Study on Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete with Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate by Copper Slag

Study on Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete with Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate by Copper Slag

I. Hubert Christopher 1, A.Subhashini 2, K.Shivani Preethi 3, P.Shrilakshmi4 , N.Ranjitha 5

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, K.Ramakrishan College of Technology,Trichy (Tamilnadu) India

2,3,4,5,UG student Department of Civil Engineering, K.Ramakrishan College of Technology,Trichy (Tamilnadu) India

Abstract: Nowadays we are facing most difficult protection problems related to environment. Many things which are invented for our luxurious life are responsible for polluting environment due to improper waste management technique. To reduce this issue to add or replace the concrete material by fibres or some other waste materials in concrete. This Experimental program involves the study of behavior of glass fibre reinforced concrete with copper slag as a partial replacement of fine aggregate. The parameters of the study included by replacing the fine aggregate by copper slag with 60% and by varying the volume fraction of glass fibre 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%. The grade of concrete is M20. The specimens were cured for 7 and 28 days. The basic properties such as compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength are studied. Based upon the results obtained it was concluded that, addition of glass fibre is possible up to 1% for effective strength.

Key Words: Copper Slag, Replacement, Strength, Glass Fiber, Compressive Strength, Split Tensile Strength And Flexural Strength.

1. INTRODUCTION:

   Concrete is used as the basic materials for the construction works. In order to reduce dependence on natural aggregate, artificial aggregate generated from industrial waste provide an alternative for construction industry. The use of waste materials saves natural resources, cost, dumping spaces and it helps to maintain a clean environment.

   The waste materials and by-products are; Quarry dust, copper slag. Copper slag is one of the by-products of smelting and refining process done during the extraction of copper. Copper slag is an industrial by-product obtained during the matte smelting and refining of copper. The density of copper slag is relatively higher since it has a higher composition of Iron oxide. So for many researchers found out that in the plain cement concretes, the replacements of copper slag is up to 40 to 50% by natural sand have better performance.

   The strength and mechanical qualities of concrete is mainly depended on structure improvement, paste transport and aggregate through adding various compositions. Silica is one of the most important components in concrete micro- structure quality improvement. Therefore, wide researches are performed over pozolana adding on concretes along recent years.

   The physical and mechanical properties of granulated copper slag shows that it can be used to make products like coarse and fine aggregates, cement, fill, ballast, roofing granules, glass, tiles etc.,

   In this paper the effect of fibre when added in concrete was investigated. The percentage of glass fibre in concrete varied from 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and their mechanical properties were studied. From the test results, the optimum value of glass fibre with copper slag was noted. With the optimum percentage of glass fibre with copper slag, the concrete specimen was casted and their compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength were studied.

2. MATERIALS USED

   The ingredients of concrete consist of Cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water. In this work we used waste copper slag as a partial replacement for fine aggregate and it act as a filler material in concrete. Also add glass fibers which have changed its mechanical properties.

   The experimental program included first the preliminary investigation on the materials used in the study, i.e., ingredients of concrete. The requirement which forms the basis of selection and proportioning of mix ingredients are:

   1. Cement

      The cement can be described as a material with adhesive and cohesive properties, which is capable of binding mineral fragment into compact mass. There are several types of cements available in market. Among which ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is most well- known. The 53 grade Ordinary Portland cements conforming to IS 12269:1987 was used in this project.

      1. Specific gravity = 3.2

      2. Consistency = 32%

      3. Fineness = 3%.

   2. Fine aggregate

      A fine aggregate is increase the flowing ability and segregation resistance when used at a suitable amount. Aggregate which is passed through 4.75 IS Sieve and retained on 75micron (0.075mm) IS Sieve is termed as fine aggregate. The sand increases the volume of concrete and thus makes it cheaper. It fills the voids in concrete and gives density to concrete. It makes the mass homogenous and improves the strength of concrete .In this project , the natural river sand

      conforming to IS: 383-1970 was used as fine aggregate

      1. Specific gravity = 2.6

      2. Fineness modulus = 3.1.

      3. Moisture Content = 2.4%

      4. Grading Zone = Zone 1

   3. Coarse aggregate

      Table 1 Properties of fibre

      Length	12mm
      Filament	14microns
      Aspect Ratio	857.1
      Modulus of Elasticity	72Gpa
      Specific Gravity	2.71
      Density	2680kg/m3
      Alkali Resistance	High

      The size of aggregate bigger than 4.75mm is considered as coarse aggregate. It should be hard, strong, dense, durable, clean, and free from clay or loamy admixtures or quarry refuse or vegetable matter. The pieces of aggregates should be cubical, or rounded shaped. Coarse aggregates containing flat, elongated or flaky pieces or mica should be rejected. The grading of coarse aggregates should be as per the specifications of IS 383- 1970. In this project 20mm nominal size of aggregate was used.

      1. Specific Gravity = 2.7

      2. Fineness Modulus = 6.09

   4. Water

      Water is an important ingredient of concrete as it actively participates in the chemical reaction with cement. Since it helps to form the strength giving cement gel, the quantity and quality of water is required to be taken very carefully. Water used should be free from impurities. Sea water shall not be used.

   5. Copper slag

      Copper slag is a by-product obtained during the production of copper. The slag is a black glassy and granular in nature and has a similar particle size range like sand which can be used as a replacement of sand. Copper slag used in this work was brought from Sterlite industries (India) Ltd, Tuticorin.

      1. Grading Zone= zone 1

      2. Specific Gravity= 2.6

   6. Glass fibre

   Glass fibres used are of Cem-FIL Anti Crack HD with modulus of elasticity 72 GPa, Filament diameter 14 microns, specific gravity 2.68, length 12mm and having the aspect ratio of 857.1. The number of fibres per kg is 212 million fibre. It was purchased in Haritha agency, Tiruchirappalli.

   1. Types of Glass Fibres

      A-glass – Close to normal glass

      C-glass – Resist chemical attack

      E-glass -Insulation to electricity

      AR-glass – Alkali Resistance

      S-glass – High strength fiber

3. METHODOLOGY

   The study aims to invstigate the strength related properties of concrete of M20 grade made using copper slag and addition of glass fibre. The proportions of ingredients of the control concrete of grade M20 had to be determined by mix design as per IS code. The specimens were casted by replacements of fine aggregate with copper slag by 60% and by varying the volume fraction of glass fibre from 0 to 1.5%. Then the specimens were cured for 7 days and 28 days. The various tests such as compression test, split tensile test, and flexural tests were carried out on the specimens.

4. EXPERIMENTAL WORK

   In this experimentation, an attempt has been made to find out the concrete strength and replaced concrete strength for M20 grade of concrete. The properties of concrete

   materials and concrete strength were determined.

   Mix design carried for M20 grade of concrete by IS 10262-2009 with water cement ratio of 0.45. Specimens were prepared according to the mix proportion and by replacing sand with copper slag in different proportions and adding glass fibre to decrease the bleeding..

   1. MIX PROPORTION OF CONCRETE GRADE

   As per IS 10262: 2009, mix design for M20 grade concrete is carried out:

   Table 2. Mix Design for M20 Conventional

   Specification	Cement kg/m3)	W/C (kg/m3)	Aggregate (kg/m3)
   			Fine	Coarse
   Quantity	318	0.45	732	1118

   Description of Specimen

   The number of specimens casted was as per the below-mentioned details. The size of cube is 150x150x150mm, size of cylinder Dia=150mm and Height=300mm, size of prism 100x100x500mm.

   Table 3. Description of Specimens

   S.No	Name Of Specimen	Percentage Addition (%)		Specimen
   		Copper slag	Glass fibre	Cube	Cylinder	prism
   1	CC	0	0	4	4	4
   2	S1	60	0.5	4	4	4
   3	S2	60	1.0	4	4	4
   4	S3	60	1.5	4	4	4

   Table 4 Compressive strength of GFRC

   Compressive strength , N/mm²
   	0.5%	1.0%	1.5%
   7 days	23	26	33
   28 days	32	43	55

   a) Split Tensile Strength

   The split tensile strength test for cylinders was carried out as per IS 516 : 1964. This test was carried out by placing a cylinder specimen horizontally between the loading surfaces of a universal testing machine and the load was applied until failure of the cylinder along the vertical diameter.

   2

   Split tensile strength, fcr (N/mm2) =

   2

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

   1. FRESH CONCRETE

      1. Workability

         Slump test is used to determine the workability of fresh concrete. Slump test as per IS: 1199 – 1959 is

         Where,

         P = Ultimate load (kN)

         L = Length of cylinder (mm) D = Diameter of cylinder (mm)

         followed. The obtained slump value for normal concrete is 75 mm. This indicates good workability

   2. HARDENED CONCRETE

      1. Compressive Strength

   The compressive strength test for cubes was conducted in compression testing machine as per IS 516 : 1964. The cubes were tested in compressive testing machine at the rate of 140 kg/cm2/min. and the ultimate loads were recorded.

   Compression Strength (N/mm2) = P/A

   Where,

   P – Ultimate load (N)

   A Area of the cube (mm2)

   Table 5 Split tensile strength of GFRC

   Split tensile strength , N/mm²
   	0.5%	1.0%	1.5%
   7 days	3.5	3.91	4.2
   28 days	4.01	4.6	5.2

   c. Flexural strength

   Flexural strength is the ability of a beam or slab to resist failure in bending. It is measured by loading un- reinforced concrete beams with a span three times the depth.

   The flexural strength is expressed as Modulus of Rupture

   (MR) in N/mm2. The modulus of rupture is calculated as follows

   =

   2

   133

   = 3 for a between 110mm to 133 mm

   2

   Where,

   F = Flexural Strength (N/mm2) P = Ultimate load (kN)

   L = span length (mm)

   b = average width (mm)

   Table 6 Flexural strength of GFRC

   Flexural strength , N/mm²
   	0.5%	1.0%	1.5%
   7 days	6.05	7.9	5
   28 days	8.41	10.26	7.5

   Compressive strength

   Graphical representation of the Variation of Compressive strength of concrete at 7days and 28days

   60

   50

   40

   30

   20

   7 days

   28 days

   10

   0

   0.50%

   1.00%

   % of Glass fiber

   1.50%

   Graphical representation of the Variation of split tensile strength of concrete at 7days and 28days

   6

   5

   Split Tensile Strength

   4

   3

   7 days

   2 28 days

   1

   0

   0.50% 1.00% 1.50%

   % of Glass Fiber

   Graphical representation of the Variation of Flexural strength of concrete at 7days and 28days

   12

   10

   Flexural Strength

   8

   6

   7 days

   4 28 days

   2

   0

   0.50% 1.00% 1.50%

   % of Glass Fiber

   1. CONCLUSION

      From the test results, it was found that the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength increases while adding 50% and 60% replacement of fine aggregate by copper slag with glass fibre. The optimum percentage of fibre to be added was found to be 1.0 %. Adding 60% replacement of fine aggregate by copper slag the strength decreased. This is due to increases free water content in the mixes. The excessive free water content in the mixes with copper slag content causes the bleeding and segregation in concrete.

      With the addition of glass fibre at 60% of fine aggregate by copper slag the strength increased, because fibre reduce the permeability of concrete and thus bleeding of concrete get reduced. A reduction in bleeding improves the surface integrity of concrete, improves its homogeneity and reduces the probability of cracks. But for above 60% replacement of fine aggregate by copper slag with glass fibre, the strength gets decreased when compared to conventional concrete. This is due to high workability of concrete.

      Flexural strength of concrete specimen is increased due to high toughness of Copper slag. The Glass fibre increases the strength of concrete with lower fibre dosage and it will be improves crack control and preserves post cracking due to the properties of glass fibre. The ultimate load carrying capacity of concrete speimen with copper slag 60% and glass fibre 1% increases by 15.7% than the controlled beam when tested at 28 days. Replacement of coppe slag in fine aggregates replacement reduces the cost of making concrete and it provides additional environmental as well as technical benefits for all related industries. Based upon the results obtained it was concluded that, the replacement of copper slag by fine aggregates is possible up to 60% with intrusion of glass fibre

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4. IS 10262 (2009), Indian Standard concrete mix proportioning guidelines, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

5. IS 456 (2000), Indian Standard plain and reinforced concrete code of practice, Bureau of Indian Standards,

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