Experimental Study on Behaviour of Concrete Using Different Techniques

Experimental Study on Behaviour of Concrete Using Different Techniques

Mr. Manju. G. S

Asst. Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering KNS Institute of Technology Bangalore, India.

Anusha. B

UG student, Dept. of Civil Engineering KNS Institute of Technology Bangalore, india.

Rohit Ray

UG student, Dept. of civil Engineering KNS Institute of Technology Bangalore, india.

Manjunatha.K.S

UG student, Dept. of civil Engineering KNS Institute of Technology Bangalore, india.

Abstract—Excessive fatigue deterioration is usually experienced when reinforced concrete structural elements are subjected to loading. This underscore the desire to strengthen as well as improve the fatigue performance and extend the fatigue life of RC structural components particularly beams. During the few decades, due to rapid growth of population, past backlog and slow rate of construction strengthening of concrete structural elements by (steel fibers, rubber aggregate, eggshell powder) has become a widely used technique where high strength is needed for carrying heavy loads or repairing is done due to fatigue cracking, failure modes and corrosion.

There is a need to develop appropriate techniques of construction, which are economical and affordable. Towards this end, Reinforced concrete structures construction technique has been developed. The cement concrte cubes & cylinders of Mix 40 grade were casted in which cement is partially replaced with eggshell powder as 5%.10%,15% by weight of cement. Coarse aggregate are replaced with rubber tube by 5%,10%,15% & concrete volume is replaced with 0.5%,1.0%,1.5% of steel fibre. The testing was done using COMPRESSION TESTING MACHINE to know the

Compressive Strength & Split tensile Strength of RC structures at curing ages 7,14 & 28 days.

Key words CTM, Behaviour of Concrete,

fatigue deterioration

I.INTRODUCTION

1. Egg shell Powder

   Egg shell contains 93.7% of caco3, 4.2% organic matter, 1.3% mgco3, 0.8% of ca3(po4)2. Egg shell contains almost same properties as that of lime stone. Limestone powder substitution for cement sense in concretes saving money and energy and reducing carbon dioxide emissions. However, as limestone is a natural mineral resource, quarrying and consequent prolonged use of again leads to problems associated with environment and sustainable development. Furthermore, lime production involves energy intensive process and consumes water. Therefore, identifying analogous material from waste and using the same in concrete production could be a wise idea.

   Calcium rich egg shell is a poultry waste with chemical composition nearly same as that of limestone. Use of eggshell waste instead of natural lime to replace cement in concrete can have benefits like minimizing use of cement, conserving natural lime and utilizing waste material.

2. Rubber Tube

   Similarly, Discarded vehicle tubes are one of the important solid

   waste challenges to handle & disposal needing more useful applications than just becoming a material for landfilling. Due to the rapid depletion of available sites for waste disposal, many countries discourage the disposal of waste tube rubber in landfills and encourage in the construction sector to use these waste materials in concrete in place of fine or coarse aggregate.

3. Steel fibre

   Again the effect of aspect ratio (60) of steel fiber on mechanical properties of high strength concrete are addressed in this paper.. Mechanical properties of high strength concrete investigated by varying positions of steel fiber in concrete cubes and cylinders. Percentage of steel fiber by volume was 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5%. A series of 12 specimens (9cubes and 9 cylindres) of aspect ratio 60

   For 7, 14 & 28 days of curing were cast.. Experimental findings addressed that as volume of fiber increases, there will be increase in compressive strength. Steel fiber reinforced concrete can be used for construction of pavement, industrial floors, bridge deck slabs satisfactorily.Fibres used in concrete to show cracking, Plasic shrinkage & drying shrinkage.It reduces Permebility of Concrete thus reduces bleeding of water. For same aspect ratio it was found that compressive strength increases in both positions of steel fiber.

   1. MATERIALS AND MIX DESIGN

      Sand passing through IS sieve 4.75 mm and retaining on IS sieve 150 micron is used in the investigation. The sample shall be brought to an air dry condition before weighting

      and sieving. This may be achieved either by drying at room temperature or by heating at a temperature of 100 to 110 0C. The air dried sample was weighed. It was sieved with a sieves arranged in descending order of the openings of the sieve. Sieve should clean before use (IS 2386: Part-I 1963). In this experimental programme crushed aggregates were used. For this study 20 mm coarse aggregates were used. The physical properties of coarse aggregate like specific gravity, impact value, bulk density, gradation and fineness modulus are tested in accordance with IS 2386. Steel fibres with properties as shown in Table 1 used for steel fibre reinforced concrete having aspect ratio 60. It is hooked end in shape and circular in cross section as shown in Figure 1.

      A high strength concrete was prepared with steel fibre to obtain cube compressive strength higher than 60 N/mm2 after 28 days. ACI method was used to prepare high strength concrete mixture . The mixture were prepared with proper selection of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, W/C ratio and admixture. Ordinary Portland cement of 53 grade confirming IS 4031:1988 used for experimental work.

      Type	Lengt (mm)	Diameter (mm)	Aspect ratio	Tensile Strength (MPa)	Youngs Modulus (GPa)
      Dramix	30	0.2	60	1000	210

      Table 1.Steel Fiber Properties

      Ordinary Portland cement of 53 grade confirming IS 4031:1988 used for experimental work.

      The proportion of different ingredients are shown in Table 2.

      Table 2.Mix Proportion

      The total quantities of materials for 1 m3

      Components	Mixtures
      Cement(Kg/M3 )	447
      Coarse Aggregate(Kg/ M3)	1014.23
      Fine Aggregates(Kg /M3)	797
      Water(lit/M3)	197
      W/c ratio	0.44

      MIX PROPORTION:

      C : F.A : C.A

      1 : 1.78 :2.27

      Amount of materials used in our project work as per cubes(150mm*150mm*150mm) & cylinders(h=100mm& dia.=200mm) used:

      Components	Wt. of components for M40 grade
      	Cube	cyl.	Cube	cyl.	Cube	cyl.
      Steel fibre (% by volume of concrete in kg)	60SF0.5		60SF1.0		60SF1.5
      	0.1	0.063	0.3	0.123	0.4	0.186
      Rubber tube (% by wt. of coarse agg in kg.)	RT 5.0		RT10.0		RT15.0
      	0.6	0.28	1.2	0.84	1.8	0.56
      Egg Shell Powder (% by wt. of cement in kg)	ESP5.0		ESP10.0		ESP15.0
      	0.264	0.1	0.53	0.3	0.79	0.44

      Another materials used in this project was egg shell powder. Broken egg shell was collected from local sources.it is then washed in normal water,it is made dry for 7 days at an temperature of 20-300c. then it is crushed well in mixture to obtain its powder form, then it is sieved through 90 m. Materials passed through it was selected for the project. All this steps & processing of egg shell is shown in Fig.2

      Rubber used is well shredded & it is made to cut less than 20mm which is used as replacement of coarse aggregate & then it is sieved thorugh standard IS Sieve size commonly used for sieving of coarse aggregate. A high strength rubberized concrete is prepared to obtain a compressive strength of 30MPa when cube is casted. Fig 3.. Shows the sieving & cutting of rubber tube.

      Fig 1. Steel Fibres along with mixing.

      Fig2.Processing of eggshell waste(i)washing (ii)Air drying (iii) grinding & sieving (iv) Mixing.

   2. TEST PROCEDURE

      a. Workability test : For steel fibre

      Workability is the amount of energy to overcome Friction while compacting.It is the measure of lubrication required for handling the concrete without segregation. The result of workability is shown in below table 3.

      It was observed that as the percentage of fibre increases the workability reduces.

      1. Compressive strength studies:

         Compressive strength was done on Compression Testing Machine(CTM) of capacity 2000KN. A rate of loading was 2.5KN/s was applied as Per IS; 156-1959. The Test was done on 150mm cube specimens at 14 & 28 days for all the materials used.

      2. Split Tensile Strength:

      Split Tensile strength test for cylinders of 100*200 mm size was conducted in accordance with ASTM C496.

      The split tensile test was conducted in same machine on which Compressive strength was performed.

   3. RESULT & DISCUSSION

Workability Test:

Mixtures Controlled Concrete

60 SF0.5 60SF1.0 60SF1.5

Slump in mm

55 50 40 35

Fig 3. Shows cutting & sieving of rubber.

Fig 4. Shows Casting , curing , Compressive strength test & split tensile test.

Materials Percentage Compressive strength of concrete=Load/Area

In MPa

Split tensile strength =2P/DL

In MPa

LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS:

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

6

5

SPLIT TENSILE

4 STRENGTH(mpa

)@ 7 DAYS

3 SPLIT TENSILE

STRENGTH(mpa

2 )@ 14 DAYS

1 SPLIT TENSILE

STRENGTH(mpa

0 )@ 28 DAYS

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

1 2 3

Compressive strength(mpa)

@ 7 DAYS

Compressive strength(mpa)

@ 14 DAYS

Compressive strength(mpa)

@ 28 DAYS

1 2 3

PERCENTAGE REPLACEMENT

PERCENTAGE REPLACEMENT

Figure : Change in Split tensile strength with different ESP replacement

Figure: Varition in Compressive strength with different ESP replacement

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

SPLIT TENSILE

STRENGTH

COMPRESSIVE

STRENGTH

PERCENTAGE REPLACEMENT

SPLIT TENSILE

STRENGTH(mp a)@ 7 DAYS

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH(mp a)@ 14 DAYS

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH(mp a)@ 28 DAYS

3

2

1

1 2 3

PERCENTAGE REPLACEMENT

Compressive

strength(mpa)

@ 7 DAYS

Compressive strength(mpa)

@ 14 DAYS

Compressive strength(mpa)

@ 28 DAYS

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

Figure : Change in Split tensile strength with different steel fibre percentage

Figure : variation in Compressive strength with different steel fibre percentage.

SPLIT TENSILE

STRENGTH

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

4

3.5

3

2.5

2

1.5

1

0.5

0

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

50

SPLIT TENSILE

STRENGTH(mp a)@ 7 DAYS

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH(mp a)@ 14 DAYS

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH(mp a)@ 28 DAYS

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

40

30

20

10

0

1 2 3

Compressive strength(mpa)

@ 7 DAYS

Compressive strength(mpa)

@ 14 DAYS

Compressive strength(mpa)

3

2

1

PERCENTAGE REPLACEME@NT28 DAYS

PERCENTAGE REPLACEMENT

Figure : variation in Compressive strength with different Rubber percentage.

Figure : variation in Split tensile strength with different Rubber repacement

CONCLUSION:

1. Compressive strength for steel fibre reinforced concrete with aspect ratio 60 increases & split tensile strength too except in case of 1.5% steel fibre. Fibres are used to show cracking before the structure collapse.

2. Fibres in concrete helps in propagation of cracks.

3. Rubber tube used in concrete to show its elastic properties

   Before it undergo failure. Rubber tube with 10% of replacement of coarse aggregate shows greater compressive strength in comparison to 5% &15% used.

4. Compressive strength was higher than control concrte with 5 & 10% ESP replacement @ 7, 14 &28 days of curing. ESP replacement greater than 10% shows less strength.

5. Split tensile strength of ESP concrete were adoptable at upto 10% ESP replacement. However, concrete with 15% ESP had lower split tensile strength.

REFERENCES:

1. Effect of different aspect ratio of steel fiber on mechanical properties of high strength concrete; s.s kadam and v.v. karijinni

2. Strength and durability studies of self compacting rubberized concrete; N.Ganesan, Bharati raj, J and A.P. Shashikala.

3. Properties of concerte with eggshell powder as cement replacement; Amarnath Yerramana. Bonavetti, V., Donza, H., Menédez, G., Cabrera, O and Irassar, E.F (2003) Limestone Filler Cement in Low w/c Concrete: A Rational Use of Energy, Cement and Concrete Research, 33: 865-871

4. Amu, O.O., A.B. Fajobi and B.O. Oke (2005) Effect of eggshell powder on the stabilizing potential of lime on an expansive clay soil, Res. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci, 1: 8084.

5. R.S. Olivito, F.A. Zuccarello, An experimental study on the tensile strength of steel fiber Reinforced concrete. Cement & Concrete Composites journal, 2010, Vol. 41, pp 246255.

6. Roger M. Larson, P. E., and Kurt D. Smith, P.E., Evaluating the Use of Fiber Reinforced Polymer bars in Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement, 2009 ,Federal Highway Administration.

7. El- Gammal, A.Abdel-Gawad A. K.,El-Sherbini Y.Shalaby A., Compressive strength of concrete utilizing waste tire rubber, Journal of Emerging Trends In Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS) 1 (1): 96-99. Mark Tran, A good year at the rubber plant The Guardian, UK, 24 January 2007 guardian.co.uk