Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipments: Issues in Management and Disposal

Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipments: Issues in Management and Disposal

Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipments: Issues in Management and Disposal

Tamirat Dessalegn Haile,

Lecturer,

School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Adama Science and Technology University, Ethiopia

Dr. R. Divahar,

Assistant Professor,

School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Adama Science and Technology University, Ethiopia

Dr. T. Meenambal,

Professor,

School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Adama Science and Technology University, Ethiopia

Abstract- Electrical and Electronic Equipments is essential for human life .the advances in technology, enhancing economic status and extensive accessibility we are dependent on the solaces provided by the Electrical and Electronic Equipments. Increased penetration of EEE has led to greater usage and corresponding increase in disposing of WEEE, which pose fresh challenge in terms of treatment and disposal. Complexities arise due to the diverse materials contained in WEEE possessing unique characteristics; each component must be segregated and treated separately. WEEE has the metallic parts too nonmetallic components. Metallic parts of the WEEE having more value are recycled and reused. The non- metallic components, for example, plastics, glass, rubber etc. are not received their dues. However, concerns about the steady increase in usage and disposal are numerous. Some of the problems include collection of waste in landfills and in normal environments. Aside from the above there are physical problems for wildlife resulting from ingestion or entanglement in plastic. The leaching of chemicals from plastic items and release of poisons from consuming and incineration pose threat to environment. Because of improper handling of E-waste, the hazards posed by this type of waste have reached a disturbing state at international level. E-waste holds greater significance due to elements, for example, large number of users, import of E-waste from developed economies for disassembling and disposal, careless regulations and poor open awareness. Some components of certain e-wastes can be reused, refurbished, or recycled in sustainable manner to minimize their adverse environmental effects. This paper features the hazards caused due to improper handling of E-wastes and additionally describes about some appropriate measures to be adopted for its management and safe disposal.

Key Words : E-waste, Hazards, Developing And Developed Countries, Management, Disposal

1. INTRODUCTION

   WEEE includes any broken or unwanted electrical or electronic appliance, after the end of life. They are the items such as discarded computers, entertainment electronics, mobile phones and other electronic items. It is a generic term embracing various forms of electric and electronic equipment that have ceased to be of any value to their owners. E-waste is waste Electrical or electronic equipment. These wastes include all components, sub- assemblies and consumables such as spares, which are part of the product at the time of discarding. Over the past few decades the constant advances in technology, in fields such as electronic data management and communications have changed the worlds economy by spurning economic growth. These technological advancements have had a

   positive impact on human lives in countless ways. People are attracted by the variety and choice of appliances introduced in the market every year in industrialized and industrializing countries . people are getting easy and affordable access for all these in all economic sections of society.

   Due to the ease of availability combined with the affordability, the volume of WEEE in use is widespread thereby generating vast quantities of E-waste. Many environmental challenges on electronic waste are arising due to growing demand of electronic products both at home and in the workplace. The current consumption and disposal patterns are environmentally unsound as; the volume of E-waste is bound to grow by leaps and bounds making the handling and disposal a Herculean task. All stake holders like consumers, manufacturers and regulatory bodies need immediate attention to these challenges. Whenever the management of E-waste is spoken about, attention is focused upon resource recovery, recycling and safe disposal of the components.

2. Global scenario

   There is a developing trend of e waste generated now a day. There is more awareness among open to use correspondence facilities. Number of users is increasing as there are technological advances. .there are driving development, efficiency, and social and economic development. Toward the beginning of 2017, fifty percent of the total populace uses the internet. Also, nearly everybody on the planet have access to mobile networks and services. Numerous people claim more than one correspondence technology device. People are replacing mobile phones and computers and furthermore for other devices and equipment often. At the same time, innumerous developing countries and a developing worldwide middle-class can spend more on electrical and electronic equipment. Also, consequently generation of e- waste is enormous. Currently the measure of e-waste generated will increase significantly over the next decades,

3. Generation of e-waste

All the countries in the world contributed to e waste of

44.7 million metric tons annually in 2016, It is equivalent of 6.1 kilogram per inhabitant, compared to the 5.8 kg/inh generated in 2014. The amount of e-waste is expected to increase to 52.2 million metric tons, or 6.8 kg/inh, by in figure1. These are thrown into the residual waste in high income countries, and they may likely be incinerated or land-filled. Many contries developing and developed are contributing their share. In 2016, Asian region is the largest amount of e-waste generator followed by Europe, the Americas, Africa, and Oceania. While the smallest in terms of total e-waste generated was Oceania. Only small portion of e-waste is collected and recycled. Europe is the second largest generator of e-waste however; Europe has the highest collection capacity. E waste generation rate, collection rate recycling rate is depicted in table 1

United states of America generates e waste which is comparable to the collection rate in Asia .In 2016, most of the e-waste was generated in Asia. Less quantity is collected and recycled. The top e-waste producer in the world is China. The amount of e-waste is expected to grow to 27 Mt by 2030 (Zeng et al. 2017). In global perspective China produce more e waste for several reasons as demand of EEE is very high for China the most populous country in the world.

In Europe, collection rate is compared to e-waste generated. The amount of e-waste per person generated in Africa was least and recycled is less than 1%. The generation of ewaste is varying according to the status of countries like developed and developing. It is concluded from the table1 that difference of e-waste generated in developed versus developing countries is quite large. The richest country in the world in 2016 generated more whereas the poorest generated less.

1. Trade of e waste

   A large portion of Developed Countries are keen on import and fares of e waste with developing nations. There are imports and fares occurring in nations. USA and EU are exchanging with different nations for utilized gadgets and e-waste In all out, most foreign made UEEE began from ports in Germany took after by the UK and Belgium.The Netherlands and Spain took after by China and the USA, are next in the positioning of principle exporters, trailed by Ireland. Generally speaking, these eight nations represent around 85% of UEEE imports into Nigeria. Of around 77% of UEEE imported into Nigeria from Europian association. In spite of the fact that the Nigerian Government restricted the import of CRT- gadgets, around 260 t were observed to be foreign made every year.

2. Environmental and health hazard

E-waste contains more than 1,000 unique substances and chemicals(Sarkar A(2006). a large number of which are toxic, for example, substantial metals, including lead, cadmium, mercury, Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs),

Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) etc. and are probably going to make difficult issues for the environment and human health, if not solved properly. Fly ash tests from burning circuit plates and protected wire contained impressive quantity of a few metallic components and incandescent lamp. Leaching trial of the bottom base cinder demonstrated that lead fixations exceeded U.S. Ecological Protection Agency landfill limits (Gullet B.K., (2007)). Low-innovation recycling reserch ordinarily comprise of tedious procedures regularly happen with no respect for human safety or natural degradation Puckett J. and Smith T., on, (2002). Circuit sheets contain high concentrations of brominates fire retardants.

Ignition of wires protected with polyvinylchloride has the capability of vaporizing expansive amounts of semi- unstable dangerous components and furthermore creates poisonous halogenated organic pollutants (Sarkar A(2006). These organic compounds are steady; accumulates in the environment; and affect regenerative, developmental, and immunological capacities. Investigation of human hair obtained from hairstyling salons close Guiyu discovered considerable quantity of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-Dioxin/Polychlorinated Dibenzo-Furan concen-trations(Gullet B.K., (2007), Luksemburg W(2002).

In this manner, these simple recycling activities being conducted are extensively dangerous to the recyclers and to the environment. Major medical issues detailed have been non-specific acid indigestion, gastritis, general weakness, breathing issues, skin aggravation, and muscle and low-back ache and incidental damage. As the waste- recycling units are being set up as of late, it would take a couple of years to show the effects of these toxic chemicals (Sarkar A(2006).

1. ISSUES RELATED TO PLASTIC WASTE IN E- WASTE/PLASTICS FROM ELECTRICAL AND

   ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENTS

   The structure of WEEE/e-waste is varied and contrasts in items over various classes. It contains several different substances, which fall under 'hazardous and 'non- hazardous' classifications. Comprehensively E- waste comprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, plastics, glass, wood and pressed wood, printed circuit sheets, cement and pottery, rubber and different things. The real constituents are Iron and steel, they constitute around half of the WEEE took after by plastics (21%), non-ferrous metals (13%) and different constituents. Non-ferrous metals comprise of metals like copper, aluminum and valuable metals, e.g. silver, gold, platinum, palladium, and so on. Components, for example, lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, selenium and hexavalent chromium and fire retardants are available more than threshold amounts in WEEE/e-waste named them as dangerous waste. Figure 2 demonstrates the Growth of E-waste in India in the course of recent decades.

   Electronic hardware plastics add to around 30% or more to the aggregate parts used as a part of their fabrication, accordingly contributing about 33% by volume of waste which is an extensive quantity. Plastic parts of E-waste is hazardous because of specific factors, for example, non- biodegradability henceforth longer period in environment would posture issues, burning of waste isn't advisable as an assortment of poisons would be discharged amid ignition. Plastic has turned out to be almost basic attributable to specific characters, for example, economical, simple accessibility, sturdiness and flexibility. These properties have prompted the formation of a large number of items, which have acquired advantages to society terms of financial movement, employments and better quality of living. Aside from these Plastics as a rule help lessen energy consumption and ozone depleting substance outflows, particularly when compared with the alternatives, but sometimes independently such as in the cases of insulation and applications in wind and solar photovoltaic power generation (Pilz, H., Brandt, B. and R. Fehringer (2010).

   Plastics have turned into a vital piece of human life, be it from packaging to medicinal applications. It is nothing unexpected that they are most crucial piece of gadgets and communication items, which is one of the world's fasting developing enterprises today. Which likewise makes huge amounts of E-waste there by directly or in a indirectly adding to tremendous amounts of E-waste, the measure of electronic waste created increments proportionately with the generation. The developing quantities of plastic items in this area add to electronic plastic waste produced. In any case, plastic waste can likewise force negative externalities, for example, ozone harming substance emanations or environmental damage. Be that as it may, the essential main thrusts for any WEEE treatment activity are the removel of toxic materials and the recycling of metals. It is subsequently uncertain to what degree any plastics can be recouped for recycling into similar or any other applications.

   Achievement of the different kinds of plastics has been credited to their properties of strength, protection from dampness, chemical substances and photo and biodegradation, their stability, and the way that they can be shaped into any desired shape. The variety of polymers and their adaptable nature enable them to be utilized to make vide range of items that bring medical and technological advances, energy savings and various other societal advantages (Andrady and Neal 2009) As a result, the creation of plastics has expanded considerably finished the most recent 60 years from around 0.5 million tons in 1950 to more than 260 million tons today. In Europe alone the plastics business has a turnover more than 300 million Euros and utilizes 1.6 million individuals (Plastics Europe 2008).Electrical and electronic equipments (EEE) being a vital wellspring of waste plastic, Directive 2002/96/EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment has some essential implications for plastics recycling. The Directive sets out certain outline requirements, the aftereffect of which could be a

   progressive decrease in the variety of plastic parts in EEE items. The enactment builds the accentuation on the recyclability of EEE item parts; however costs and monetary achievability remain barriers to its success.

2. Current disposal practices for E-waste

   The current collection frameworks in the diverse nations manage the E&E Equipment once it has turned out to be waste. This is done by means of local municipalities with the help of the original electro manufacturers (OEMs), who in numerous nations are as of now in charge of the collection of the WEEE. The equipment is physically disassembled: glass and expansive parts are isolated. Those parts which can be of potential danger are isolated also. Plastics are regularly shredded with metal to recover the metal itself. A plastics waste stream which incorporates metals like copper (up to 8%) indicate to the feed stream for the distinctive thermal procedures. These procedures can be an ideal recovery process when mechanical recycling ends up being impractical. For whatever length of time that enactment isn't set up, the industry will search for the least expensive arrangement. Landfill still speaks to the least expensive arrangement in numerous EU states. Over 90% of the waste stream is land filled as land filling is the lest expensive choice as of now available(costs vary from 50 to130 Euro). Supplanting fuel in furnace forms with waste can be an extra choice. Anyway large part of the E&E waste from house hold end in incinerators.

   The current physical separation methods have restricted capacities and regardless of whether complete detachment is conceivable.The quality of a matured polymer will be not as much as that of another virgin one. For less demanding applications reuse can even now be extremely well conceivable (Nissen. Porch,1997)Because of the decrease applicability in the reuse of polymers as capacity of its life cycle the financial aspects turn out to be more and more awful; the value of the reused materials diminish. This limits extensively the recycling of consumer gadgets. A technological achievement is important to enhance the recycling effectiveness of plastics, both in dismantling and redesigning of the material and also in material decision during product design and improvement. That is the reason the present venture isn't just centered on separation and recovering, yet additionally on enhancing the quality of the utilized plastics through a technique for changing the polymers safeguarding that their material properties will be kept up and adjusted for applications. Through chemical change of the plastic waste materials, materials will be produced with enhanced mechanical and physical properties.

   For the assurance of the technical and specifically the economical success of the recycling of cosumer gadgets the volume, sythesis and accessibility of streams are essential. Regardless of whether such streams are accessible relies upon the sort of collection frameworks and of the economy of scale at the recycler. These information rely upon the collectors and the recyclers. Volume and sythesis of the item streams can be in part influenced. A considerable part of the project is focused

   on the logistics and process management, which integrates the complexity of the distinctive stages in the life cycle.When the potential outcomes of the new processing technology are all the more clear and in addition the volume, composition and accessibility of the waste streams, it is likly to utilize these experiences in the design stage to enhance the environmental effect of the life cycle and to enhance efficient bottlenecks in the waste treatment frameworks

   For the assurance of the technical and specifically the economical success of the recycling of cosumer gadgets the volume, sythesis and accessibility of streams are essential. Regardless of whether such streams are accessible relies upon the sort of collection frameworks and of the economy of scale at the recycler. This information relies upon the collectors and the recyclers. Volume and sythesis of the item streams can be in part influenced. A considerable part of the project is focused on the logistics and process management, which integrates the complexity of the distinctive stages in the life cycle.When the potential outcomes of the new processing technology are all the more clear and in addition the volume, composition and accessibility of the waste streams, it is likly to utilize these experiences in the design stage to enhance the environmental effect of the life cycle and to enhance efficient bottlenecks in the waste treatment frameworks.

   Landfilling takes up expansive zones of land as well as create bio-aerosols, odours, visual disturbances and lead to toxic chemical compounds through the escape of leachate from landfill destinations. (Pilz, H., Brandt, B. also, R. Fehringer (2010)) Organic breakdown following landfill disposal of biodegradable waste, including bioplastics, causes the entry of ozone harming substances into atmosphere. Landfill of waste typically suggests a hopeless loss of assets and land (since landfill locales can ordinarily not be utilized post conclusion for building as well as health hazard reasons), and in the medium to long term. It isn't viewed as a sustainable waste management solution .High presentation to PDBEs, which amass in the human body, has been connected to thyroid hormone interruption, perpetual learning and memory disability, conduct changes, hearing shortfalls, deferred pubescence beginning, weakened newborn child neurodevelopment, diminished sperm count, fetal mutations and possibly cancer.( Environmental Working Group (2003)) Herbstman J. et al. (2010)) These activities prompt serious contamination of soils by POPs and substantial metals in the nations concerned, which may likewise influence the surrounding environment condition, for example, rice fields and streams by means of air movement and deposition.

   Amassing of plastic debris in the environment and the related results are to a great extent avoidable. Generous amounts of end-of-life plastics are discarded to landfill. Waste age quantity differ among nations and as indicated by the reason for information accumulation. For example, plastics are a little segment of waste by weight however a substantial segment by volume. It has additionally been

   proposed that on account of the life span of plastics, disposal to landfill may just store issues for the future (Barnes et al. 2009; Hopewell et al. 2009). For instance, plasticizers and other additive chemicals have been appeared to drain from landfills (Teuten et al. (2009) and references in that). The degree of this changes as per conditions, especially pH and organic content. There is definite, notwithstanding, that landfills can display a critical wellspring of contaminants, for example, BPA, to aquatic conditions. Successful treatment approaches are accessible and are being used in a few nations (Teuten et al. 2009).

3. Disposal of e-waste in countries and legislation Taking into consideration of the fast development of the e-waste, numerous nations have started to understand the gravity of the issue. It is acknowledged now that the present offices of overseeing solid waste will neglect to meet the particular requirements for the collection and disposal of e-waste. Along these lines, stress is being made on the makers to assume liability of their items from birth to death. . China has national enactment in actuality that controls the e-waste accumulation and treatment of TVs, refrigerators, clothes washers, aeration and cooling systems, and PCs (desktop and laptops). Nonetheless, because of a scope of social and monetary factors, the informal sector is as yet driving the matter of collection and disposal e-waste.

In the Southern and South-Eastern Asia locale, India assumes an imperative part in the local age of e-waste (2 Mt in 2016) because of the huge populace, however the nation likewise imports from developed nations. India's electronic industry is one of the quickest developing businesses on the world. The formal e-waste reusing sector in India is right now being produced in real urban areas. In any case, informal recycling tasks have been set up for quite a while, with more than 1 million needy individuals in India associated with manual recycling activities. A large portion of these individuals have low proficiency levels with little attention to the risks of the activities. Extreme health impacts and ecological effects are spread over in India, because of the last advance of the e-waste preparing by the informal sector. India has had the e-waste rules as a result since 2011. The administer commands makers to be in charge of the collection and financing of frameworks as indicated by the Extended Producer Responsibility idea. Encourage change to this govern came in 2015, which brought about the E-waste (Management) Rule in 2016. The primary element of this rule is EPR. The amended rule has provisions for Producer Responsibility Organizations (PROs) and Deposit Refund Scheme under EPR.

In the European Union (EU), the e-waste management is controlled consistently by the WEEE Directive (2012/19/EU). The mandate is intended to direct the collection, recycling, and recovery of e-waste. It incorporates the arrangement of national e-waste collection focuses and handling frameworks, which

empower the best possible disposal and treatment of e- waste. This outcomes in a higher amount of processed e- waste that must be represented and answered to the national authorization authority. The WEEE Directive recommends that Member States might support the outline and generation of electrical and electronic waste, which represents and encourages dismantling and recovery, specifically the reuse and recycling of e-waste, its parts, and materials. Member States should receive suitable measures with a specific end goal to limit the transfer of e-waste as unsorted municipal e waste, and accomplish a high state of particular collection of e-waste. The Directive requires Member States to make frameworks that enable stakeholders and distributors to return e-waste for free.

To ensure ecologically stable treatment of the collected e waste, the E-waste Directive sets down treatment prerequisites for particular materials and segments of e- waste, and for the treatment and storage destinations. This lawful system utilizes the rule of Extended Producer Responsibility, which expects makers to sort out or potentially fund the collection, treatment, and recycling of their items at end-of-life. Every Member State of the EU, Norway, Switzerland, and Iceland has actualized national enactment as per the characteristic states of the nations. As of now, there is just a single law on the administration of e-waste in Oceania. The National Television and Computer Recycling Scheme is a standout amongst the most noteworthy producer responsibity plans to be executed in Australia under the Australian Government's Product Stewardship Act 2011. The Act became effective on 8 August 2011.

Under this Act, the Product Stewardship (Televisions and Computers) Regulations 2011 became effective on 8 November 2011. This plan furnishes Australian household and private companies with access to industry-financed collection and recycling administrations for TVs and PCs. The TV and PC ventures are required to support collection and recycling of an extent of the TVs and PCs discarded in Australia every year, with the expect to build the rate of recycling of TVs and PCs in Australia from an expected 17% out of 2010 11 to 80% by 2021 22 (Australian Government, 2012). The co-regulatory perspective is a key element of the above scheme, where the Australian Government, through the Regulations, set the results to be accomplished by industry, alongside how it is to be actualized. The TV and PC businesses, working through the endorsed co-regulatory courses of action (Producer Responsibility Organization), will decide how to convey these results proficiently.

The USA still doesn't have national enactment in actuality about the administration of e-waste, and rather has directions by state. 84% of the populace in the USA is secured by enactment on e-waste. However, 15 states still don't have enactment in actuality, including Alabama, Ohio, and Massachusetts. 25 states, in addition to Puerto Rico and DC, have a type of consumer reclaim law; 17

states and New York City have landfill bans (for the most part CRTs).However, the USA undertook general measures to prevent e-waste and its impacts postured by unseemly disposal and treatment. Hardware that are turned out to be unsafe must take after the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), and be managed appropriately. Broken and flawless Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs) have controls that set particular necessities for their management, import, and export. The USA takes after the National Strategy for Electronics Stewardship structure when growing new activities on gadgets.

Government offices are ordered to buy hardware that are Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT) enlisted. EPEAT items are all the more environmentally ideal and require Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) to offer gadgets reclaim projects to customers. Government organizations are coordinated to utilize electronic recyclers that are affirmed to either the Responsible Recycling (R2) or the e-waste norms. An arrangement with respect to the confirmation of the recyclers is a work in progress. To date, there are more than 700 electronic recycling offices that have been guaranteed to either of the affirmation programs. Notwithstanding the USA, Canada still doesn't have national enactment as a result on the management of e waste. However, the greater part of the states has nearby direction aside from the Yukon and Nunavut. A few associations are working in different areas to manage the collection and recycling of e-waste. These associations recycled around 20% of the total e-waste created in 2016. The collection rate can be supported by good awareness and by making more centres to collect a wide range of e- waste all through the nation (Kumar and Holuszko, 2016).

Most African nations are currently aware of and worried about the risks of poor management of e-waste. . In any case, the legal and infrastructural system for accomplishing sound management still stays a long way from acknowledged in the larger part of nations. Just not very many nations (counting Uganda and Rwanda) have any formal authority government strategy records particular to e-waste management. African nation have confirmed the Basel Convention, most have not trained this as suitable enactments for different waste streams. As of now, just Madagascar (2015), Kenya (2016), and Ghana (2016) have formally passed a draft of e-waste bills into law. A few different nations (South Africa, Zambia, Cameroon, and Nigeria) are as yet attempting to accomplish this in parliament. In Nigeria, the draft is as of now formally being authorized for e-waste control by the nation's environment regulatory office.

E-waste imports are restricted by this direction, and its requirement has brought about the repatriation of a few illicit e-waste shipments that touched base in Nigeria stuffed in second-hand vehicles or different holders; E- waste administration in Africa is commanded by flourishing informal sector collectors and recyclers in many nations, as as take-back schemes and modern

infrastructure for recycling are non-existent or horribly constrained. Government control of this sector is at display exceptionally negligible and wasteful. Treatment of e-waste is in this way portrayed by manual stripping to expel electronic sheets for resale, open burning of wires to recover few noteworthy parts (copper, aluminum, press), and the deposit of other mass segments, including CRTs, in open dumpsites. This training by the informal sector frequently includes the utilization of illegal labour of pregnant ladies and minors, and in addition an absence of individual protection arrangement for the working persons. Coming about because of such practices is the extreme contamination of environment, exceptionally poor efficiencies in recovery of costly, trace, and valuable parts, and the exposure of workers and the public to unsafe emissions and discharges. In a nutshell E waste management is depicted in Table 2.

3.0 CONCLUSION

Thinking about that, the speed of technical change and advancement is expanding exponentially to such an extent that life in 2030 will be unrecognizable contrasted and life today; Plastics and different parts of EEE will keep on playing a noteworthy part in this change. Plastic materials can possibly bring scientific and medicinal advances, to mitigate suffering and help

diminish humankind's environmental foot print on the planet just when there sustainable way of use and disposal of waste. It is clear that our present ways to deal with generation, utilize and disposal of e waste are not sustainable and introduce worries for environment and human health. We have impressive learning about a significant number of the natural risks, and data on human health impacts is developing, yet numerous worries and vulnerabilities remain. There are solutions, yet these must be accomplished by consolidated activities. There is a part fo people, through suitable use and disposal, especially recycling; for industry by embracing green science, material reduction and by outlining items for reuse and additionally end-of-life recyclability and for governments and policymakers by setting gauges and focuses, by characterizing product labeling to inform and boost change and by financing significant scholastic research and technologic improvements. These measures must be considered inside a structure of lifecycle analysis and this should fuse the majority of the key stages in plastic production, including combination of the synthetic substances that are utilized as a part of production, together with utilization and disposal. Except if the objective is to update the item to utilize nonhazardous materials, recycling might be a false management.

Table 1Generation of e-waste in world level

Source The global E waste monitor 2017 Quantities, Flows and Resources

Table 2 contries status in Management of e waste

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39. Balde,C.P.,Forti,V.,Kuehr,R.,Stegmann,P.The global Ewaste monitor 2017 Quantities,Flows and Resources

Figure 2 composition of Ewaste in India

6%

18%

31%

33%

12%

plastic glass ferous nonferrous others

Figure1Global Ewaste generated

e wast generated globally

60

50

40

30

million M.Ton

20

10

0

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