Structural Design of Interlocking Concrete Paving Block

Structural Design of Interlocking Concrete Paving Block

E. Palanikumar [1] Department of Civil Engineering Chennai Institute of Technology

Chennai, India.

Pothuganti Uday Kumar [2] Department of Civil Engineering Chennai Institute of Technology Chennai, India.

Abstract Segmented interlocking concrete paving is a system of individual shaped blocks which are used to form a continuous hardwearing surface overlay. It is the one of the important load- spreading component of the pavement. However advantages of interlocking concrete pavement have not fully extended in India. This project deals with the advantage of interlock system, stone shape, thickness, compressive strength, size, and pattern and cost analysis on the overall pavement performance. To obtain a maximum load transfer in interlocking concrete pavement. Compare their interlocking properties with those of normal rectangular concrete pavers by performing compression. The superior interlock system provides the surface stability of the pavement surface. Interlocking concrete paving system has several advantages, including resist to freeze-thaw and skid resistance, It does not require any heavy construction equipment, ease of maintenance, instant opening to traffic.

KeywordsInterlocking; Skid resistance;Stability

1. INTRODUCTION

   The stone paving has been started since 4000 BC in Assyria, during that time flagstones were used to pave village streets widely, at that time also there were pavers who are made up of concrete but at that time it was new. So people did not focused on it, but over the last 100 years the usage of pavement has been increased widely for vehicular traffic and it is eco-friendly, it does not damage environment. These are not only used in commercial areas they are also used in industries and residential areas also. Over the last 20 years the concrete blocks were came into usage widely these are segmental blocks of different shapes, Due to this segmental blocks the Interlocking capacity is increased when it is subjected to heavy traffic load.

2. EASE OF USE

   1. Design Consideration

      The deformation and load transfer for concrete and asphalt are same as they follow the same design procedure of American Association of State Highway and transportation officials. The structural design procedure for air ports and ports follows ICPL Manuals; the required values are taken by engineers based on the attribute factors.

   2. Environment

      Some of the climatic factors like moisture and plays a major role in affecting pavement. The moisture content in the soil is opposite to the load bearing capacity of pavement which affects the stability, Due to this the water which is present is freezed and then material loses its stability slowly.

   3. Soil Sub grade Support

      The total thickness of Interlocking concrete pavement is mainly affected by soil sub grade. The Laboratory test which is conducted by California Bearing Ratio. In absence of test, resilient modulus (Mr.) can be given to each type of soil.

      Table1.1. SOIL SUBGRADE CHARACTERIZATION

      Quality of Drainage	<1%	1 to 5%	5 to 25%	>25%
      Excellent	3	3	3	2
      Good	3	3	2	2
      Fair	3	2	2	1
      Poor	2	2	1	1
      Very poor	2	1	1	1

   4. Moss

      The disadvantage of pavers is moss. This assembling of moss will make the pavers very slippery and dangerous. So, we have to maintain properly for reducing the accumulation of moss to a minimum.

   5. Size

      Another disadvantage of brick is size; Each and every brick are of different size so test has to be done separately for each and every brick.

   6. Cost

      The driveway pavers is more costly when compared to concrete, it is almost twice of concrete paver.

3. OBJECTIVE OF CURRENT STUDY

   It was felt necessary that the phenomenon of block interaction under applied load needed investigation. Such test could then provide insights into load-spreading ability and other structural characteristics of block pavement.

4. SCOPE OF WORK

   The present project has been taken up to study the structural design behavior of Interlocking concrete paving stone by varying the different block parameters. In this study experimental investigations have been made by taking laboratory testing values.

   M-15 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
   As per IS 10262-2009
   A-1	Stipulations for Proportioning
   1	Grade Designation	M15
   2	Type of Cement	OPC 53 grade
   3	Maximum Nominal Aggregate Size	20 mm
   4	Minimum Cement Content	250 kg/m3
   5	Maximum Water Cement Ratio	0.5
   6	Workability	25 mm (Slump)
   7	Exposure Condition	Normal
   8	Degree of Supervision	Good
   9	Type of Aggregate	Crushed Angular Aggregate
   10	Maximum Cement Content	540 kg/m3
   A-2	Test Data for Materials
   1	Cement Used	Coromandal OPC 53 grade
   2	Sp. Gravity of Cement	3.00
   3	Sp. Gravity of Water	1.00
   4	Chemical Admixture	Not Used
   5	Sp. Gravity of 10 mm Aggregate	2.878
   6	Sp. Gravity of Sand	2.605
   7	Water Absorption of 10 mm Aggregate	0.83%
   8	Water Absorption of Sand	1.23%
   9	Free (Surface) Moisture of 10 mm Aggregate	Nil
   10	Free (Surface) Moisture of Sand	Nil

   M-15 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
   As per IS 10262-2009
   A-1	Stipulations for Proportioning
   1	Grade Designation	M15
   2	Type of Cement	OPC 53 grade
   3	Maximum Nominal Aggregate Size	20 mm
   4	Minimum Cement Content	250 kg/m3
   5	Maximum Water Cement Ratio	0.5
   6	Workability	25 mm (Slump)
   7	<>Exposure Condition	Normal
   8	Degree of Supervision	Good
   9	Type of Aggregate	Crushed Angular Aggregate
   10	Maximum Cement Content	540 kg/m3
   A-2	Test Data for Materials
   1	Cement Used	Coromandal OPC 53 grade
   2	Sp. Gravity of Cement	3.00
   3	Sp. Gravity of Water	1.00
   4	Chemical Admixture	Not Used
   5	Sp. Gravity of 10 mm Aggregate	2.878
   6	Sp. Gravity of Sand	2.605
   7	Water Absorption of 10 mm Aggregate	0.83%
   8	Water Absorption of Sand	1.23%
   9	Free (Surface) Moisture of 10 mm Aggregate	Nil
   10	Free (Surface) Moisture of Sand	Nil

5. FUTURE OF CONCRETE BLOCK PAVING At present and in future the market for paving

   blocks is growing one. Because it has tendency to look cities, parks and gardens beautiful. This follows a modern concrete paving product, which is quick and easy to lay, and it provide excellent performance under traffic. Figure 4.1 shows the growth in the concrete block paving market since its commenced in the late 1950s.

   Figure 4.1: Growth in concrete block paving

6. APPLICATIONS OF CONCRETE BLOCK

   PAVING

   • In commercial areas it can be utilized in many different places such as bus terminals, parking lots, loading docks, zoos and airport pavements.

   • These are used in road construction such as toll plazas, intersections, pedestrian crossings.

   • The residential locations where the paver stones used are the patio, decking, balconies, courtyards, walkways and driveways.

7. ADVANTAGE OF DESIGN

   • Load spreading is equal in all direction.

   • Failure is less than the normal pavement.

   • Life of design is extended due to equal load spreading.

8. DISADVANTAGE OF DESIGN

   • It is difficult to construct

   • If it crack is determine it is difficult to replace.

9. MIX DESIGN

1. General

   Design of concrete mixes involves in step by step process firstly determination of the proportions of the given constituents namely, cement, water, coarse aggregate and fine aggregate with admixtures if any. Workability is the important property of concrete in the fresh state. For hardened state compressive strength and durability is considered.

   The mix design methods are being followed in different countries it is mostly based on empirical relationships, charts and graphs developed from experimental investigations. Following methods are in practice

   1. ACI Mix design method

   2. British Mix design method

   3. USBR Mix design method

   4. Mix design method according to Indian standard

2. Cement Mortar

   • For preparing mortar, firstly a mixture of cement and sand is mixed thoroughly and then it should be kept in dry condition. Water is added gradually and mixed with shovels. The cement to sand proportion recommended for various works is as shown is Table

3. Properties of Cement Mortar

The following are the important properties of cement mortar:

1. When water is added to the cement and sand mixture, hydration of cement starts and it binds sand particles along with the surrounding surfaces of masonry and concrete.

2. A mix higher than 1:3 is prone to shrinkage.

3. Proper mix alone closes the voids in sand and hence the plastered surface is porous.

4. Well mixed and proportioned mortar provides impervious surface

   S. No	Works	Cement: Sand
   1	Masonry works	1:6 to 1:8
   2.	Plastering masonry	1:3 to 1:4
   3.	Plastering concrete	1:3
   4.	Pointing	1:2 to 1:3

   S. No	Works	Cement: Sand
   1	Masonry works	1:6 to 1:8
   2.	Plastering masonry	1:3 to 1:4
   3.	Plastering concrete	1:3
   4.	Pointing	1:2 to 1:3

5. The strength of mortar mainly depends upon the proportion of cement and sand.

1. EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE

   The experimental procedure in preparation of mould (wooden) in desired size is as follows. Steps involve in experimental procedure

   • Preparation of concrete

   • setting of mould

   • preparation of stone

   • Curing process

     7 days test result
     Size (mm)	Ratio	Weight (Kg)	Failure load (KN)	Crushing stren (Mpa)
     200x200x80	1:2:4	10.55	560	12.3
     200x200x80	1:1.5:3	10.43	680	14.7
     200x200x80	1:5	10.46	842	18.3
     200x200x80	1:4	10.32	725	15.6

     7 days test result
     Size (mm)	Ratio	Weight (Kg)	Failure load (KN)	Crushing stren (Mpa)
     200x200x80	1:2:4	10.55	560	12.3
     200x200x80	1:1.5:3	10.43	680	14.7
     200x200x80	1:5	10.46	842	18.3
     200x200x80	1:4	10.32	725	15.6

   • Testing of stone

2. CONCLUSION

1. A simple laboratory-scale test setup can be utilized to assess the behavior of concrete blocks with respect to their shape, thickness and laying pattern, etc.

2. The effectiveness of load transfer depends on the vertical surface area of individual blocks.

3. Shaped blocks perform better than rectangular and different blocks of similar thickness installed in same laying pattern.

4. Blocks with larger size produce lower deflection.

5. Strength of blocks has no significant influence on deflection.

6. Block pavements stiffen more progressively with an increase in load repetition, but gain full elastic property after some repetitions.

25

20

15

10

5

0

25

20

15

10

5

0

Compressive strength

Compressive strength

Compressive strength result

REFERENCES

1. AASHTO, Guide for Design of Pavement Structures, (1993). American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C.

2. Abolfazl Hassani, Ali Jamshidi -Modeling And Structural Design Of A Concrete Block Pavement System (1994)

3. Boss Paving (2008). http://www.bosspaving.co.za.

4. ICPI (2007). Interlocking Concrete Block Pavement Distress Guide. Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute, Washington,

   DC, U.S.A. www.icpi.org

5. Kitaro Uchida, Hiroshi Ohmori, Jun/I Nishi -Structural Design Of Interlocking Concrete Block Pavement In Japan (1997)

6. Noda, Kasahara, Yaginuma -Revised Manual For Interlocking Block Pavement Design And Construction (2007 Version)

7. Oluwapelumi O. Ojuri- Interlocking Paving Stones Pavement as a Solution to Marshy Roads (2012)

8. V.A. Tuffour -The Manufacture And Use Of Interlocking Concrete Paving Blocks In Ghana (1993)

M15

M20 1:05

1:04

M15

M20 1:05

1:04

7 days 14 days 28 days

7 days 14 days 28 days