Experimental Investigation and Comparative Study on Waste Plastic Modified Concrete and Conventional Concrete

Experimental Investigation and Comparative Study on Waste Plastic Modified Concrete and Conventional Concrete

1. Marees Kumar (ME., Structural Engineering) Department of civil engineering

   Nadar Saraswathi College of Engineering and Technology Theni

   Abstract Plastic are and chemical produced polymer and polythene based material which pollutant all kind of our environment such as air, land, water. Therefore we are in needed to utilized are treated this plastic to save our environmental. First we design the conventional concrete mix without plastic and all the property of the aggregate & concrete is analyzed.

   1. 30% replacement of the Sand material with this crumbled waste plastic in the mix and properties this modified concrete has been analyzed.

   2. 50% replacement of the 10mm material with this crumbled waste plastic in the mix and properties this modified concrete has been analyzed.

   3. According to the result basic material are proportionated in the mix to achieve best result cost compute statement also prepare to the fine this material is cost effective are not.

      Hence we come up with innovative idea to utilized this waste plastic in concrete we utilized this waste plastic to enhance the concrete property such as strength workability etc. This electronic document is a live template and already defines the components of your paper [title, text, heads, etc.] in its style sheet.

      KeywordsPlastic, concrete, compressive strength, enviromental polution, plastic waste management,

      1. OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT:

         Plastic in different forms is found to be almost 5% in municipal solid waste, which is toxic in nature. It is a common sight in both urban and rural areas to find empty plastic bags and other type of plastic packing material littering the roads as well as drains. Due to its biodegradability it creates stagnation of water and associated hygiene problems. In order to contain this problem experiments have been carried out whether this waste plastic can be reused productively in the construction industry. The experimentation at several institutes indicated that the waste plastic, when added to aggregate will form a fine coat of plastic over the aggregate and such aggregate, when mixed with the cement concrete is found to give higher strength, higher resistance to water and better performance over a period of time. Therefore, it is proposed that we may use waste plastic in the concrete construction.

         R. Chandra Sekar (Final Year)

2. Mohamed Usman (Final Year)

M. B. Pandiyarajan (Final Year)

R. Raja (Final Year)

Department of civil engineering

Nadar Saraswathi College of Engineering and Technology Theni

1. To evaluate the properties of aggregate (course & fine aggregate) , cement & concrete.

2. To evaluate the properties of waste plastic formulations by testing various physical & engineering properties.

3. To conduct the Mix design as per IS 10262-1987. For both conventional concrete and modified mix.

4. To cast the concrete cubes & cylinder for testing and comparative study.

5. To evaluate the performance of concrete mixes with and without the addition of plastic.

   1. SYMBOLS & TERMINOLOGY

      • PMC 1- Plastic Modified Concrete design 1 (Sand Replacement)

      • PMC 2- Plastic Modified Concrete design 1 (10mm Replacement)

      • V = absolute volume of fresh concrete,

      • W = mass of water (Kg) per m3 of concrete,

      • C = mass of cement (Kg) per m3 of concrete,

      • Sc = specific gravity of cement

      • = ratio of fine aggregate to total aggregate by absolute volume,

      • fa, ca = total masses of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate (Kg) per m3 of concrete respectively,

      • Sfa, Sca = specific gravities of saturated surface dry fine aggregate and coarse aggregate respectively.

1. INTRODUCTION

   Generation of plastic waste is one of the fastest growing areas. Every year more than 500 billion plastic bags are used (nearly one million bag per minute). Hundreds of thousands of sea turtles, whales and other marine mammals die every year from

   eating discarded plastic bag for mistaken food. On land many animals suffer from similar fate to marine life. Collection, hauling ad disposal of plastic bag waste creates an additional environmental impact. In a landfill or in environment, Plastic bags take up to 1000 year to degrade. The need for an integrated waste management approach to be considered involving efficient use of plastic materials, recycling and disposal mechanisms. The amounts of plastics consumed annually in the growing tends of Indian scenario was discussed. The possibilities of a comprehensive investigation of the technical economic and ecological aspects of recycling was addressed by the project.

   In our project two kinds of plastic waste which is crumbled from the waste plastic is utilized for the replacement of concrete aggregates such as 10mm & fine aggregate. All the test for materials are conducted as per IS SP-23 Code provision.

2. PLASTIC AND PLASTIC WASTE:

   A plastic material is any of a wide range of synthetic or semi- synthetic organic solids that are mouldable. Plastics are typically organic polymers of high molecular mass, but they often contain other substances. They are usually synthetic, most commonly derived from petrochemicals, but many are partially natural.

   Figure 1 : Plastic Waste

   1. Compostion

      Most plastics contain organic polymers. The vast majority of these polymers are based on chains of carbon atoms alone or with oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen as well. The backbone is that part of the chain on the main "path" linking a large number of repeat units together. To customize the properties of a plastic, different molecular groups "hang" from the backbone (usually they are "hung" as part of the monomers before the monomers are linked together to form the polymer chain). The structure of these "side chains" influence the properties of the polymer. This fine tuning of the properties of the polymer by repeating unit's molecular structure has allowed plastics to become an indispensable part of the twenty-first century world.

   2. Thermoplastics And Thermosetting Polymers

      There are two types of plastics: thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers. Thermoplastics are the plastics that do not undergo chemical change in their composition when heated and can be moulded again and again.

      Examples include polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride. Common thermoplastics range from 20,000 to 500,000 amu, while thermosets are assumed to have infinite molecular weight. These chains are made up of many repeating molecular units, known as repeat units, derived from monomers; each polymer chain will have several thousand repeating units. Thermosets can melt and take shape once; after they have solidified, they stay solid. In the thermosetting process, a chemical reaction occurs that is irreversible. The vulcanization of rubber is a thermosetting process. Before heating with sulphur, the polyisoprene is a tacky, slightly runny material, but after vulcanization the product is rigid and non-tacky.

   3. Biodegradability

      Biodegradable plastics break down (degrade) upon exposure to sunlight (e.g., ultra-violet radiation), water or dampness, bacteria, enzymes, wind abrasio, and in some instances, rodent, pest, or insect attack are also included as forms of biodegradation or environmental degradation. Some modes of degradation require that the plastic be exposed at the surface, whereas other modes will only be effective if certain conditions exist in landfill or composting systems. Starch powder has been mixed with plastic as a filler to allow it to degrade more easily, but it still does not lead to complete breakdown of the plastic. Some researchers have actually genetically engineered bacteria that synthesize a completely biodegradable plastic, but this material, such as Biopol, is expensive at present. Companies have made biodegradable additives to enhance the biodegradation of plastics.

   4. Enviromentel Hazards Due To Waste Plastics:

   Plastic pollution involves the accumulation of plastic products in the environment that adversely affects wildlife, wildlife habitat, or humans. Many types and forms of plastic pollution exist. Plastic pollution can adversely affect lands, waterways and oceans. Plastic reduction efforts have occurred in some areas in attempts to reduce plastic consumption and promote recycling. The prominence of plastic pollution is correlated with plastics being inexpensive and durable, which lends to high levels of plastics used by humans.

   Plastic pollution occurs in many forms, including but not limited to littering, marine debris (man-made waste that has been released in a lake, sea, ocean, or waterway), plastic particle water pollution, plastic netting and friendly Folates. A large percentage of plastic produced each year is used to make single-use, disposable packaging items or products which will

   get permanently thrown out within one year. Often, consumers of the various types of plastics mainly use them for one purpose and then discard or recycle them. As Per the United States Environmental Protection Agency, in 2011 plastics constituted over 12% of municipal solid waste. In the 1960s, plastics constituted less than 1% of municipal solid waste.

3. EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT

   1. Land

      Chlorinated plastic can release harmful chemicals into the surrounding soil, which can then seep into groundwater or other surrounding water sources. This can cause serious harm to the species that drink this water. Landfill areas are constantly piled high with many different types of plastics. In these landfills, there are many microorganisms which speed up the biodegradation of plastics. Regarding biodegradable plastics, as they are broken down, methane is released, which is a very powerful green-house gas that contributes significantly to global warming. Some landfills are taking initiative by installing devices to capture the methane and use it for energy, but most have not incorporated such technology. Release of methane does not only occur in landfills, biodegradable plastics also degrade if left on the ground, in which case degradation takes longer to occur.

   2. Ocean

      Nurdles are plastic pellets (a type of micro-plastic) that are shipped in this form, often in cargo ships, to be used for the creation of plastic products. A significant amount of nurdles are spilled into oceans, and it has been estimated that globally, around 10% of beach litter is nurdles. Plastics in oceans typically degrade within a year, but not entirely, and in the process toxic chemicals such as biphenyl A and polystyrene can leach into waters from some plastics. Polystyrene pieces and nurdles are the most common types of plastic pollution in oceans, and combined with plastic bags and food containers make up the majority of oceanic debris. In 2012, it was estimated that there was approximately 165 million tons of plastic pollution in the world's oceans.

   3. Effects On Animals

      Plastic pollution has the potential to poison animals, which can then adversely affect human food supplies. Plastic pollution has been described as being highly detrimental to large marine mammals, described in the book Introduction to Marine Biology as posing the "single greatest threat" to them. Some marine species, such as sea turtles, have been found to contain large proportions of plastics in their stomach. When this occurs, the animal typically starves, because the plastic blocks the animal's digestive tract. Marine mammals sometimes become entangled in plastic products such as nets, which can harm or kill them. Over 260 species, including invertebrates, have been reported to have either ingested plastic or become entangled in the plastic. When a species gets entangled, its movement is seriously reduced, therefore making it very difficult to find food. Being entangled usually results in death or severe lacerations and ulcers. It has been estimated that over 400,000 marine mammals perish annually

      due to plastic pollution in oceans. In 2004, it was estimated that seagulls in the North Sea had an average of thirty pieces of plastic in their stomachs.

   4. Effects On Humans

   Plastics contain many different types of chemicals, depending on the type of plastic. The addition of chemicals is the main reason why these plastics have become so multipurpose, however this has problems associated with it. Some of the chemicals used in plastic production have the potential to be absorbed by human beings through skin absorption. A lot is unknown on how severely humans are physically affected by these chemicals. Some of the chemicals used in plastic production can cause dermatitis upon contact with human skin. In many plastics, these toxic chemicals are only used in trace amounts, but significant testing is often required to ensure that the toxic elements are contained within the plastic by inert material or polymer.

4. REUSE OF WASTE PLASTIC IN CONCRETE WORKS

   For the concrete, stone aggregate with specific characteristics is used and the aggregate is chosen on the basis of its strength, porosity and moisture absorption capacity. The aggregate which is was partially replaced with waste plastic material may elevate the properties such as Aggregate Impact Value, abrasion value etc. In those manner waste plastic has been utilized in the concrete works to increase the quality of concrete and decrease the cost of roads by utilizing this kind of waste material which shall reduce numerous environmental problems.

5. LABORATORY INVESTIGATION Following lab investigation on the materials have been

   done on aggregates and concrete mix and results are tabulated below

6. CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

   As per IS: 10262-1982-recommended guidelines for concrete mix design

   1. Design Stipulations

      • Specific gravity

      • Water Absorption (%)

        Characteristic strength required in the field at 28-days

        20 N/MM2

        Maximum size of aggregate 20 Mm

        • Impact value

        • Sieve analysis

          Degree of workability ( table 6 is:10262-1982)

          1. Compacting factor

        • Consistency of cement

        • Fineness of cement (Dry Sieving)

        • Initial & final Setting time of Cement

        • Compressive strength of concrete

        Table 1 : Plastic Properties

        Degree of quality control Good

        Type of exposure Normal

   2. Test Data For Materials

      Description	Plastic Properties
      Specific gravity	1.01
      Absorption (%)	<0.2
      Color	White & Dark
      Shape	Angular
      Crushing Value	<2%
      Impact value	<2%

      Description	Plastic Properties
      Specific gravity	1.01
      Absorption (%)	<0.2
      Color	White & Dark
      Shape	Angular
      Crushing Value	<2%
      Impact value	<2%

      Cement: Ordinary Portland cement grade 43 Chettinad Specific gravity of cement 3.15

      Specific gravity of coarse aggregates

      • Coarse aggregates 20 mm 2.642

      • Coarse aggregates 10 mm 2.680

        • Combined Specific gravity of Coarse aggregates

          2.661

          Table 2 : Aggregate Properties

          • fine aggregate 2.652

            Water absorption

          • Coarse aggregates 20 mm 0.78%

          • Coarse aggregate 10 mm 0.93%

          • fine aggregate 1.2%

            Free (surface ) moisture

            Description	Course aggregate Properties
            Specific gravity	2.661 g/cc
            Absorption (%)	0.855 %
            Color	Blue
            Shape	Angular
            Sieve analysis	Passed
            Impact value	22.5%

            Description	Course aggregate Properties
            Specific gravity	2.661 g/cc
            Absorption (%)	0.855 %
            Color	Blue
            Shape	Angular
            Sieve analysis	Passed
            Impact value	22.5%

          • Coarse aggregate 20mm 0%

          • Coarse aggregates 10 mm 0%

          • Fine aggregate ( Zone III) 0%

   3. Target Mean Strength Of Concrete

      Fck=Fck+ t x s

      t= 1.65

      s= 3.5

      Table 3 : Cement Properties

      ( Table 1 & 2 IS 10262) 20 + 3.5 x

      1.65 = Adopted Target mean strength of

      concrete:

      Description	Cement Properties
      Fineness of cement	6.5%
      Consistency of cement	31.5
      Compressive strength	54.5 N/mm2

      Description	Cement Properties
      Fineness of cement	6.5%
      Consistency of cement	31.5
      Compressive strength	54.5 N/mm2

   4. Selection Of Water-Cement Ratio

   25.8 N/mm2

   26 N/mm2

   From Fig No.1 of (IS:10262-1982) 0.5

   Adopted Water-Cement Ratio: 0.5

   Selection of Water and Sand content

   From table 4, IS:10262-1988 for 20mm nominal maximum size aggregate and sand conforming to grading zone II, water content per cubic meter of concrete is equal to 186 kg and

   sand content as percentage of total aggregate by absolute volume is equal to 35 percent.

   sand content as percentage of total aggregate by absolute volume is equal to 35 percent.

   Entrapped air content (For table-3 of IS: 10262-1982)

   2.0 %

   ()

   ()

   Adopted water content	186	Liter
   Adopted Sand content	40%
   E. Determination Of Cement Content Water-Cement ratio:	0.5
   Water:	186
   W/C= 0.5 ( W=186) from formula Cement	372
   Adopted cement content:	372	Kg/m3

   Adopted water content	186	Liter
   Adopted Sand content	40%
   E. Determination Of Cement Content Water-Cement ratio:	0.5
   Water:	186
   W/C= 0.5 ( W=186) from formula Cement	372
   Adopted cement content:	372	Kg/m3

   Ratio of fine aggregate to total aggregate by 40 % absolute volume

   Quantity of fine aggregate (Sand) per m3 of concrete (fa):

   372 1 f 1

   0.98 186

   3.15

   • a x

     40% 2.6

     `

     1000

     fa = 708 Kg.

     Quantity of coarse aggregate per m3 of concrete ca:

     372 1 c 1

     F. Aggregate Quantities Required For The Mix Per Cubic Meter Of Concrete:

     0.98 186

     3.15

   • a x

   (1 40%) 2.7

   1000

   Calculation of Aggregate content (As per Cl. 3.5 of IS: 10262- 1982)

   Ca = 1070 Kg.

   In coarse aggregate Fraction I (20mm) = 50%

   C

   C

   1

   1

   V W

   f a x

   Fraction II (10mm) = 50%

   Sc

   C 1

   S fa

   ca

   1000

   1

   1

   1

   Quantity of 20mm per m3 of concrete = 50% of 1070 Kg.

   = 534 Kg.

   Quantity of 10mm per m3 of concrete = 50% of 1199 Kg.

   S

   S

   V W

   c

   Where:

   (1 ) Sca

   x

   1000

   = 534 Kg.

   Table 4 : Mix Design propositions

   Ingredients	Conventional concrete Mix Design per cubic Meter	Mix Ratio	Conventional concrete Mix Design per 9 cube	Plastic Modified concrete Mix Design per 9 Cube
   				Design No.1 PMC 1 By Sand Replacement	Design No.2 PMC 2 By 10mm Replacement
   	Kg.		Kg.	Kg.	Kg.
   Cem ent	372	1.00	3.35	3.35	3.35
   Wate r	203	0.50	1.83	1.83	1.83
   Sand	708	1.90	6.38	4.44	6.38
   20 mm	534	1.44	4.82	4.82	4.82
   10m m	535	1.44	4.81	4.81	2.4
   Waste Plastic Replacement				1.94 (Small)	2.4 (Big)

   Ingredients	Conventional concrete Mix Design per cubic Meter	Mix Ratio	Conventional concrete Mix Design per 9 cube	Plastic Modified concrete Mix Design per 9 Cube
   				Design No.1 PMC 1 By Sand Replacement	Design No.2 PMC 2 By 10mm Replacement
   	Kg.		Kg.	Kg.	Kg.
   Cem ent	372	1.00	3.35	3.35	3.35
   Wate r	203	0.50	1.83	1.83	1.83
   Sand	708	1.90	6.38	4.44	6.38
   20 mm	534	1.44	4.82	4.82	4.82
   10m m	535	1.44	4.81	4.81	2.4
   Waste Plastic Replacement				1.94 (Small)	2.4 (Big)

   V = absolute volume of fresh concrete, which is equal to gross volume (m3) minus the volume of entrapped air,

   W = mass of water (Kg) per m3 of concrete, C = mass of cement (Kg) per m3 of concrete,

   Sc = specific gravity of cement

   = ratio of fine aggregate to total aggregate by absolute volume,

   fa, ca = total masses of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate (Kg) per m3 of concrete respectively,

   Sfa, Sca = specific gravities of saturated surface dry fine aggregate and coarse aggregate respectively.

   Mass of water (Kg) per m3 of concrete	(W)	180Kg
   Water Cement ratio	W/C	0.50
   Mass of cement (Kg) per m3 of concrete	(C)	372 Kg
   Specific gravity of cement	(Sc)	3.15
   Specific gravity (SSD) of fine aggregate	(Sfa)	2.6
   Specific gravity (SSD) of coarse aggregate	(Sca)	2.7

7. DISCUSSION ON EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Table 5 : Cube Test Results

   1. But 1 Cubic meter of plastic modified concrete (PMC

      1. production cost is Rs.1603.5 /- which is Rs.74.5 lesser cost than conventional mix

   2. Even-though 1 Cubic meter of plastic modified concrete (PMC 2) production cost is Rs.1653/- which is Rs.25 lesser cost than conventional mix

   XI. GRAPHS

   Test	Conventional Concrete	Plastic Modified Concrete PMC 1 (by Sand Replacement)	Plastic Modified Concrete PMC 2 (by 10mm Replacement)
   7 Days	14 N/mm2	13 N/mm2	14 N/mm2
   14 days	17 N/mm2	15.5 N/mm2	16.5 N/mm2
   28 Days	22 N/mm2	20.5 N/mm2	24 N/mm2

   Test	Conventional Concrete	Plastic Modified Concrete PMC 1 (by Sand Replacement)	Plastic Modified Concrete PMC 2 (by 10mm Replacement)
   7 Days	14 N/mm2	13 N/mm2	14 N/mm2
   14 days	17 N/mm2	15.5 N/mm2	16.5 N/mm2
   28 Days	22 N/mm2	20.5 N/mm2	24 N/mm2

   7

   ys S

   ys S

   30

   6

   25

   5

   20

   1. As Per the IS code provision both modified plastic 4

      1

      1

      28

      28

      concrete (PMC 1 & PMC 2) compliance the standard 15

      6.38

      treng

      treng

      4.82 4.81

      ComMpixrePsrsoipvoestSiotrnesngth

      ys St

      ys St

      reng

      reng

      th

      th

      th

      th

      4.82 4.81

      4.44

      6.38

      s Str

      s Str

      engt

      engt

      4.82

      requirements

      1. Plastic modified concrete (PMC 1) with sand replacement compliance the M20 grade specification but cube strength is lower than the conventional concrete.

      2. Plastic modified concrete (PMC 2) with 10 mm replacement attain higher strength than the sand replaced concrete.

      3. This concrete are having better water resistant than

      3 3.35 3.35 3.35

      h

      h

      10

      1.94

      1.94

      2

      7 da

      7 da

      4 da

      4 da

      day

      day

      5

      1.83 1.83 1.83

      10

      0

      Co

      Co

      Conventional Concrete PMC 1 (Sand Replacement) PMC 2 (10mm)

      nventional Concrete PMC 1 PMC 2

      Cement Water Sand 20mm 10 mm waste plastic

      XII. CONCLUSION

      2.4 2.4

      conventional concrete mix. Therefore we suggest this concrete shall be used in higher seepage area footing and plain cement concrete works (PCC) to avoid water seepage.

      Ingredients	Conventional Concrete	PMC 1	PMC 2
      	Cost in INR of materials as per mix design
      Cement	296	296	296
      20 mm	627	627	627
      10 mm	430	430	215
      Sand	621	396.5	621
      Plastic		150	190
      Total	Rs.1678 Per cubic Meter	Rs.1603.5 Per cubic Meter	Rs.1653 Per cubic Meter

      Ingredients	Conventional Concrete	PMC 1	PMC 2
      	Cost in INR of materials as per mix design
      Cement	296	296	296
      20 mm	627	627	627
      10 mm	430	430	215
      Sand	621	396.5	621
      Plastic		150	190
      Total	Rs.1678 Per cubic Meter	Rs.1603.5 Per cubic Meter	Rs.1653 Per cubic Meter

8. COST COMPARATIVE STATEMENT Table 6 : Cost Statement

1. In accordance cost comparative statement it is conclude as the following results

2. Use of plastic waste is cost effective comparing to the conventional concrete mix

3. 1 Cubic meter of conventional concrete production cost is Rs.1678 /-

   This study intended to find the effective ways to reutilize the hard plastic waste particles as concrete aggregate. Based on the Experimental result following points are summarized with regard to effect of plastic on the properties of concrete. Analysis of the strength characteristics of concrete containing recycled waste plastic and gave the above results.

   1. It is identifed that waste can be disposed by using them as construction materials.

   2. Since the waste is not suitable to replace fine aggregate it is used to replace the coarse aggregate.

   3. The compressive strength and split tensile strength of concrete containing plastic aggregate is retained more or less in comparison with controlled concrete specimens.

   4. Has been concluded 50% of waste plastic aggregate can be incorporated as coarse aggregate and replacement in concrete without any long term detrimental effects and with acceptable strength development properties.

   5. Thus it is conclude that the use plastic can be possible to increase the tensile strength of concrete.

   6. From the above discussion it is identified that the use of plastic can be possible to improve the properties of concrete which can act as a one of the plastic disposal method.

XIII. REFERNCE

1. IS 456 – Plain And Reinforced Concrete – Code Of Practice

2. IS 10262- As per IS: 10262-1982-recommended guidelines for concrete mix design

3. IS 516 Methods Of Tests For Strength Of Concrete

4. IS SP 23 Handbook On Concrete Mixes

5. R.Lakshmi, S. Nagan, Utilization of waste E plastic particles in cementitious mixtures Journal of Structural Engineering,Vol.38, No. 1, April May 2011,

6. P.Muthupriya, K. Subramanian, B.G. Vishuram, Experimental investigation on high performance reinforced concrete column with silica fume and fly ash as admixtures Journal of Structural Engineering,Vol.38, No. 1, April May 2011,

7. Ahamed Shayan, Aimin Xu, Value added utilization of waste glass in concrete, Cement and Concrete Research vol 34 (2004) pp 8189.

8. SecungBum Park, Bong Chun Lee, Studies on expansion properties in mortar containing waste glass & fibering. Cement and Concrete Research, vol 34 (2004) pp 11451152.

9. C.H.Chen, R.Hwang, Waste Eglass particles used in cementious mixtures Cement and Concrete Research, vol 36 (2006) pp 449456.

10. P.M.Subramanian, Plastic recycling and waste Management in the US Resources, Conservation and Recycling vol (28) pp 253263.

11. Caijun shi, Corrosion of glasses and expansion mechanism of concrete certaining waste glasses as aggregates, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering ASCE, October 2009, pp 529534.

12. Hai yong kang, Electronic waste recycling: A review of U.S. infrastructure and technology options, Resources, Conservation and Recycling vol 45 (2005) pp 368400.