matter was observed at Belur industrial area.

      Fig.7. GIS Map of Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter Concentration

      in Dharwad city

      In Dharwad city, during rainy season sulphur dioxide concentration varies from 1g/m3 to 5.99g/m3 and is in desirable limit. Figure 8. shows that spatial distribution of sulphur dioxide in the study area, low concentration of sulphur dioxide was observed in South-West part of the study area, which comes under Karnataka University and maximum concentration of sulphur dioxide was observed at Belur industrial area.

      Fig. 8 Dharwad: Sulphur Dioxide Concentration

   2. Pollutant Concentration Maps (Winter Season)

   In Dharwad city, during winter season oxides of nitrogen concentration varies from 2g/m3 to 16.99g/m3 and is in desirable limit. Figure 9 shows that spatial distribution of nitrous oxide in the study area, low concentration of nitrous oxide was observed in South-West part of the study area, which comes under Karnataka University and maximum concentration of nitrous oxide was observed in North-West part of the study area, which comes under Belur industrial area.

   Fig.9. Dharwad: Nitrous oxide Concentration

   In Dharwad city, respirable suspended particulate matter concentration varies from 40g/m3 to 90.79g/m3 and is in desirable limit. Figure 10 shows that spatial distribution of respirable suspended particulate matter in the study area, low concentration of respirable suspended particulate matter was observed in northeast part of the study area, which comes under Karnataka University and maximum concentration of respirable suspended particulate matter was observed at Belur industrial area and Jublee circle.

   Fig.10. Dharwad: Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter Concentration

   In Dharwad City, sulphur dioxide concentration varies from 1g/m3 to 8.99g/m3 and is indesirable limit. Figure

   1. shows that spatial distribution of sulphur dioxide in the study area, low concentration of sulphur dioxide was observed in southwest part of the study area, which comes under Karnataka University and maximum concentration of sulphur dioxide was observed in northwest part of the study area which comes under Belur industrial area.

      Fig.11 Dharwad: Sulphur Dioxide Concentration

6. CONCLUSIONS

Based on the above finding the following conclusions can be drawn.

The atlas we developed helps to demarcate the buffer areas. This information is critical to select a suitable location for:

• New industries

• Type of industry

• Number of industries

• Pollution control board can use this model to decide upon location for new industries.

• Helps ecologists and environmentalists to evolve suitable techniques for maintenance of healthy environment.

REFERENCE

1. Abdelrasoul A.M.W, AL-Hadad A and Khan A.R.( 2010),Oil Refineries Emissions Impact on Urban Localities Using AERMOD,American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 6 (6): 505-515

2. Analysis procedure for NOx, followed from the IS CODE: IS CODE 5182 PART 8/1975

3. Analysis procedure for SOx followed from the IS CODE: IS CODE 5182 PART2/2001

4. Boadh R, Satyanarayana A.N.V and Rama Krishna T.V.B.P.S. (2014), Assessment of Dispersion of Oxide of Nitrogen using AERMOD over a Tropical Industrial Region,International Journal of Computer Applications, 90 (11):43-50.

5. Cohan A., Wu J. and Dabdub D. (2011), Highresolution pollutant transport in the San Pedro Bay of California, Atmospheric Pollution Research, 237246.

6. CPCB, National Ambient Air Quality Standards, 2009. http://www.cpcb.nic.in/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standard s.php.

7. Deligiorgi D., Philippopoulos K., Karvounis G and Tzanakou M. (2009), Identification of pollution dispersion patterns in complex terrain using AERMOD modeling System, International Journal of Energy and Environment, 3(3):143-150.

8. Kakosimos K.E., Assael M.J., Lioumbas J. S. and Spiridis A.S. (2011), Atmospheric dispersion modelling of the fugitive particulate matter from overburden dumps with numerical and integral models, Atmospheric Pollution Research, 24-33.

9. Kesarkar A.P, Dalvi M, Kaginalkar A, and Ojha A (2006),Coupling of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with AERMOD for pollutant dispersion modeling. A case study for PM10 dispersion over Pune, India ,41 (2007) 19761988.

10. M. N. Rao and H. V. N. Rao, 2001, Air Pollution, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, 2001, p269-27.

11. National ambient air quality status, CPCB, series NAAQMS/2009-10.

12. Peter A. Burrough, and Rachael A. McDonnell, 1998, Principles of Geographical Information Systems, Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 1998.

13. Rao M.N. and Rao H. V. N. (2001), Air Pollution, Tata McGraw Hill Private Limited, New Delhi, 1-335.

14. Seangkiatiyuth K., Surapipith V., Tantrakarnapa K. and Lothongkum A.W. (2011), Application of the AERMOD modeling system for environmental impact assessment of NO2 emissions from a cement complex, Journal of Environmental Sciences, 23(6): 931940.

15. Thepanondh S and Jitbantoung N. (2014), Assimilative Capacity Analysis of Air Pollutants over the Dawai Industrial Complex, International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 5(2):161-164

16. WHO. WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: selected pollutants. WHO Regional Publications 2010; Europe Yadav M.S.P, Gaurav R.K, Jahnavi B and Dr. Ram G.D. (2013),Prediction of PM, SO2 & NOX – GLCS from Point Source Emissions Using Air Modeling,International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research,4(5):5-9.