PILL Camera

PILL Camera

Aishwarya B, Harshitha T S, Kavya B H, Tejaswini M J

B.E, Department of Telecommunication and Engineering, 3rd year. Jawaharlal Nehru National College of Engineering, Shimoga, India.

Abstract:- The aim of technology is to make products in a large scale for cheaper prices and increased quality. The current technologies have attained a part of it, but the manufacturing technology is at ma cro level. The future lies in manufacturing product right from the molecular level. Research in this direction started way back in eighties. At that time manufacturing at molecular and atomic level was laughed about. But due to advent of nanotechnology we have realized it to a certain level. One such product manufactured is PILL CAMERA, which is used for the treatment of cancer, ulcer and anemia. It has made revolution in the field of medicine. At that time manufacturing at molecular and atomic level was laughed .But due to advent of nanotechnology we have realized it to a certain level. One such product manufactured is PILL CAMERA, which is used for the treatment of cancer, ulcer and anemia. It has made revolution in the field of medicine.

This tiny capsule can pass through our body, without causing any harm. It takes pictures of our intestine and transmits the same to the receiver of the Computer analysis of our digestive system. This process can help in tracking any kind of disease related to digestive sys tem. Also we have discussed the drawbacks of PILL CAMERA and how these drawbacks can be overcome using Grain sized motor and bi-directional wireless telemetry capsule .Besides this we have reviewed the process of manufacturing products using nanotechnology .

Keywords:- NANOTECHNOLOGY, PILL

1. GENERAL

   We have made great progress in manufacturing products. Looking back from where we stand now, we started from flint knives and stone tools and reached the stage where we make such tools with more precision than ever. The leap in technology is great but it is not going to stop here. With our present technology we manufacture products by casting, milling, grinding, chipping and the likes. With these technologies we have made more things at a lower cost and greater precision than ever before. In the manufacture of these products we have been arranging atoms in great thundering statistical herds. All of us know manufactured products are made from atoms. The properties of those products depend on how those atoms are arranged. If we rearrange atoms in dirt, water and air we get grass. The

   next step in manufacturing technology is to manufacture products at molecular level. The technology used to achieve manufacturing at molecular level is NANOTECHNOLOGY. Nanotechnology is the creation of useful materials, devices and system through manipulation of such miniscule matter (nanometer).Nanotechnology deals with objects measured in nanometers. Nanometer can be visualized as billionth of a meter or millionth of a millimeter or it is 1/80000 width of human hair. These technologies we have made more things at a lower cost and greater precision than before.

   Trillions of assemblers will be needed to develop products in a viable time frame. In order to create enough assemblers to build consumer goods, some Nano machines called explicators will be developed using self- replication process, will be programmed to build more assemblers. Self-replication is a process in which devices whose diameters are of atomic scales, on the order of nanometers, create copies of themselves. For of self- replication to take place in a constructive manner, three conditions must be met.

   Once swallowed, an electric current flowing through the UW endoscope causes the fiber to bounce back and forth so that its lone electronic eye sees the whole scene.

   1.2 IMAGE PROCESSING

   The image processing then combines all this information to create a two-dimensional color picture.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

   1. Historical Overview:

      Manipulation of atoms is first talked about by noble laureate Dr.Richard

      Fig2.2 nickel crystal board

      Feynman long ago in 1959 at the annual meeting of the American Physical Society at the California institute of technology -Caltech and at that time it was laughed about. Nothing was pursu ed init till 80s. The technology used to achieve It takes pictures of our intestine and transmits the same to the receiver of the Computer analysis of our digestive

   2. Engines Of Creation:

   Drexel in the year 1981 through his article The Engines of Creation. In 1990, IBM researchers showed that it is possible to manipulate single atoms. They positioned 35 Xenon atoms on the surface of nickel crystal, using an atomic force microscopy instrument. These positioned atoms spelled out the letters IBM.

   2.4 Nanorobot

   Fig 2.2.1 view of capsule

   2.3 Manufacturing Products Using Nanotechnology:

   There are three steps to achieving nanotechnology – produced goods: Atoms are he building blocks for all matter in our Universe. All the products that are manufactured are made from atoms.

   The properties of those products depend of how those atoms are arranged .for e.g. If we rearrange the atoms in coal we get diamonds, if we rearrange the atoms in sand and add a pinch of impurities we get computer chips. Scientists must be able to manipulate individual atoms. This means that they will have to develop a technique to grab single atoms and move them to desired positions. In 1990, IBM researchers showed this by positioning 35 xenon atoms on the surface of a nickel

   Crystal, using an atomic force microscopy instrument. These positioned atoms spelled out the letters "IBM."The next step will be to develop nanoscopic machines, called assemblers, that can beprogrammed to manipulate atoms and molecules at will. It would take thousands of years for a single assembler to produce any kind of material one atom at a time. Trillions of assemblers will be needed to develop products in a viable time frame. In order to create

   enough assemblers to build consumer goods, some Nano machines called explicators will be developed using self- replication process, will be programmed to build more assemblers. Self-replication is a process in which devices whose diameters are of atomic scales, on the order of nanometers, create copies of themselves. For of self- replication to take place in a constructive manner, three conditions must be met/ The 1st requirement is that each unit be a specialized machine called Nano robot, one of whose functions is to construct at least one copy of itself during its operational life apart from performing its intended task. An e.g. of self-replicating Nano robot is artificial antibody. In addition to reproducing itself, it seeks and destroys disease causing organism.

   1. Ingredients

      • The 2nd requirement is existence of all energy and ingredients necessary to build complete copies of nanorobot in question. Ideally the quantities of each ingredient

      should be such that they are consumed in the correct proportion., if the process is intended to befinite , then when desired number of nanorobots has been constructed , there should be nounused quantities of any ingredient remaining.

   2. Replication Process

   The 3rd requirement is that the environment be controlled so that the Replication process can proceed efficiently and without malfunctions. Excessive turbulence, temperature extremes, intense radiation, or other adverse circumstances might prevent the proper functioning of the nanorobot and cause the prcess to fail or falter. Once nanorobots are made in sufficient numbers, the process of most of the nanorobots is changed from self-replication to mass manufacturing of products. The nanorobots are connected and controlled by super computer which has the design details of the product to be manufactured. These nanorobots now work in tandem and start placing each molecules of product to b manufactured in the required position. the process of most of the nanorobots is changed from self-replication to mass manufacturing of products.

3. PILL AMERA APPLICATION

   1. Pill Sized Camera:

      Imagine a vitamin pill-sized camera that could travel through your body taking pictures, helping diagnose a problem which doctor previously would have found only through surgery. No longer is such technology the stuff of science fiction films.

      Fig 3.1 Pill Sized Camera

   2. Conventional Method:

   Currently, standard method of detecting abnormalities in the intestines is through endoscopic examination in which doctors advance a scope down into the small intestine via the mouth. However, these scopes are unable to reach through all of the 20-foot-long small intestine, and thus provide only a partial view of that part of the bowel. With the help of pill camera not only can diagnoses be made for certain conditions routinely missed by other tests, but disorders can be detected at an earlier stage, enabling treatment before complications develop. However, the amount left behind in the body is less than is absorbed by the average person drinking tap water, according to researchers. Scientific advances in areas such as nanotechnology and gene therapy promise to revolutionize the way we discover and develop drugs, as well as how we diagnose and treat disease. The 'camera in a pill' is one recent development that is generating considerable interest

   Fig 3.2conventional camera 3.3 Diagnostic imaging system

   The device, called the given Diagnostic Imaging System, comes in capsule form and contains a camera, lights, transmitter and batteries. The capsule has a clear end that allows the camera to view the lining of the small intestine. Capsule endoscopy consists of a disposable video camera encapsulated into a pill like form that is swallowed with water. The wireless camera takes thousands of high-quality digital images within the body as it passes through the entire length o f the small intestine. The latest pill camera is sized at 26*11

   mm and is capable of transmitting 50,000 color images during its traversal through the digestive system of patient.

   Video chip consists of the IC CMOS image sensor which is used to take pictures of intestine .The lamp is used for proper illumination in the intestine for taking photos. Micro actuator acts as memory to store the software code that is the pH, temp and pressure instructions. The antenna is used to transmit the images to the receiver. For the detection of reliable and correct. The tiny cameras are swallowed by patients who want less invasive examinations of their digestive track. Until now U.S. DRAM maker Micron Technology Inc. had been the biggest promoter of the camera-in-a-pill concept, with companies such as Israel's Given Imaging charging as much as $450 for its PillCam. MagnaChip is highlighting the low-light sensitivity of the camera, but provided no specification detail. Usually, an LED flash is used to illuminate the area around the capsule.

   Fig3.3 future pill camera

   1. video chip:

      Video chip consists of the IC CMOS image sensor which is used to take pictures of intestine .The lamp is used for proper illumination in the intestine for taking photos. Micro actuator acts as memory to store the software code that is the instructions. The antenna is used to transmit the images to the receiver. For the detection of reliable and correct information, capsuleshould be able to designed to transmit several biomedical signals, such as pH, temp and pressure.

   2. Components Of Capsule Camera\

   Fig 3.5components of capsule

4. ENDOSCOPY PROCEDURE

   4.1 Swallowed Capsule:

   Capsule is swallowed by the patient like a conventional pill.It takes images as it is propelled forward by peristalsis

   .A wireless recorder, worn on a belt, receives the image transmitted by the pill.A computer workstation processes the data and produces a continuous still images.

   Movement Of capsule Through The Digestive System Produces two images per second, approximately 2,600 high quality images Fig 4.1 movement of capsulee

   The proposed telemetry capsule can simultaneously transmit a video signal and receive a control determining the behavior of the capsule. As a result, the total power consumption of the telemetry capsule can be reduced by turning off the camera power during dead time and separately controlling the LEDs for proper illumination in the intestine. Accordingly, proposed telemetry module for bidirectional and multi-channel communication has the potential applications .

   The capsule is capable of transmitting up to eight hours of video before being naturally expelled. No hospitalization is required. The film is downloaded to a computer workstation and processed using a software program called RAPID (reporting and processing of images and data), also developed by Given Imaging. It condenses the film into a 30-minute video. The software also provides an image of the pill as it passes through the small intestine so the physician can match the image to the location of the capsule. Future capsules to be developed using its basic platform. It is not inconceivable that this same technology can be used to pump medication lallow determination of concentration.

   Fig 4.1 conceptional diagram of bidirectional wireless endoscopy system

5. RESOLUTION OF LENS

   1. Lens/Illumination/Layer:

      Starting at the top level that closest to the transparent portion of the capsule?is the lens/illumination layer. An annular PCB surrounds the single plastic molded lens, supporting the LEDs and their associated current- limit resistors. Below this lens level is the imager layer, home to a 256-by-256pixel CMOS color image sensor. Marking on the chip indicates it is a custom device from Photobit, a company acquired by Micron

      Imaging in 2001.

      Combined with the plastic lens, the camera offers a claimed 140? viewing angle and 0.1mm feature resolution within the GI tract being imaged. Behind the imager layer is a pair of Eveready No. 399 silver oxide watch batteries, wired in series to create the sole 3V supply for the PillCam. The two button cells provide 3V at 55mA-hr, or 165mW-hr of total available energy. Since the device runs for up to eight hours, a time-averaged power draw of approximately 20mW is implied.

      1. Switch layer

         The switch layer located behind the batteries provides the means to preserve precious battery energy before the PillCam is ingested by the patient. A reed switch mounted on the switch layer circuit board is held open by a magnet in the PillCam's shipping holster, interrupting the battery connection. When the package is opened and the capsule is removed from its holster for swallowing, the reed switch closes and power to the PillCam begins to flow.

      2. Transmitter layer

   The final strata of the PillCam is the transmitter layer is home to the only other IC, a custom ASIC developed by Given and of unmarked foundry origin. The chip must provide system control along with radio transmission. A 27MHz crystal located on the reverse side of the transmitter layer is consistent with bo th functions. The 3.2-by-3.5mm flip-chip ASIC contains a small block of logic, a very small memory array and a variety of mixed- signal circuits.

   The switch layer located behind the batteries provides the means to preserve precious battery energy before the PillCam is ingested by the patient. A reed switch mounted on the switch layer circuit board isheld open by a magnet in the PillCam's shipping holster, interrupting the battery connection. When the package is opened and the capsule is removed from its holster for swallowing, the reed switch closes and power to the PillCam begins to flow.

   among the three islands of functionality creates flex circuits to interconnect those regions. The assembly is folded up around the batteries, and a pair of gold-plated coil springs distributes power from the imager layer to the lens/illumination layer through holes in the lens barrel.

   The 8hr PillCam lifetime provides up to 57,000 images at a 2fps rate, with the LEDs flashing only during image capture. The combination of low-power CMOS imagers,

   1. Pill camera not so hard for patient to swallow:

      As the miniaturisation of cameras continues apace, more and more innovative products are thrown up, such as this pill camera. Basically a lens on a piece of string (isn't that something that Hell's Angels like to do involving string, bacon and laydeez, and goes by the name of Wolfbagging , the technology costs just $300far less than a $5,000 endoscope. Developed at the University of Washington, the only person who has tried it out so far is research associate professor Eric Siebel.

      "Never in your life have you ever swallowed anything and it's still sticking out of your mouth, but once you do it, it's easy," he said of the device. It consists of seven fiber optic cables in a capsule about the size of a painkiller, with a 1.4- mm tether that allows the doctor

      to move the camera around and pull it back up once the exploration is finished.

      Testing starts at the Seattle Veterans' Administration hospital next year. Once given the thumbs -up, the reusable gadget (disinfect, rinse, repeat, I guess) is expected to be used in the fight against oesophagal cancer. Normal endoscopes are considerably bigger and can only be swallowed after the patient has been sedated (and liberally greased up, probably).

   2. Gastroesophageal reflux disease:

6. RF EMISSION GUIDELINES

   Per FCC filings, the transmitter operates at either 432.13MHz or 433.94MHz, with minimum-shift-keying modulation. MSK has the general benefits of providing constant-envelope modulation, transmitter simplicity and good spectral efficiency. A simple air coil is the radiating antenna element, tucked into the rounded capsule end opposite the camera. Transmit power is held low to manage power consumption, as the receiver antennas are in close proximity with the waist – worn monitor.

   Nevertheless, FCC filings indicate the PillCam stays within emitted RF guidelines only when the pill is inside the body. The minute or so that it takes the pill to go from activated/depackaged form to ingestion is apparently given a waiver as part of the PillCam's regulatory approval.

   Image capture, switch and transmitter layers are all fabricated on a single rigid-flex PCB. Delayering the board

   (GERD), is a backflow of acid-containing fluid from

   the stomach into the esophagus. If it persists, it can develop into a more serious condition known as Barretts

   esophagus. Barretts esophagus is a condition in which cells of the lining of the esophagus become pre-malignant

   and can lead to a potentially fatal form of cancer known as esophageal adenocarcinoma.

   1. Picoendo:

   PicoEndo is about to produce a functional prototype. An even smaller camera sensor than the current 2.55

   mm is under development. The processing software exists. The developers believe that by using a combination of white, UV, and NIR LEDs in the lens holder, that it may be possible to conduct an optical biopsy in situ instead of (or in addition to) a physical biopsy. A search for suitably sized UV and NIR LEDs is underway.

   Fig 6.3 parts of capsule

   Besides the miniature color video camera, the capsule contains a light source, batteries, a transmitter, and an antenna. Once swallowed this capsule/camera travels easily through the digestive tract and is naturally excreted. It is never absorbed in the body. The patient wears a wireless Given Data Recorder on a belt around his or her waist, much like a portable "Walkman. These signals can also track the physical course of the capsule's progress. During this procedure, users feel no pain or discomfort and are able to continue their regular activities as the camera works inside the body and the sensors and belt work outside. The entire process takes about eight hours.

   People who are exposed to radiation or hazardous chemicals in their work environment are at a higher risk of illness. Occasional testing is typically done but may not detect a disease in its early stage. Early detection could initiate timely treatment with a higher chance of success, and have a worker removed from the hazardous environment to prevent further damage.

7. ENDOSCOPY PROCEDURE

Pill endoscopy is a new spin off of regular endoscopy, where and endoscope it inserted into the body to observe the walls of various organs and racts. Now there are pill cameras you can swallow that will take pictures of your organs and tracts,without the discomfort of having a tube inserted intoyour body.A major issue with current endoscopies is there is about 20 feet of the digestive track that is out reach of current methods. In order to overcome this an Israeli physician, Dr. Iddan, in 1981 began the development of a camera that would fit into a pill. Unfortunately, technology wasnt ready for this. It took until 2001 for it to be possible. In 2001 the FDA approved the Given Diagnostic Imaging System. The system was an 11x26mm 4 gram capsule, which contained a color video camera, a radio transmitter, 4 LEDs and a battery. The camera could take up to 50,000 pictures in the 8-hour trip through the digestive track. The pill is moved around the body with peristaltic contractions. Throughout the procedure the patient can perform daily tasks without discomfort.Throughout the 8-hours, the images are

transmitted to a device about the size of a walkman. The images are received through special antenna pads placed on the body. From this the images can be downloaded to the computer for examination.One company has put a new twist on the pill camera. Other pill cameras have their lenses and sensor in the moving direction, requiring a wide angle lens. The problem with this is the peripheral regions of the picture become distorted.

1. Collimating lenses

   Among the products manufactured in Triumph HT Optics are miniature camera lenses for CIF, VGA and several Megapixel formats. The international SMIA standard is supported with several designs, including the EMC shielding of the lens amount. The lenses are characterized by an optimal design for manufacturing, resulting in high yield processes and therefore a reliable delivery to our customers. A 100% MTF test on state of the art test equipment is part of our outgoing inspection.

   Other product lines are collimating lenses for laser applications and fresnellenses for solar concentrators and illumination, mouse optics and rearview cameralenses for the automotive industry. A true specialty are the objective lenses which are manufactured for pill cameras.

2. Smallest tethered endoscope

   The PicoEndo endoscope is the smallest tethered endoscope in the world (4.5mm x 12.0mm). It is also inexpensive enough to use and discard. It provides a dramatic cost reduction in equipment requirements from conventional endoscope or pill camera systems, which can cost upwards of $30,000 USD. PicoEndo delivers more images at an improved quality, including images processed into 3D. The PicoEndo system is applicable to medical tasks such as photographing the surface of the esophagus and to applications in any other industry that needs to place a tiny electronic camera eye in a location that is difficult to view, s uch as inspecting the interiors of assembled engines.

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