DOI : 10.17577/IJERTV5IS100200
- Open Access
- Total Downloads : 158
- Authors : Tarek Mohmed Fouad, Prof. Dr . Ehab Fouad Abadir, Prof. Dr. Sahar. M. El. Marsafy, Dr. Khalid Shokery Gath
- Paper ID : IJERTV5IS100200
- Volume & Issue : Volume 05, Issue 10 (October 2016)
- Published (First Online): 17-10-2016
- ISSN (Online) : 2278-0181
- Publisher Name : IJERT
- License:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Thermophysical and Mechanical Properties of Sprayable Polydimethyl Siloxane Coating
Prof. Dr E. F Abadir1 ,
Prof. Dr S.M. El -Marsafy1, Dr. Khalid Shokry 2,
Ph.D Student
1,2Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University,
Giza – 126 13 (Egypt).
Tarek.M. Fouad3 3 Ph.D Student
At Chemical Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University Giza – 126 13 (Egypt).
Abstract – Recently, there has been a large increase in employing polymers in engineering applications. modified polysiloxanes are generally recognized as the newest generic class of high performance protective coating.
For this reason, understanding the mechanical, thermal properties of sprayable thermal protection PDMS under different loading rates and temperatures has become increasingly important. Various methods were applied to evaluate the effect of additives on polymer thermal properties. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was used to study the phase transitions such as glass transition temperature as well specific heat behavior and comparative thermal conductivities were measured. Mechanical properties were measured using dynamic mechanical analysis technique and the percentage of thermal expansion coeffient has been measured.
Key Words: Poly Dimethyl Siloxane-Flame retardant- Heat retardant- Mechanical Properties-Thermal Properties
1 INTRODUCTION
silicon based polymers have been used as coating binders for more than 60 years. The first silicon based coating binders were the alkali silicates used in the formulation of heat-cured zinc rich primers in the1940s. The development of silicone resins after World War II resulted in the first major commercial applications for silicone coatings; heat-cured, high temperature resistant paints for exhaust stacks, boilers, heat exchangers, mufflers, engines and aircraft components. [1]
Silicone materials applied into a billion-dollar industry, and used in many applications in civil engineering, construction building, electrical, transportation, aerospace, textiles, and cosmetics industries.
Coating technologists have long sought to utilize the properties of silicone polymers to improve coating properties for many years.
Silicon based materials as coating binders was limited to the specialized coatings just mentioned, primarily because of poor film flexibility and toughness, incompatibility with organic polymers, the need for heat- curing and certain problems associated with film formation [2].
liquor Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mixed with flame retardant and heat retardant to withstand higher temperature
than pure silicone rubber and employed this technique as sprayable thermal insulation for metallic case of aircraft. [3] Coatings based on this chemistry overcame the need for heat curing and provided good flexibility with improved solvent and acid resistance compared to conventional epoxy coatings. Cost, stability and adhesion problems limited commercial success. [4]
Development of polysiloxane as a protective coating, polysiloxane coatings have gained market share compared to epoxy, polyurethane and other traditional organic coatings and are perhaps the fastest growing generic coating type. Of note, the number of coating manufacturers that supply polysiloxane coatings has nearly tripled in the last four years [5].
The reasons for the rapid growth of polysiloxane coatings are clear. They offer improved performance properties and cost effectiveness, lower VOC content and improved health and safety features compared to traditional organic coatings.
Siloxane chemistry and formulation technology have led to the development of temperature liquor polysiloxane coating systems with significant advantages compared to traditional inorganic and organic thermal insulation adhesive coatings application [6].
Silicones first developed in the 1950s, to use as coating, these coatings overcame incompatibility problems by pre- reaction of silanol functional silicone resin carbinol functional organic resin.
These coatings are still in use today for the protection of Navy vessels, tanks, process equipment, rail cars and other steel structures. The backbone polymer in the silicone industry is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) [7].
2 EXPERIMENTAL
-
Materials and Techniques
-
PDMS (SILIKPHEN P/80/X)
Chemical formula: PDMS Resin CH3[Si(CH3)2O]n Si(CH3)3
Appearance: viscous Liquid.
-
Mica (Muscovite)
-
Chemical formula: KAl2 (Al Si3 O10) (FOH)2 Grade V
Appearance: Crystal Color Ruby / Green
2.1.3. Kaolinite (Kaolin)
Chemical formula: Al2Si2O5(OH)4, Grade C Appearance: Crystal Triclinc.
-
Polyamide (Torlon) 66 Chemical formula: (C12H22N2O2) n Density = (1.14) g/ml at 25°C
-
Zinc Borate (ZB)
Chemical formula: (2ZnO.3B2O3.3.5H2O) Fire Brake Zinc Borate (Borax)
-
Calcium Carbonate (CC) Chemical formula: CaCO3 Appearance: White crystalline powder
-
Antimony trioxide (ATO) Flame retardant
Chemical formula: Sb2O3 Appearance: white powder
-
Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Chemical formula: AL2(OH)3 Appearance: white powder
All chemicals supplied by Abo-Zabal company for Special chemicals, Egypt
2.2 Techniques
-
.1 Specific Gravity
The PDMS density was measured at 25 °C using Electronic Densimeter (H -300S) ASTM. No. (D-792). The specimen is weighed in air then weighed when immersed in distilled water at 25°C using a sinker and wire to hold the specimen completely submerged as required. Specific Gravity is calculated as follows:
Specific gravity = a / [(a + w)-b] a = mass of specimen in air.
b = mass of specimen and sinker in water.
W = mass of totally immersed sinker and partially immersed wire [8].
-
Mechanical Properties
The mechanical properties of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are inevitably important properties, because most applications involve mechanical loading under a particular service conditions. PDMS, like other thermoplastics, is a viscoelastic material. The mechanical properties depend on time, temperature [9].
Storage modulus, loss modulus, stiffness and Tan delta were measured experimentally for each of the prepared samples using the DMA Q800 V20.24 Build 43. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis determines elastic modulus (or storage modulus, E'), viscous modulus (or loss modulus, E'') and damping coefficient (tan ) as a function of temperature, frequency or time. Results are typically
provided as a graphical plot of E', E'', and tan versus temperature. [10]
Storage Modulus: Loss Modulus:
Tan Delta:
Stiffness: Where: –
is the displacement produced due to force F is the force applied to the body
is the amplitude of the stress is the amplitude of the strain
Stiffness (K) is the rigidity of an object, the extent to which it resists deformation in response to an applied force [11].
-
Hardness-Shore (A)
The hardness test is used for measuring the relative hardness of soft materials and is based on the penetration of a specific indentor forced into the material under specified conditions.
The hardness shore (A) is measured using the hardness tester ZWICK (model- 3102) at 25 °C. According to
ASTM. No. (D-785) [12].
-
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal conductivity is the rate at which a material conducts heat energy through itself.
It is the quantity o heat that passes through a unit of the material per unite time when the temperature difference of two faces is 1 K.
The thermal conductivity of the test specimen is determined from the knowledge of the thermal conductivities of the reference materials, the temperature gradient through the reference and test samples, and the geometry of each sample from the equation [13].
Kts = thermal conductivity of tested sample.
Ktpr = thermal conductivity for top reference sample. Kbr =thermal conductivity for bottom reference sample.
X = distance between thermocouples in each sample
T=temperature difference through each sample.
-
Differential Scanning Calorimetry
The differential scanning Calorimetry method is widely used to examine and characterize substances, mixtures, and materials. This technique is internationally standardized under ASTM D3418. The principle of operation depends on measurement of the heat flux between the sample and reference. The heat flux is measured while the temperature is changing. Thermal analysis experiments were carried out on using a (DSC-50) Shimadzu instrument. [14] The experiments were elaborated at heating rate of 10 (C/min), flow Rate: 20(ml/min). PDMS samples were heated under a nitrogen atmosphere in the DSC cell up to 400 oC. During these transitions, the sample will either absorb or radiate heat. This heat is characterized by a temperature change in the sample which is detected by a thermocouple and compared with the relative temperature of the reference cell (Ts – Tr = T) [15].
-
Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA) Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) is a useful technique used to characterize linear expansion, by applying a constant force to a specimen while varying temperature. The performance of these tests is done through the use of a magnetic force coil which applies positive or negative loads to the sample, and a linear variable displacement transformer which measures the expansion or contraction
-
-
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
-
FORMULATIONS
According to the thermal experimental studies experienced in the present work, the formulations can be as shown in Table (3-1).
Table (3-1) Thermal Formulation for PDMS
Samples%
MICA
ATO
ATH
S1
0
0
0
S2
2
1
1
S3
2.5
1.5
1.5
S4
3
1.7
2
S5
3.5
2
2.5
S6
4
2.5
3
S7
5
3
4
S8
7
4
5
S9
8
5
7
S10
22
7
10
S11
32
10
13
S12
40
12
16
According to the mechanical experimental studies experienced in the present work, the formulations can be as shown in Table (3-2).
Table (3-2) Mechanical Formulation for PDMS
of the sample.
Samples%
KW
PA
CC
ZB
The TMA is almost always used to measure samples well
S1
0
0.2
8.8
2
before their point of degradation.
S3
1.5
1
15.6
2
The coefficient of linear thermal expansion may be
S5
3
2.5
18.4
2
recorded as the mean (T) or differential (T) and is
S7
5.2
6
20.3
2
calculated in accordance with DIN 53 752, ISO 113591
S9
8
8.5
22
2
[16]. S11
12.4
10
25
2
The mean coefficient of linear thermal expansion (T) is S12
20
15
35
2
derived as follows:
Where: –
(T): The coefficient of linear thermal expansion.
0: reference length.
: linear thermal expansion.
l=l2-l1= linear variable displacement.
T=T2-T1= temperature difference through sample.
The temperature-dependent change of length is the progressive change of length expressed in terms of the initial length/reference length l0. [17] It is a relative measure of the linear Expansion, which always has a value of 0 at the start of the trial at the reference temperature T0. The values may assume the dimensions [10-6 °C-1] or [K- 1].
ISO 11359-2 [25] recommends [K-1], we shall use the unit [µm/ (m°C)] because this conveys a better impression of the magnitudes involved [18].
-
Specific Gravity of PDMS
The specific gravity of different samples of PDMS has been measured at 25 °C. The results are listed in Table (3-3), from which it is clear that the specific gravity increased from 0.970 to 1.32 on increasing the amount of fillers.
Table (3-3) Specific gravity of PDMS
Samples S1 S3 S5 S6 S7 S9 S11 S12
SP. G 0.970 0.997 1.20 1.22 1.24 1.26 1.3 1.32
-
Mechanical Properties
Thermal and mechanical properties of various PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane liquor) formulations have been recorded and extensively discussed.
Such Storage modulus, loss modulus, stiffness and Tan as well as hardness were measured, the results are in shown in Table (3 -4) and illustrated in Fig. (3-1) to Fig. (3-4).
Samples Materials
Table (3-4) Mechanical Properties of PDMS
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7
-
Losses Modulus (LM)
90
80
90
80
L.M100
LM200
L.M100
LM200
70
60
50
40
70
60
50
40
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
LM 100 (Mpa)
LM 100 (Mpa)
LM 200 (Mpa)
LM 200 (Mpa)
The effect of increasing the caco3 (%) on loss modulus is demonstrated in Fig (3-2) from which it is clear that the addition of caco3 (%) minimizes the losses modulus from 90 (MPa) to 44 at100 °c and from 85 (MPa) to 30 at 200 °c, respectively at constant temperature (100,200), Illustrated at table (3-3). Decreasing the losses modulus means the high efficiency of the sprayable thermal insulation coating which conserve energy and not easy release it, which increased the mechanical stability of the thermal insulation coat.
KW%
0
1.5
3
5.2
8
12.4
20
PA%
0.2
1
2.5
6
8.5
10
15
CC%
8.8
15.6
18.4
20.3
22
25
35
STM100°C
(Mpa)
175
280
310
390
450
590
1340
TM200°C
(Mpa)
70
80
152
153
175
290
985
LM100°C
(Mpa)
90
54
50
51
48
46
44
LM200°C
85
47
45
43
41
32
30
STF100°C
(N/m)
10300
10400
10500
10600
1750
10850
20100
STF200°C
(N/m)
9700
9800
9860
9900
9970
9990
10300
KW%
0
1.5
3
5.2
8
12.4
20
PA%
0.2
1
2.5
6
8.5
10
15
CC%
8.8
15.6
18.4
20.3
22
25
35
STM100°C
(Mpa)
175
280
310
390
450
590
1340
STM200°C
(Mpa)
70
80
152
153
175
290
985
LM100°C
(Mpa)
90
54
50
51
48
46
44
LM200°C
85
47
45
43
41
32
30
STF100°C
(N/m)
10300
10400
10500
10600
1750
10850
20100
STF200°C
(N/m)
9700
9800
9860
9900
9970
9990
10300
(Mpa)
3.3.1 Storage Modulus (STM)
800
800
900
900
600
600
600
600
ST.M 100 (Mpa)
ST.M 100 (Mpa)
ST.M 200 (Mpa)
ST.M 200 (Mpa)
Fig (3-1) demonstrates the effect of Kaolinite addition on the storage modulus, from which it is clear that the storage modulus increases with increasing Kaolinite (KW) %, reaches a maximum of 1340 (MPa) at 100 °c and 985 (MPa) at 200 °c, beyond maximum value of 20 % KW% the increase in storage modulus is marginal. It may be also noticed from the same figure increases the storage modulus by adding KW % up to 20 %. Which Indicates complete conserve energy and the ability of the sprayable thermal insulation coat to conservation of energy at high temperature during application.
1200
1500
1200
1500
ST.M 200
ST.M 200
1000
ST.M100
1200
1000
ST.M100
1200
0
0
0
0
0
10
Kaolinite %
20
0
10
Kaolinite %
20
400
200
400
200
300
300
Fig. (3-1) Effect of Kaolinite addition on Storage Modulus at Fixed Temperature (100-200) °c
7 17 27
Calcuim Carbonate %
7 17 27
Calcuim Carbonate %
Fig. (3-2) Effect of Calcium Carbonate addition on Storage at Fixed Temperature (100-200) °c
-
Stiffness (STF)
Fig. (3-3) shows the effect of adding a (CC+PA) % mixture on stiffness, where the stiffness rises from 10300 to 20100 N/m at 100 °C and from 9700 TO 10300 N/m at 200 °C on increasing the % addition from 7% to 35%.
20000
20000
10150
10150
16000
16000
9950
9950
STF 100 °c (N/m)
STF 100 °c (N/m)
STF 200 °c (N/m)
STF 200 °c (N/m)
Fig. (3-4) shows the effect of adding polyamide to the matrix, the effect on stiffness is similar to that shown in Fig. (3-3).
24000
STF100
STF200
10350
24000
STF100
STF200
10350
5 12 19 26 33 40
Calcuim Carbonate %
5 12 19 26 33 40
Calcuim Carbonate %
12000
12000
9750
9750
8000
8000
9550
9550
Fig. (3-3) Effect of Calcium Carbonate addition on Stiffness at Fixed Temperature (100-200) °c
10450
10450
3.3.5 Shore (A) Hardness
STF100
STF200
STF100
STF200
Fig (3-6) shows the effect of adding Kaolinite (KW%)
20000
20000
10250
10250
16000
16000
10050
10050
STF 100 °c(N/m)
STF 100 °c(N/m)
STF 200 °c (N/m)
STF 200 °c (N/m)
to PDMS on the hardness. From the figure, it obvious that the hardness increased almost linearly with the increasing of Kaolinite up to a max of (20 %), shore value illustrated in table (3-6).
12000
12000
9850
9850
Table (3-6) Shore A for PDMS
8000
8000
9650
9650
Samples S1 S3 S5 S7 S9 S11 S12 Shore A 65 70 76 80 86 90 95
0 5 10 15
Polyamide %
0 5 10 15
Polyamide %
kaolinite %
kaolinite %
KW% 0 1.5 3 5.2 8 12.4 20
Fig. (3-4) Effect of Polyamide addition on Stiffness at Fixed Temperature (100-200) °c
-
TanDelta (tan)
The ratio between the energy viscous component and energy elastic component corresponds to the damping (tan ) of a material. Tan can be defined as the dissipation of energy in a material under cyclic load and gives a measure of the capacity of a material to release energy. Fig. (3-5) and table (3-5) Show the effect of addition of kaolinite (KW%) to the matrix on the value of tan, which decreased the dissipation of energy in the sample S12 under cyclic load and lower the relaxation strength to be (0.253) for S12. This indicates that the conservation of energy higher than the other samples.
Formulation
Kaolinite %
Relaxation
strength
S1
0
0.268
S3
1.5
0.264
S5
3
0.262
S7
5.2
0.260
S9
8
0.258
S11
12.4
0.256
Formulation
Kaolinite %
Relaxation
strength
S1
0
0.268
S3
1.5
0.264
S5
3
0.262
S7
5.2
0.260
S9
8
0.258
S11
12.4
0.256
Table (3-5): Relaxation strength of PDMS Samples with Kaolinite
20
15
10
5
0
20
15
10
5
0
63
73
83
93
63
3
83
93
Shore A
Shore A
Fig. (3-6) Effect of Kaolinite addition (%) on Hardness
3. 4 Thermal Properties
-
Thermal Conductivity
The thermal conductivities of both pure and liquor PDMS were measured. The results are exhibited in Table (3-7) and Fig (3-7) from which it may be concluded that the thermal conductivity decreased to (0.122) (w/m°K) being achieved with S12 although Mix 7and Mix9 can give very close results.
Relaxation Strength
Tan %
Relaxation Strength
Tan %
S12 20 0.252
0.27
0.265
0.26
0.255
0.25
0.27
0.265
0.26
0.255
0.25
0
5
10 15
Kaolinite%
20
25
0
5
10 15
Kaolinite%
20
25
Fig. (3-5) Relaxation strength of PDMS Samples with Kaolinite
Table (3-7): Thermal Conductivity of PDMS Samples
Samples S1 S3 S5 S7 S9 S11 S12
ATO%
0.5 2
3
5
7
10
12
Thermal conductivity
0.2 0.17
0.162
0.145
0.141
0.131
0.122
Thermal Conductivity
(W/m K°)
Thermal Conductivity
(W/m K°)
TC (w/m°K)
0.22
0.2
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.22
0.2
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0
5
ATO %
10
15
0
5
ATO %
10
15
Fig. (3-7) The effect of adding ATO to PDMS on thermal Conductivity
-
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
Differential scanning Calorimetry was used to study the phase transitions such as thermal decomposition, glass transition temperature, and specific heat behavior and decomposition temperature. The values of the formulated properties are listed in table (3-8).
The results illustrated from table (3-8) shown in Fig. (3-8) to (3-9) that the addition of mixture (ATH, ATO) % have a great effect on increasing the specific heat value respectively from (1.46 to 25.63) (j/g°c).
It is clear that decomposition temperature TD, specific heat Cp and melting point TM increase from mixture to another due to the combination effect of both the flame retardants (ATO, ATH) illustrated table (3-8). The maximum value is attained by respectively (12,16) %. where (Tg) decreased due to increase of Mica max value (40) % to 35.73°c.
Table (3-8): (Tg -Tmelt-TD-Cp) of PDMS Samples from
Mica
ATO
ATH
Tg
TM
TD
Cp
Mica
ATO
ATH
Tg
TM
TD
Cp
DSC Curves
Sample % % % °c °c °c (j/g°c) S1 0 0.5 0.5 130 210 302 1.46
S2 2 1 1 124.7 213 310 1.839
S3 2.5 1.5 1.5 79.75 215 315 3.023
S4 3 1.7 2 73.85 218 319 3.171
S5 3.5 2 2.5 58.70 220 321 7.229
S6 4 2.5 3 57.87 222 322 8.071
S7 5 3 4 56.87 224 324 9.199
S8 7 4 5 54.83 227 325 10.12
S9 8 5 7 48.98 230 327 10.82
S10 22 7 10 41.98 233 330 12.75
S11 32 10 13 40.02 238 335 18.75
Cp(j/g°c)
Cp(j/g°c)
S12 40 12 16 35.73 245 340 25.63
25
20
15
10
5
0
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
4
8
ATH%
12
16
0
4
8
ATH%
12
16
Fig. (3-8) Effect of Addition Alumina Trihydrate on Specific Heat
27
22
17
12
7
2
-3 0
3
6
9
12
27
22
17
12
7
2
-3 0
3
6
9
12
ATO %
ATO %
Cp ( j /g °c)
Cp ( j /g °c)
Fig. (3-9) Effect of Addition Antimony Trioxide on Specific Heat
-
Thermal Mechanical Analysis (TMA)
Thermal Mechanical Analysis (TMA) was introduced to study the thermal expansion behavior of (PDMS) samples in the presence of various additives. Fig (3-10).
we observed that on increasing the percentage of Mica% up to 15 %, the thermal expansion ratio% decreased from 5.59 to -268.69 % at 40% Mica. result shown in the table (3-9).
Table (3-9) Thermal Expansion Coefficient Ratio for PDMS
PDMS Samples
Mica%
TEC%
S1
0
5.59
S2
1
5.01
S3
2
4.6
S4
2.5
0.767
S5
3
-0.308
S6
4
-0.717
S7
7
-1.11
S8
10
-1.44
S9
15
-12.79
S10
22
-21.06
S12
40
-268.69
20
-30
-80
-130
-180
-230
-280
20
-30
-80
-130
-180
-230
-280
-6
4
14
Mica %
24
34
-6
4
14
Mica %
24
34
TEC %
TEC %
Fig. (3 -10) Thermal Expansion Coefficient Ratio for PDMS
-
-
-
CONLUSIONS
From the studies conducted, it can be concluded the following:
-
Addition Kaolinite% to polydimethylsiloxane liquor increases the mechanical properties, where, storage modulus increases from (175 to 1340) Mpa at 100°c and from (70 to 985) Mpa at 200°c, increasing the storage modulus by adding KW % up to 20 %. This Indicates the complete conservation of energy and the ability of the sprayable thermal insulation coat to conservation of energy at high temperature during application.
-
Addition CC (%) to PDMS liquor minimize the losses modulus from 90 (MPa) to 44 at 100 °c and from 85 (MPa) to 30 at 200 °c, respectively at constant temperature (100, 200) °c, means the high efficiency of the sprayable thermal insulation coating which conserve energy and not easy release it.
-
Addition mixture of (CC+PA) % to PDMS liquor increasing stiffness, from 10300 to 20100) N/m at 100°c and increasing stiffness from (9700 to 10300) N/m at 200 °c was attained at 35 CC % and 15%, beyond which stiffness increased marginally with CC
% and PA% addition. Which mean high resistance to deformation and impact in response to an applied external force.
-
The difference in the value of Tan between samples are very close. where the addition of kaolinite decreased the dissipation of energy in the sample S12 under cyclic load. The lower relaxation strength result is (0.253) for S12. This indicates the conservation of energy higher than the other samples. It has a lower ability to release energy than other samples.
-
Addition of Kaolinite% to polydimethylsiloxane liquor has a major effect on hardness the hardness.
-
Addition of Antimony trihydroxide to PDMS liquor has a great effect in decreasing the thermal conductivity the least value being achieved with Mix
12 although Mix 7and Mix9 can give very close results.
-
Glass transition temperature decreased from (130 to 35.73) °c (Tg) due to increase of MICA% max value
(40) %.
-
Melting and Decomposition temperature increased respectively from (210-245) °c to (302-340) °c due to the effect of both the flame retardants (ATO, ATH) %.
-
Heat capacity increased from (1.46 to25.63) J/g °c due to the effect of both the flame retardants (ATO, ATH)
%.
-
Addition of Mica% to the PDMS liquor up to 15 %, the thermal expansion ratio% drops significantly from
5.59 to -12.79%, after which farther increase in Mica% leads to further decrease in expansion ratio % to –
268.69 % at Mica% up to 40 %.
-
The improvement in the thermal and mechanical properties of PDMS liquor qualified to work as sprayable thermal insulation.
5 LIST OF ABRIVIATION ASTM: American Society of Testing and Materials ATH: Aluminum tri-hydrate
ATO: Antimony trioxide
AZC:Abo-Zabal Company for Specialty Chemicals CC: Calcium carbonate
DMA: Dynamic mechanical analysis Cp: Heat capacity
DSC: Differential scanner Calorimetry KW: Kaolinite
Mix: Mixture Mpa: Mega Pascal PA: Polyamide
PDMS: polydimethylsiloxane Q: heat flux
ST.M100 °c: Storage Modulus at 100°c ST.M200 °c: Storage Modulus at 200°c STF100 °c: Stiffness at 100°c
STF200 °c: Stiffness at 200°c S: Sample
SP. G: Specific gravity
Tg: Glass transition temperature TD: Decomposition temperature TCN: Thermal conductivity
TGA: Thermogravimetric analysis TMA: Thermal mechanical analysis Tan : Damping Coefficient
VOC: Volcanized organic compound
: Tan Delta parameter determine from dynamic mechanical analysis technique {Phase Angle: = arctan E / E}.
0= is the amplitude of the strain. 0= Is the amplitude of the stress.
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