Comparative Analysis of Image Denoising

Comparative Analysis of Image Denoising

Sathyapriya N

II Year, Department of Computer Science and Engineering Jansons Institute of Technology

Coimbatore-641659

Jansirani S

Department of Computer Science and Engineering Jansons Institute of Technology

Coimbatore-641659

Abstract In day today life we come across many visual scenes everyday such as images, audio, video frames and this visual information can be stored, processed, transmitted, recognized and interpreted in different ways. Several image processing techniques like pattern recognition, binarization, image denoising, segmentation, etc., are used in different applications to enhance the quality of the image and each technique has its own merits and demerits. This article examines the various image denoising methods used for image processing in order to achieve a high quality image as well fast retrieval.

Keywords Pattern recognition; binarization; image denoising; segmentation;

1. INTRODUCTION

   Input

   Input

   DIGITAL IMAGE PROCES SING SYSTEM

   DIGITAL IMAGE PROCES SING SYSTEM

   Digital images plays a vital role in many applications like satellite television, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging),GIS (geographical information systems),astronomy, Remote Sensing, Medical Imaging, Non-destructive Evaluation, Forensic Studies, Textiles, Material Science, Military, Film industry, Document processing, Graphic arts, Printing Industry, etc. In practical the data sets collected by image sensors are usually contaminated by various types of noises. Imperfect instruments, problems with the data acquisition process, and interfering natural phenomena can all degrade the data of interest [12]. Generally noise can be introduced by channel interferences, transmission errors and compression etc., in which it degrades the image quality by changing its pixel value. Most of the natural images are assumed to have additive random noise referred as Gaussian noise with or without coherence, speckle noises are found in ultrasound images, MRI images are affected by rician noise .Other common noises are salt-and-pepper noise, shot noise, quantization noise, film grain, anisotropic noise, etc.,

   CHANNEL

   Sujitha V

   II Year, Department of Computer Science and Engineering Jansons Institute of Technology

   Coimbatore-641659

   Kiruba Priyadharshini V

   Department of Computer Science and Engineering Jansons Institute of Technology

   Coimbatore-641659

   Here the received image can be represented as, v(i)=u(i)+n(i).Where, v(i) is the observed value, u(i) is the true value and n(i) is the noise value at the pixel i. Hence remove or suppress the noise in the image is a necessary step in many image processing application. Several techniques are used to remove the noise in the image. Among the various methodologies image denoising is one of the active research area.

2. TYPES OF IMAGE NOISE

   Noise can be either additive or in multiplicative form. Noises of additive nature, gets added to the original signal to corrupt signal/image is called additive noise while those noises which gets multiplied to the original signal are called multiplicative noise model. Pattern of various noises such as Gaussian, uniform, salt-and-pepper, speckle and their probabilistic characteristics are discussed below.

   1. Gaussian Noise

      Gaussian noise is a statistical noise whose probability density function is equal to that of normal distribution. Gaussian noise is caused by random fluctuations in the signal (Johnson-Nyquist noise). In additive white Gaussian noise each component of pixel is distributed identically independent at each pixel. It is uncorrelated since it is independent of signal intensity. Digital images can be degraded by Gaussian noise during acquisition of the image. Gaussian smoothing involving Gaussian Blur and edge detection is an important process used by denoising algorithms to denoise the image.

   2. Uniform Noise

      It is a quantization noise caused when the pixels of the scanned or sensed image is quantized into a number of discrete levels. The probability density function of this noise is approximately equal to that of uniform distribution. In this type of noise, a specified range in the image is uniformly

      Image u(i)

      Noise n(i)

      Fig 1: Block Diagram

      Processed

      image v(i)

      distributed by grey values. It may either be signal dependent or signal independent according to dithering techniques.

   3. Salt and Pepper Noise

      It is also known as spike or shot noise. This type of noise is caused by sharp and sudden disturbances in the image signal. The image with salt-and-pepper noise has dark pixels

      in bright regions and bright pixels in dark regions that white and black pixels are randomly distributed over the noisy image. The probability mass function of shot noise is equal to that of Poisson distribution. Since it is discrete in nature, there is only two possible values of a and b such that 0 (for black called pepper noise) and 255(for white called salt noise). It is caused by malfunctions in camera sensor cells, transmission errors, etc.

      Probability

      the two fundamental approaches for image denoising. Various spatial and temporal domain filtering methods are shown in Fig 3.

      Spatial domain filtering is the traditional way to remove noise from the image which is further classified into linear and non-linear filtering. In transform domain filtering, the denoising algorithm is chosen according to the basis function. These basis functions are again classified into data adaptive and non-adaptive transforms.

      B

      B

      IMAGE DENOISING

      A

      a b

      Grey scale

      SPATIAL DOMAIN

      TRANSFORM DOMAIN

   4. Speckle Noise

   Fig 2: Salt-and-Pepper noise

   NON LINEAR FILTER

   LINEAR FILTER

   NON ADAPTIVE DATA

   DATA

   ADAPTIVE

   Speckle noise is generally found during image acquisition

   and transmission process in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images, satellite images and medical images. Speckled noise can be modeled by random values multiplied by pixel values of an image. Speckle noise occurs due to the interference caused to the image during transmission and reception. It results in bright and dark spots in the image due to constructive and destructive interference.

3. IMAGE DENOISING

   Denoising aims at attenuating the noise while retaining the contents of the image such as edges, corners and texture details with high precision as that of original image. Image denoising is one of the important steps in image preprocessing for performing high level task such as image recognition and interpretation of scenes in the image. Denoising, apart from technical difficulties they may also

   MEDIAN

   SPATIAL MEDIAN

   WEIGHTED

   MEDIAN

   MEAN

   WEINER

   TRANSFORM

   SPATIAL DOMAIN

   WAVELET DOMAIN

   LINEAR FILTERING

   NON LINEAR THRESHOLD FILTERING

   WAVELET

   ICA

   result in destruction of image if applied non-effectively and inadequately. It is very important to apply an efficient denoising technique to the images to retain its original precision. To achieve good performance, the denoising algorithm should adapt to image discontinuities. At First a spatial domain approach has been implemented. This filter domain approach is a speedy method but it is unable to preserve edges, which are identified as discontinuities in the image. This problem is overcome by wavelet domain approach in which it has a great advantage of preserving edges.

   A. Classification of denoising algorithm

   Filtering is a fundamental pre-processing operation performed in image processing. The technique used for enhancing or modifying an image is called filtering. In filtering the value of any given pixel in the image is determined by applying some algorithms to the values of the pixel in the neighborhood of the corresponding input level. Spatial domain filtering and transform domain filtering are

   COEFFICIENT

   MODEL

   NON ORTHOGONAL WAVELET TRANSFORM

   Fig 3: Classification of Image Denoising

   1. Mean Filter:

      Mean filter also known as average filter is an example of linear filtering under spatial domain. The process of reducing the amount of intensity variation between one pixel to the next corresponding pixel is called smoothing. Smoothing plays a vital role in image denoising. Mean filtering is a simple and easy method for smoothing the images. In mean filtering, masking is done on each pixel in the signal. Then the average of the mask containing each component of the pixel is taken to form a single pixel. Mean filtering is useful in the case of removing grain noise and Gaussian noise. They suffer from a major drawback that they tend to blur the sharp

      edges in the image, destroying lines and other fine structures present in the image.

   2. Median Filters

      Median filter is a type of non-linear filter. It follows the sliding window principle. By taking median value within a user defined window for each data point. The pixels are scanned over pixel matrix of the entire image. The median of the surrounding pixel values in the window, the center pixel of the resultant is calculated and replaced with the computed median. There are various median filters like standard median filter (SMF), central weighted median filter (CWMF) adaptive weighted median filter(AWMF),recursive median filter, iterative median filter, directional median filter, switching median filter, adaptive median filter, etc. It preserves the sharpness in the image but there is no error propagation.

      1. (b)

         ( c )

         Fig 4: (a) Input image (b) Noise image (c) Output image after applying median filter.

   3. Discrete Wavelet Transforms

      Wavelet transform decomposes a signal into a set of basic functions called wavelets. Discrete wavelet transform transforms a discrete time signal to a discrete wavelet representation. Denoising is carried out by choosing a wavelet and a level N, decomposition of the signal at level N is computed. The soft thresholding method is used to compute the threshold of the detail coefficient. Then reconstruct the signal using the approximation coefficients and the modified detail coefficients. It has better performance due its properties like sparsity, multiresolution and multiscale nature, etc. This method has low computational complexity when used with wavelet filter banks. However, good denoising is possible with clarity at lower level

      decomposition, there is lack of directionality of decomposition functions. Also it suffers ringing near discontinuities.

      1. (b)

         (c ) (d)

         Fig 5: (a) Original image (b) Noisy image (c) Hard Denoising (d) Soft Denoising

   4. Independent Component Anaysis

      Independent Component Analysis is an example of Data- Adaptive Transform under Transform domain filtering. ICA is a well-suited denoising technique for non-Gaussian data. Demerits of using ICA based methods over other wavelet based method are the Computational cost. The computational cost of ICA algorithm is high because it uses sliding window and also it requires sample of noise free data or it requires at least two frames of the same data.

   5. Two-Stage Image Denoising By Principal Component Analysis With Local Pixel Grouping

      PCA is a method of identifying the patterns in data and expressing them with similarities and differences. It is a de- correlation technique used for dimensionality reduction, data compression and random noise reduction. In PCA it is easy to compress the data without much loss of information. In this technique, the image subjected to noise is passed on through two stages of denoising process. The first stage involves the initial estimation of the image by removing much of the noise. The blur image is given as the input and local pixel grouping and principal component analysis is performed. Then thresholding value is set and then inverse PCA is performed depend on the above value to reconstruct the quality of the image. The same process is iterated for the second stage to adjust the noise level and to improve denoising performance. This method has better image structure preservation near discontinuities such as edges, corners, etc.

   6. Total Variation Model

      It is observed that noise will be at high frequencies. The signal and images with excessive and spurious detail will have the high total variance that is the integral of the absolute gradient of those signals and the image is high. The key idea behind image denoising using total variance is based on the above observation to reduce the total variance of the signal or image subject to it for getting a close match to the original signal. The TV-L1 model is not strictly convex. This means that in general, there is no unique global minimizer.

      1. (b)

   (a) (b)

   (c ) (d)

   (c ) (d)

   Fig 7: (a) Original image (b) Noisy image (c) Output image denoised by Tikhonov model (d) Output image denoised by TV-L1 model.

4. IMAGE QUALITY METRICS The various image quality metrics which is used to

   discover the quality of the output image are discussed below.

   1. Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR)

      A.

      Fig 6: (a) Original image (b) Noisy image (c) Denoised image after

      Peak 2

      the first stage of LPG-PCA Denoising. (d) Denoised image after the

      PSNR 10log10

      MSE

      second stage of LPG-PCA Denoising.

      This is one of the best edge preserving regularization method. The TV-L1 model also offers some desirable improvements. First, it turns out that the TV-L1 model is more effective than the ROF model in removing impulse noise (e.g. salt and pepper noise) Second, the TV-L1 model is contrast invariant. Therefore the TV-L1 model has a strong geometrical meaning which makes it useful for scale-driven feature selection and denoising of shapes. This method is very useful when the pixels are located at the edges since, it

      2552

      PSNR 10log10 MSE

      PSNR is commonly expressed in terms of the logarithmic decibel scale. Higher PSNR value offers a good image quality.

   2. Structural Similarity Index Metrics (SSIM)

   2 xy C2 2 x y C1

   SSIM

   of the denoised image. Yet it suffers a major drawback that

   x y 2 1

   can preserve the edges. It retains sharp intensity boundaries

   absolute intensity levels are altered during denoising. And

   also shapes in images are altered by high boundary curvature,

   reducing object perimeter.

   2 2 C x2 y 2 C

   Where C1 and C2 are constants.

   1

   1

   1

   1

   N N

   x x y y N i N i

   i1 i1

   The SSIM index is in the range between [0, 1]. A value 0 indicates no correlation between the images. A value is close to one indicates that the denoised image is as close as to original image.

   C.Mean Squared Error

   MSE 1 A B

   2 .

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   2. Anutam, Rajni, performance analysis of image denoising with wavelet

      MN ij

      ij ij

      thresholding methods for different levels of decomposition, International Journal of Computer applications(0975-8887),Vol-86,No

      Where

      Aij is the original image, Bij is the denoised image./p>

      16,January 2014.

   3. Vikas D Patil, Sachin D.Ruikar,PCA based image- enhancement in

      Larger the MSE value, image quality is poor.

      D.Laplacian Mean Squared Error (LMSE)

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   4. Prateek Kumar Garg, Puspneel Verma, Ankur Bhardwaz, A survey

      m n

      m n

      2 A 2 B2

      paper on various median filtering techniques for noise removal from digital images, American International Journal of Research in Formal,

      m n

      m n

      LMSE i1 j1

      2 A2

      i1 j1

      Smaller value of laplacian mean squared error provides good denoised image

      E. Normalized Absolute Error (NAE)

      Applied &Natural Sciences.

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   7. Rupinderpal Kaur,Rajneet Kaur,Survey of De-noising Uing Filters and Fast Wavelet Transform, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering,Vol.3,Issue 2,February 2013.

   8. Toran Lal Sahu,Deepty Dubey,A Survey on Image Noises and

   m

   m

   n

   n

   2

   A 2 B

   Denoise Tachniques, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering &Technology,Vol.1,Issue 9,November 2012.

   m n

   m n

   NAE i1 j1

   2

   i1 j1

   Smaller value of Normalized Absolute Error (NAE) provides good denoised image.

5. CONCLUSIONS

   Noises in the image can be removed by using various denoising methodologies. Mean filter (Linear filter) and median filter (Nonlinear filter) both are performing well for removing impulsive type of noises. Wavelets play a very important role, especially when the noise is a Gaussian type. ICA is a well-suited denoising technique for non-Gaussian data. Two-Stage Image Denoising by Principal Component Analysis with Local Pixel Grouping is a best method, in which it has a better image structure preservation near discontinuities such as edges, corners, etc. In Total Variation Denoising Model well suited when the pixels are located at the edges since, it can preserve the edges. It retains sharp intensity boundaries of the denoised image.

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