Characteristics and Evaluation of Thermal Comfort Around River in Banjarmasin City

Characteristics and Evaluation of Thermal Comfort Around River in Banjarmasin City

Characteristics and Evaluation of Thermal Comfort Around River in Banjarmasin City

Akbar Rahman

Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture Saga University Japan

Department of Engineering Lambung Mangkurat University Indonesia

Shoichi Kojima

Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture Saga University Japan

AbstractThe density of buildings in a city has affected the urban microclimate. The urban area gets hotter than the rural area. Characteristics of nature and climate need special attention. The design of the house determines the effect on indoor and outdoor thermal comfort. This research was conducted in two sub-districts or three urban villages in Banjarmasin. The sub- districts are Central Banjarmasin sub-district and the East Banjarmasin sub district. Results, Thermal comfort of Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 03-6572 in open space has a minimum and maximum effective temperature difference, between open space without vegetation and vegetation. Vegetation planted around the building has an effect on the buildings thermal environment. Vegetation around rivers and buildings can lower the average effective temperature by 0.7OC ET. At a minimum, the effective temperature difference between green open space and open space without vegetation is 1OC ET. The thermal comfort condition in open space without vegetation in uncomfortable condition while vegetated still in a comfortable zone. The indoor effective temperature has differences between riverside buildings and settlements are 1OC ET. Conversely, at maximum effective temperature, open space without vegetation is higher than 2OC ET compared to open space with vegetation. The thermal comfort condition in buildings with ventilation and ceiling are better, but the buildings with zinc material for the roof are hotter.

Keywords characteristic; evaluation; thermal environment; thermal comfort.

of the problem, is no exception to the architecture and urban design. The density of buildings in a city has affected the urban microclimate. Urban get hotter than rural areas [4]. Urban planners need to pay attention to several aspects related to the solution to the design of the humid tropics. The relationship between design and rules is the rst half of what architects and planners need to know, that is, how design meets the requirements of the rules [5]. For example, urban design should pay attention to the comfort of pedestrians. Pedestrians do not need to use an umbrella, shelter when it rains and the sun shines. Pedestrian way should be provided with corridors that are protected at the top. Buildings must be connected, so the activity does not stop when it rains or the sun shines (Figure 1.a) [6].

1. Shade on the pedestrian ways

2. Urban forest

   1. INTRODUCTION

      Climate and environmental aspects are one of the things that affect architectural products [1]. The climate, or average weather, is primarily a function of the sun. The word climate comes from the Greek Klima, which means the slope of the earth with respect to the sun. The Greeks realized that climate is largely a function of sun angles (latitude) and, therefore, they divided the world into the tropic, temperate, and arctic zones [2]. The climate of a place is known to be at least 10-30 years of average annual weather such as air humidity, temperature, wind patterns and rainfall. Another indication that can be used as a determinant of climate type is vegetation that dominates a region, such as tropical rainforest, deciduous forest, and coniferous forest. Tropical is a word derived from the Greek word "tropikos" which means a return line are latitude 23°27' North and South. The tropical region is defined as an area located between the 20° isotherm line next to the North and South earths [3].

      The city as a gathering place that interacts for a particular purpose has influenced the shape and visual of the city. The increasing population living in a city, causing the complexity

3. Wind movement

Fig 1. Factors to beconsidered in urban design

Creating urban forest will minimize heat absorption on the outdoor surface. The goal is the urban forest to anticipate high temperatures. Direct sun exposure to solid surfaces (asphalt, concrete and other) should be avoided. The solid surface needs to be protected by trees, grasses, plants or vegetation. Vegetation can absorb and reflect the heat. So the area covered by vegetation has a relatively low air temperature compared to the open area (Figure 1.b). The hard materials used as surface coatings (asphalt, concrete and others) will absorb much heat, but then the heat will reflect into the air, resulting in the warming of the surrounding air [7,8]. Thus, the concept of

greening the city evenly and thoroughly, so that the air temperature is not too high that can affect comfort.

The building mass arrangement by optimizing the airflow around the building, needs to be a concern. One way to improve thermal comfort in humid tropical climates is to optimize the airflow around (outdoor) and indoor buildings. Wind movement will be better in open space if airflow is not blocked [6]. In the concept of arrangement of building mass, open space between buildings is important so that the air flow around the building. It is expected to be utilized by buildings to create cross ventilation so as to lower indoor air temperatures (Figure 1.c).

1. Thermal Comfort in Public Space: Pedestrian Ways and Public House

   The elements that affect comfort in a pedestrian are circulation, accessibility, characteristics of nature and climate, safety, cleanliness, and beauty [9]. Characteristics of nature and climate need special attention. Indonesia's condition, which consists of islands that are surrounded by oceans, causes a humid environment. Hot-humid conditions affect the comfort of pedestrians. The elements of humid tropical climate that affect the comfort level are solar radiation, temperature, humidity, rainfall, and wind movement. In addition, vegetation also affects the comfort of pedestrians. Vegetation serves as aesthetic, also serves as a shade, wind barrier into the building and barrier of solar thermal radiation [10]. For thermal comfort of pedestrians, it takes pedestrians support facilities (street furniture), as follows:

   • Ground Cover on pedestrian ways can be hard material and soft material. Hard materials, for example are paving, concrete, brick, stone, and asphalt, while soft materials such as clay and grass. Planning ground cover depends on the function and type of pedestrian ways.

   • Shelter, shaped linear as a corridor or sitting group whose function can be a place to rest, take shelter from the heat or rain, as well as for public transportation shuttles.

   • Vegetation in the pedestrian ways can serve as a barrier by road vehicle or parking. Barrier also can reduce noise, vehicle pollution and shade in the rain. In addition, vegetation also serves to reduce solar heat radiation.

2. Correlation of Thermal Comfort with the House Design

   The design of the house determines the effect on indoor and outdoor thermal comfort. Thermal comfort of the building can be achieved if the following things are considered:

   • Locations are important in building design, especially in humid tropical climates. In the area around the river or sea have high humidity especially in the morning. Temperatures in the ainland heat faster than the watery areas [11].

   • Form and building components are important things to consider in order to achieve thermal comfort in buildings. A building that maximizes sunlight for natural lighting, but can still control its heat for thermal comfort. The form can also affect the flow of wind for effective cross-ventilation or high ceilings in the room [12]. Building components also affect the thermal comfort of buildings, such as windows, roofs, and walls. Moreover, one thing that most affects the thermal environment is the material [13].

1. RESEARCH METHODS

   1. Description of Location and Places of Research

      This research was conducted in two sub districts or three urban villages in Banjarmasin. The sub-districts are Central Banjarmasin sub-district and the East Banjarmasin sub- district. The village located in the Central Banjarmasin sub- district, namely: Gadang Village and Sasirangan Village, while the research location in East Banjarmasin is Bilu Village. The villages are located around the Martapura River. The activities of residents in Bilu Village are heavily influenced by the river. The research was conducted in three places: 1) Siring Tendean-Gadang Village, 2) Sasirangan Village and 3) Bilu Village. (Figure 2).

      Siring Tendean is a public space that becomes a new tourist destination in Banjarmasin. This area was once a slum settlement area around the Martapura River. Since 2008, the government of Banjarmasin City has made a revamping of the city area through the arrangement of slum areas on the banks of the river, namely the construction of Siring, construction of Menara and renovation of Anno's house [14,15,16]. Siring Tendean has become a new landmark in Banjarmasin City with Tower and open space. To attract tourists visiting this area, the city government of Banjarmasin prepares support activities such as the restaurant at Anno's house and 'create' new floating market.

      Sasirangan village is a residential area of Seberang Mesjid located around the Martapura River. This area has become a tourist destination in the Banjarmasin city, because this area produces sasirangan fabrics. In addition to being the center of the traditional clothing industry, this area also has a traditional house type that is a floating house. This floating house has a unique architectural building construction, because it can float in the river. The uniqueness of the floating house attract visitors to the Sasirangan Village and also becomes the center of the study of the Banjar traditional house, for academics and students. Since 2015, the City Government has made improvements in the area, especially the slums on the errand on the Martapura River. The goal is that visitors who come to the Sasirangan village will feel comfortable. The City Government has renovated floating houses for better and more accessible to visitors. In addition, the houses are arranged and tidied up construction and re-painted with sasirangan motifs as characteristic of Sasirangan village.

      Bilu village is a traditional settlement in Banjarmasin City. This is evident from the orientation of the house facing the river. Along the banks of the river there is a pedestrian street, local people call it 'Titian'. This pedestrian way has been

      around since the beginning of the settlement was built. Pedestrian way in Bilu village is also used by residents as a place of social interaction, so this pedestrian way also becomes a public space area. Since 2016, this settlement has been arranged by the City Government. The pedestrian way is being renovated and the river-oriented houses are painted in green to make it look attractive, clean and no more slums. Today, this village is known as the "green" village.

      Fig 2. Research location in Indonesia-Banjarmasin and places, a) subdistrict of Center Banjarmasin, b) subdistrict of East banjarmasin

   2. Research Variables and Measurement Procedure

      Thermal comfort is that condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation. Because there are large variations, both physiologically and psychologically, from person to person, it is difficult to satisfy everyone in a space. The environmental conditions required for comfort are not same for everyone. Thermal sensation: a conscious feeling commonly graded into the categories, cold, cool, slightly cool, neutral, slightly warm, warm, and hot; it requires subjective evaluation [17].

      The Government of Indonesia, through the Department of Kementrian PUPR has issued thermal comfort standards of space in buildings. The National Standardization Agency of Indonesia (BSN) issued a national standard ventilation system and energy conservation [18,19]. This standard is intended as a guide for planning, building and building management.

      Indonesia already has a national standard for thermal comfort that is SNI-03-6572 and SNI 6390. The SNI 03-6572 with the effective temperature (ET) of 20.5OC to 27.1OC and SNI 6390 with the operative temperature (Top) 24OC to 27OC. In this study, thermal comfort SNI 03-6572 is used, because it uses an effective temperature that has many variables: temperature, relative humidity, and wind velocity. Determination of the comfort zone is not only seen from a dry bulb temperature, but also pay attention to humidity and wind velocity [14,20]. The thermal comfort index at an effective temperature for humid tropics can be divided into:

      • Cool comfort, between the effective temperature of 20.5OC to 22.8OC.

      • Optimal comfort, between the effective temperature of 22.8OC to 25.8OC.

      • Warm comfort, between the effective temperature of 25.8OC to 27.1OC.

   Field measurements were conducted in three locations from 11th to 27th September 2016 with the following details: Bilu Village from 11th to 15th September 2016, Sasirangan Village of 18th to 21th September 2016 and Siring Tendean from 25th to 27th September 2016. Update data and evaluation of building construction on 12th to 20th March 2018. Measurement period and instruments can be seen in Table 1.

   TABLE 1. Measurement Period and Instrument

   Description	Explanation
   Measurement items	Dry bulb temperature, relative humidity, and wind velocity
   Measuring instruments	Data logger-4HC for temperature and humidity Extech AN100 for air velocity
   Calculate of wet bulb temperature	Psychometric charts
   Calculate of effective temperature	Diagrams effective temperature
   Measurement period	11th – 27th September 2016 Time: 6:00 am to 05:00 am (every hour/24 hours)
   Update data and building evaluation	12th – 20th March 2018
   High measuring instruments from the ground/floor	150 cm
   Measuring points	Indoor and outdoor:
   Number of measuring points	2040 points

   1. Siring Tendean (1a,1b,1c,1d,1e)

   2. Sasirangan village (2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e, 2f)

   3. Billu village (3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e, 3f)

2. CHARACTERISTICS THERMAL ENVIRONMENT AND

   THERMAL COMFORT

   1. Siring Tendean

      Siring Tendean is a public space that becomes a new tourist destination in Banjarmasin. This area was once a slum settlement area around the Martapura River. Since 2008, the government of Banjarmasin City has made a revamping of the city area through the arrangement of slum areas on the banks of the river, namely the construction of Siring, construction of Menara and renovation of Anno's house. Currently, Siring Tendean has become a new landmark in the Banjarmasin City. To attract tourists visiting this area, the city government of Banjarmasin prepares support activities such as the restaurant at Anno's house and 'create' new floating market. The floating market is a 'new' traditional market designed for Siring Tendean open space activities (Figure 3). So this change can give a positive value [21,22].

      The the measurement results in Siring Tendean are difference of maximum dry bulb temperature in indoor between Menara and Anno. The indoor dry bulb temperature in Menara is lower than the outdoor, while the indoor dry bulb temperature in Anno is higher than outdoors. This situation means, the indoor dry bulb temperature in Menara is better and indoor of Anno's house is hotter with dry bulb temperature of 34OC (Table 2). The time lag of dry bulb temperature

      between the Menaras house and Anno's house is 1 hour at the same time. The minimum value of Anno's indoor dry bulb temperature is also higher than the Menara and its minimum point is earlier than outdoor. So the house Anno does not have a time lag, while the Menara has a time lag of 2 hours, but if the averaged value of a time lag minimum dry bulb temperature is 30 minutes. The indoor maximum relative humidity in Anno is higher than outdoor, while the indoor maximum relative humidity in Menara is not higher than outdoor. The indoor minimum relative humidity in Menara and Anno are lower than outdoor. Maximum and minimum relative humidity have time lag. The mean time lag of maximum relative humidity is 3.5 hours while the minimum time lag only 30 minutes. The outdoor minimum wet bulb temperature in Menara and Anno are same, but the outdoor maximum wet bulb temperature in Anno is higher than Menara. The wet bulb temperature of time lag only occurs in Menara at maximum value.

      open space is good condition. The green open space is better than the open space around the floating market. The maximum dry bulb temperature in the open space around the floating market is high in the afternoon, the difference of the indoor maximum dry bulb temperature is about 1.6OC. The maximum dry bulb temperature in the green open space and that of indoor buildings are same. The minimum dry bulb temperature in open space around the floating market is also lower than elsewhere in Siring Tendean. The thermal environment and thermal comfort conditions in Siring Tendean can be seen in Table 3.

      Measurment Points		Wet Bulb Temperature		Effective Temperature
      		Max/time	Min/time	Max/time	Min/time
      In- door	1.a. (1)	25.6°C/1PM	23°C/6AM	27.1°C/5PM	24.2°C/6AM
      	1.b. (1)	27.2°C/11AM	23.9°C/5AM	28.8°C/3PM	25°C/5AM
      Outdoor	1.a. (2)	28.2°C/12PM	22.2°C/6AM	27.2°C/1PM	19.8°C/6AM
      	1.b. (2)	27.6°C/12PM	22.2°C/6AM	26.8°C/12PM	19.8°C/6AM
      	1.c. (3)	28.1°C/11AM	22.7°C/6AM	27°C/11AM	19.4°C/5AM
      	1.d. (4)	27.7°C/3PM	23.2°C/5AM	25.8°C/3PM	20.3°C/8AM
      	1.e. (4)	27.3°C/2PM	22.8°C/6AM	24.8°C/1PM	20°C/6AM
      Mean	Indoor (1)	26.4°C/12PM	23.5°C/5:30AM	27.9°C/4PM	24.6°C/5:30AM
      	Outdoor (2)	27.6°C/12PM	22.2°C/6AM	27°C/12:30PM	19.8°C/6AM
      	Outdoor (3)	28.1°C/11AM	22.7°C/6AM	27°C/11AM	19.4°C/5AM
      	Outdoor (4)	27.5°C/2:30PM	23°C/5:30AM	25.3°C/2PM	20.2°C/7AM
      	Difference (1)(2)	0.6°C	1.3°C	0.9°C	4.8°C
      	Difference (1)(3)	1.5°C	0.8°C	0.9°C	5.2°C
      	Difference (1)(4)	0.9°C	0.5°C	2.6°C	4.4°C
      	Time lag (1)(2)	0	0.5 h	3.5 h	0
      	Time lag (1)(3)	1 h	0.5 h	5 h	0.5 h
      	Time lag (1)(4)	0	0	2 h	0

      TABLE 3. Difference of Thermal Comfort and Time Lag Measurement in Building and Open Space Siring Tendean

      ng Tendean, a) the floating market and

      (a)

      b) the green open space

      Fig 3. The situation and activity in Siri

      (b)

   2. Sasirangan Village

      TABLE 2. Difference of Thermal Environment and Time Lag Measurement in Building and Open Space Siring Tendean

      Measurment Points		Dry Bulb Temperature		Relative Humidity
      		Max/time	Min/time	Max/time	Min/time
      In- door	1.a. (1)	30.8°C/2PM	27.2°C/7AM	75%/9AM	60.1%/4PM
      	1.b. (1)	34°C/2PM	28°C/5AM	80.7%/8AM	58.8%/4PM
      Outdoor	1.a. (2)	33.8°C/1PM	25.5°C/5AM	79.1%/5AM	61.3%/3PM
      	1.b. (2)	33.2°C/1PM	25.5°C/6AM	79.5%/5AM	61.5%/2PM
      	1.c. (3)	34°C/3PM	24.7°C/5AM	85.4%/5AM	62.9%/3PM
      	1.d. (4)	32.8°C/4PM	25.6°C/5AM	85.1%/8AM	66%/4PM
      	1.e. (4)	31.9°C/4PM	25.2°C/6AM	85.5%/8AM	65.5%/5PM
      Mean	Indoor (1)	32.4°C/2PM	27.6°C/6AM	77.9%/8.30AM	59.5%/4PM
      	Outdoor (2)	33.5°C/1PM	25.5°C/5:30AM	79.3%/5AM	61.4%/3.30PM
      	Outdoor (3)	34°C/3PM	24.7°C/5AM	85.4%/5AM	62.9%/3PM
      	Outdoor (4)	32.4°C/4PM	25.4°C/5:30AM	85.3%/8AM	65.8%/4:30PM
      	Difference (1)(2)	1.1°C	2.1°C	1.40%	2.70%
      	Difference (1)(3)	1.6°C	2.9°C	7.50%	3.40%
      	Difference (1)(4)	0	2.2°C	7.40%	6.30%
      	Time lag (1)(2)	1 h	0.5 h	3.5 h	0.5 h
      	Time lag (1)(3)	0	1 h	3.5 h	1 h
      	Time lag (1)(4)	0	0.5 h	0.5 h	0

      The maximum effective temperature in nno is quite high compared to the Menara, so the Menara is more comfortable than Anno. The difference of maximum effective temperature between outdoor and indoor in Anno's house is about 5.2OC ET, when compared to the Menara it is 0.8OC ET higher. The time lag occurs at a maximum effective temperature condition of about 3.5 hours while at minimum conditions only 30 minutes. This situation means, the indoor condition is slower to decrease its effective temperature, and this also causes indoor heat. The indoor thermal comfort conditions on the SNI 03-6572 only at the optimal comfort zone, warm comfort zone and uncomfortable in over 27.1OC ET. The thermal comfort in

      Sasirangan village is a residential area of Seberang Mesjid located around the Martapura River. This area has long been a tourist destination in the city of Banjarmasin. In addition to being the center of the traditional clothing industry, this area also has a traditional house type that is a floating house. This floating house has a unique architectural building construction. The uniqueness of the floating house attract visitors to the Sasirangan Village and also becomes the center of the study of the Banjar traditional house, for academics and students (Figure 4).

      The time lag between outdoor and indoor in floating houses is not happening. The outdoor thermal conditions greatly affect the indoor thermal conditions. The indoor thermal changes highly depend on the outdoor thermal environment. The mean of maximum dry bulb temperature is quite high from 2 PM to 3 PM. The mean of indoor maximum relative humidity is higher 9.4% than outdoor and quite high in the morning. The mean relative humidity is low during the day. The mean of indoor maximum wet bulb temperature is higher than the outdoor. The mean indoor maximum relative humidity is higher than outdoor as well as at minimum point. The relative humidity of open spaces is always higher than the relative humidity of indoor buildings. The maximum relative humidity difference between open space and building is about 7.5%. The maximum relative humidity time lag is about 3 hours, except between indoor buildings with green open spaces only 0.5 hours. Maximum and minimum wet bulb temperature in open space is relatively the same. The effective temperature of green open space shows the best conditions,

      compared to the open space around floating market a very cold in the morning. The thermal and thermal comfort conditions in the floating houses can be seen in Table 4.

      (a) (b)

      Fig 4. The environment condition in Sasirangan village, a) the floating house and b) houses in settlement

      TABLE 4. Difference of Thermal Environment and Time Lag Measurement in Sasirangan Village

      Measurment Points		Dry Bulb Temperature		Relative Humidity
      		Max/time	Min/time	Max/time	Min/time
      Floating Houses
      2.a.	Outdoor	35.5°C/2PM	23.8°C/5AM	87.3%/5AM	50.6%/1PM
      	Indoor	36°C/2PM	24.3°C/7AM	86.9%/5AM	50.7%/1PM
      	Difference	0.5°C	0.5°C	0.4%	0.1%
      	Time lag	0	2 h	0	0
      2.b.	Outdoor	34.7°C/1PM	23.5°C/4AM	87.8%/5AM	50.1%/1PM
      	Indoor	35.7°C/1PM	24.3°C/4AM	87.4%/8AM	49.1%/1PM
      	Difference	1°C	0.8°C	0.4%	1%
      	Time lag	0	0	3 h	0
      2.c.	Outdoor	36°C/3PM	24°C/7AM	89%/6AM	51.9%/5PM
      	Indoor	35.9°C/3PM	24.1°C/7AM	87.6%/6AM	52%/5PM
      	Difference	0.1°C	0.1°C	1.4%	0.1%
      	Time lag	0	0	0	0
      2.d.	Outdoor	37.4°C/5PM	24°C/6AM	87.5%/7AM	50.8%/4PM
      	Indoor	35.6°C/4PM	24°C/6AM	87.4%/6AM	52%/4PM
      	Difference	2°C	0	0.1%	1.20%
      	Time lag	0	0	0	0
      Mean	Outdoor	35.9°C/3PM	23.8°C/6AM	77.9%/6AM	50.9%/2:30PM
      	Indoor	35.8°C/2PM	24.2°C/6AM	87.3%/6AM	51%/2:30PM
      	Difference	0.1°C	0.4°C	9.4%	0.1%
      	Time lag	0	0	0	0
      Houses in settlement
      2.e.	Outdoor	33.8°C/3PM	25.6°C/7AM	81%/8AM	57.3%/3PM
      	Indoor	32.9°C/5PM	27.6°C/6AM	78.8%/10AM	62.2%/5PM
      	Difference	0.9°C	2°C	2.2%	4.90%
      	Time lag	2	0	2	2
      2.f.	Outdoor	35°C/3PM	25.7°C/5AM	82.4%/8AM	55.8%/3PM
      	Indoor	32.9°C/3PM	27.6°C/6AM	80.4%/9AM	63%/2PM
      	Difference	2.1°C	0.8°C	2%	7.20%
      	Time lag	0	1 h	2 h	0
      Mean	Outdoor	34.4°C/3PM	25.7°C/6AM	81.7%/8AM	59.8%/3PM
      	Indoor	32.9°C/4PM	27.6°C/6AM	79.6%/9.30AM	62.6%/3:30PM
      	Difference	1.5°C	1.9°C	2.1%	2.8%
      	Time lag	1 h	0	1.5 h	0.5 h

      The mean time lag occurs only in the maximum dry bulb temperature, maximum and minimum humidity. The mean of outdoor maximum dry bulb temperature is higher than the indoor maximum dry bulb temperature, as well as the mean of maximum outdoor relative humidity is higher than indoor. The mean of indoor wet bulb temperature first reaches the maximum and minimum points as well as the mean of the effective temperature (Table 5). In the sattlement, the indoor thermal comfort only in optimal comfort to warm comfort, but longer on uncomfortable conditions from day to night. In general, the outdoor thermal comfort conditions are always in the comfort zone, except for a moment in the morning and afternoon. The outdoor effective temperature is always lower than the indoor. The outdoor thermal comfort conditions are cooler than the indoor, especially from night to morning.

      TABLE 5. Difference of Thermal Comfort and Time Lag Measurement in Sasirangan Village

      Measurment Points		Wet Bulb Temperature		Effective Temperature
      		Max/time	Min/time	Max/time	Min/time
      Floating Houses
      2.a.	Outdoor	27°C/2PM	22.2°C/5AM	26.9°C/1PM	20.5°C/4AM
      	Indoor	28.6°C/12PM	22.3°C/2AM	31.2°C/5PM	23.1°C/4AM
      	Difference	1.6°C	0.1°C	4.1°C	2.6°C
      	Time lag	0	0	4 h	0
      2.b.	Outdoor	26.9°C/12PM	21.9°C/4AM	26.9°C/12PM	18.1°C/4AM
      	Indoor	28.3°C/10AM	22.4°C/2AM	30.4°C/10AM	23.8°C/4AM
      	Difference	1.2°C	0.5°C	3.5°C	5.7°C
      	Time lag	0	0	0	0
      2.c.	Outdoor	27.3°C/3PM	22.5°C/7AM	27.5°C/3PM	18.8°C/7AM
      	Indoor	28.3°C/12PM	22.5°C/7AM	29.7°C/3PM	22.9°C/7AM
      	Difference	1°C	0	2.2°C	4.1°C
      	Time lag	0	0	0	0
      2.d.	Outdoor	28.7°C/5PM	22.4°C/6AM	29.8°C/5PM	18.9°C/7AM
      	Indoor	27.8°C/1PM	22.4°C/6AM	29.8°C/1PM	22.8°C/6AM
      	Difference	0.9°C	0	0	3.9°C
      	Time lag	0	0	0	0
      Mean	Outdoor	27.5°C/2:30PM	22.3°C/6AM	27.8°C/2:30PM	19.1°C/5:30AM
      	Indoor	28.3°C/12PM	22.4°C/4AM	30.3°C/12:30PM	23.2°C/5:30AM
      	Difference	0.8°C	0.1°C	2.5°C	4.1°C
      	Time lag	0	0	0	0
      Houses in settlements
      2.e.	Outdoor	28.3°C/1PM	22.3°C/5AM	27.1°C/1PM	19.8°C/7AM
      	Indoor	28°C/12PM	23.5°C/5AM	28.9°C/10AM	24.7°C/6AM
      	Difference	0.3°C	1.2°C	2.8°C	5.5°C
      	Time lag	0	0	0	0
      2.f.	Outdoor	28.1°C/12PM	22.7°C/5AM	27.2°C/2PM	20.1°C/5AM
      	Indoor	26.8°C/11AM	23.8°C/5AM	28.3°C/4PM	24.4°C/5AM
      	Difference	1.3°C	1.1°C	1.1°C	4.3°C
      	Time lag	0	0	2	0
      Mean	Outdoor	28.2°C/12:30PM	22.5°C/5AM	27.2°C/1.30PM	20°C/6AM
      	Indoor	27.4°C/11:30AM	23.7°C/5AM	28.6°C/1PM	24.6°C/5:30AM
      	Difference	0.8°C	1.2°C	2.5°C	4.6°C
      	Time lag	0	0	0	0

   3. Bilu Village

      Bilu Village is a traditional settlement in Banjarmasin City. This village includes the old town whose peoples activity are highly dependent on the Martapura River. This is evident from the orientation of the house facing the river. Along the banks of the river there is a pedestrian way. This pedestrian way has been around since the beginning of the settlement was built. Pedestrian way in Bilu village is also used by residents as a place of social interaction, so this pedestrian path also becomes a public space area. Since 2016, this settlement has been arranged by the City Government. The pedestrian way is being renovated and the river-oriented houses are painted in green to make it look attractive, clean and no more slums (Figure 5).

      1. (b)

   Fig 5. The environment condition in Bilu village, a) the houses aside

   pedestrian way and b) houses in settlement

   The thermal environment conditions in Bilu village can be seen in Table 6. The mean maximum dry bulb temperature is quite high and indoor and outdoor conditions are relatively not much different. The mean value of maximum relative humidity is also quite high, and the minimum value is quite low. The mean of maximum wet bulb temperature in indoor of houses aside pedestrian way are higher than outdoors, as well as the mean of minimum wet bulb temperature. The mean of

   maximum effective temperature in indoor of houses aside pedestrian ways are is higher than the outdoor with a difference of 2.7OC ET. On the other hand, the mean of minimum effective temperature, outdoor conditions are lower

   Measurment ponts		Dry Bulb Temperature		Relative Humidity
   		Max/time	Min/time	Max/time	Min/time
   Houses aside pedestrian way
   3.a.	Outdoor	26.4°C/12PM	22.9°C/6AM	27.3°C/2PM	19.8°C/6AM
   	Indoor	27.7°C/12PM	23°C/6AM	30.1°C/2PM	23.9°C/6AM
   	Difference	1.3°C	0.1°C	2.8°C	4.1°C
   	Time lag	0	0	0	0
   3.b.	Outdoor	26°C/9AM	22.6°C/6AM	27°C/3PM	19.1°C/6AM
   	Indoor	27.4°C/10AM	22.9°C/6AM	29.5°C/1PM	23.3°C/6AM
   	Difference	1.4°C	0.3°C	2.5°C	4.2°C
   	Time lag	0	0	0	0
   3.c.	Outdoor	26.7°C/2PM	21.8°C/6AM	27.7°C/2PM	17.8°C/7AM
   	Indoor	27.3°C/1PM	22.3°C/6AM	29.8°C/2PM	23°C/5AM
   	Difference	0.6°C	0.5°C	2°C	5.2°C
   	Time lag	0	0	0	0
   3.d.	Outdoor	26.1°C/1PM	21.8°C/4AM	26.9°C/1PM	18°C/7AM
   	Indoor	27.7°C/1PM	22.3°C/5AM	30°C/1PM	23.2°C/5AM
   	Difference	1.6°C	0.5°C	3.1°C	5.2°C
   	Time lag	0	1 h	0	0
   Mean	Outdoor	26.3°C/11.30AM	22.3°C/5:30AM	27.2°C/2PM	18.7°C/6:30AM
   	Indoor	27.5°C/12PM	22.7°C/6AM	29.9°C/1:30PM	23.4°C/5:30AM
   	Difference	1.2°C	0.4°C	2.7°C	4.7°C
   	Time lag	0.5 h	0.5 h	0	0
   Houses in settlement
   3.e.	Outdoor	27.5°C/12PM	22.3°C/6AM	24.8°C/12PM	19°C/4AM
   	Indoor	25.9°C/1PM	23.6°C/6AM	27.1°C/12PM	24.8°C/6AM
   	Difference	1.6°C	1.3°C	2.3°C	5.8°C
   	Time lag	1	0	0	2
   3.f.	Outdoor	29.1°C/1PM	22.2°C/5AM	28°C/1PM	19°C/5AM
   	Indoor	28.2°C/12PM	23.2°C/5AM	29.1°C/2PM	24.1°C/3AM
   	Difference	0.9°C	1°C	1.1°C	5.1°C
   	Time lag	0	0	1	0
   Mean	Outdoor	28.3°C/12:30PM	22.3°C/5:30AM	26.4°C/12:30PM	19°C/4:30AM
   	Indoor	27.1°C/12:30AM	23.4°C/5:30AM	28.1°C/1PM	24.6°C/4:30AM
   	Difference	1.2°C	1.1°C	1.7°C	5.6°C
   	Time lag	0	0	0.5 h	0

   O

   TABLE 7. Difference of Thermal Comfort and Time Lag Measurement in Sasirangan Village

   than the indoor by a difference of 4.7 C ET (Table 7). These

   conditions indicate the indoor conditions are hotter when the effective temperature is maximized, and cooler outdoor conditions when effective temperature is minimized.

   Measurment ponts		Dry Bulb Temperature		Relative Humidity
   		Max/time	Min/time	Max/time	Min/time
   Houses aside pedestrian way
   3.a.	Outdoor	37.3°C/2PM	24.8°C/5AM	86.3%/7AM	41.5%/2PM
   	Indoor	37.2°C/2PM	25.4°C/7AM	83.8%/8AM	45.8%/2PM
   	Difference	0.1°C	0.6°C	2.5%	5.30%
   	Time lag	0	2 h	1 h	0
   3.b.	Outdoor	36.1°C/1PM	24.4°C/6AM	86.6%/7AM	42.5%/2PM
   	Indoor	36.7°C/2PM	25.2°C/6AM	84.8%/7AM	47.4%/2PM
   	Difference	0.6°C	0.8°C	1.80%	4.90%
   	Time lag	0	0	3 h	0
   3.c.	Outdoor	36.3°C/2PM	23.3°C/6AM	89.8%/8AM	45.8%/3PM
   	Indoor	36°C/2PM	24.2°C/6AM	87.4%/8AM	50.5%/2PM
   	Difference	0.3°C	0.9°C	2.40%	4.70%
   	Time lag	0	0	0	0
   3.d.	Outdoor	36.2°C/1PM	23.5°C/7AM	88%/7AM	44.8%/2PM
   	Indoor	35.4°C/3PM	24.2°C/7AM	87.3%/7AM	52.1%/3PM
   	Difference	0.8°C	0.7°C	0.30%	7.30%
   	Time lag	2 h	0	0	1 h
   Mean	Outdoor	36.5°C/1.30PM	24°C/6AM	87.7%/7AM	43.7%/2PM
   	Indoor	36.3°C/2PM	24.8°C/6:30AM	85.8%/7:30AM	49%/2:30PM
   	Difference	0.2°C	0.8°C	1.9%	5.30%
   	Time lag	0.5 h	0.5 h	0.5 h	0.5 h
   Houses in settlement
   3.e.	Outdoor	32.4°C/12PM	24.2°C/4AM	83.5%/6AM	69.2%/2PM
   	Indoor	29.9°C/1PM	26.7°C/7AM	77.9%/7AM	71.6%/4PM
   	Difference	2.5°C	1,1°C	5.60%	2.40%
   	Time lag	1	3	1	2
   3.f.	Outdoor	33.7°C/1PM	24.7°C/5AM	83%/7AM	66.4%/3PM
   	Indoor	31.7°C/1PM	26.5°C/5AM	81.6%/9AM	71%/2PM
   	Difference	2°C	1.2°C	1.40%	5.40%
   	Time lag	0	0	2 h	0
   Mean	Outdoor	33.1°C/12.30PM	24.5°C/4.30AM	83.3%/6:30AM	67.8%/2:30PM
   	Indoor	30.8°C/1PM	26.6°C/6AM	79.8%/8AM	71.3%/3PM
   	Difference	2.9°C	2.1°C	3.5%	3.5%
   	Time lag	0.5 h	1.5 h	1.5 h	0.5 h

   TABLE 6. Difference of Thermal Environment and Time Lag Measurement in Bilu Village

   Each house has a time lag of about 0.5 hours to 1.5 hours, but at the mean of wet bulb temperature and minimum effective temperature there is no time lag. In the settlement houses, the mean of maximum dry bulb temperature in outdoor is higher than indoor with a difference of 1.2OC. On the other hand, the mean of minimum dry bulb temperature in outdoor is lower. The mean of maximum relative humidity in outdoor is higher. The mean of maximum wet bulb temperature in outdoor is higher than indoor. The mean of maximum effective temperature in indoor is higher than the outdoor with a difference of 1.7OC ET. On the other hand, the mean of minimum effective temperature in outdoor conditions are lower than indoor by a margin of 5.6OC ET (Table 7). These conditions indicate the thermal comfort conditions between the houses aside pedestrian ways and the houses in settlement is same. The indoor conditions are hotter when the effective temperature is maximized, and cooler outdoor conditions when effective temperature is minimized.

3. RESEARCH RESULT

   Indoor effective temperatures always exceeded the threshold of thermal comfort SNI 03-6572. The value of the effective temperature was higher in floating houses in Sasirangan village and houses aside pedestrian ways in Bilu village. The highest effective temperature in both places this happened during the day, about 30OC ET. The outdoor effective temperature down just past the threshold of thermal comfort SNI 03-6572, as shown in Table 5 and Table 7. Almost all places had minimum effective temperatures outdoor around 20OC ET and occurred in the morning.

   These conditions indicate that the environmental conditions outdoor relatively comfortable to move. Green open space is the best condition. Effective temperature is always in the comfort zone. This proves the more open green space, the better micro-climatic conditions. Effective temperatures around the river are lower than the mainland region. The difference of effective temperature between the river and the mainland is 0.5OC ET-0.9OC ET, as shown in Table 9. The difference of minimum effective temperature between indoor and outdoor is highest about 3.88oC ET to 5.15OC ET. The difference of the mean effective temperature in floating house is highest about 4.30OC ET.

   If it is correlated between the maximum and minimum temperature with time, it is known that the indoor minimum effective temperature occurs from 4:30 AM to 6 AM while outdoor from 4:30 AM to 7 AM. In addition, the maximum effective temperatures in indoor is about from 12:30 AM to 1:30 AM, except for indoor buildings in green open spaces located: slower to reach maximum point and maximum value lower than building or house in Sasirangan and Bilu village. On the other hand, the outdoor maximum effective temperature conditions from 12.30 PM to 2.30 PM and the

   effective temperature in open space first reach the maximum point at 11 AM. As shown in Table 8.

   TABLE 8. Difference of Mean Effective Temperature in Research Places

   Research Places		Mean Effective Temperature
   		Max/time	Min/time
   Siring Tendean
   Building	Outdoor	27°C/12:30PM	19.8°C/6AM
   	Indoor	27.9°C/4PM	24.6°C/5:30AM
   	Difference	0.9°C	4.8°C
   	Time lag	3.5 h	0
   Open Space	Floating Market	27°C/11AM	19.4°C/5AM
   	Green OS	25.3°C/2PM	20.2°C/7AM
   Sasirangan Village
   Floating House	Outdoor	27.8°C/2:30PM	19.1°C/5:30AM
   	Indoor	30.3°C/12:30PM	23.2°C/5:30AM
   	Difference	2,5°C	4.1°C
   	Time lag	0	0
   Settlement	Outdoor	27.2°C/1:30PM	20°C/6AM
   	Indoor	28.6°C/1PM	24.6°C/5:30AM
   	Difference	2.5°C	4.6°C
   	Time lag	0	0
   Bilu Village
   House aside pedestrian ways	Outdoor	27.2°C/2PM	18.7°C/6:30AM
   	Indoor	29.9°C/1:30PM	23.4°C/5:30AM
   	Difference	2.7°C	4.7°C
   	Time lag	0	0
   Settlement	Outdoor	26.4°C/12:30PM	19°C/4:30AM
   	Indoor	28.1°C/1PM	24.6°C/4:30AM
   	Difference	1.7°C	5.6°C
   	Time lag	0,5 h	0

   Fig 6. The characteristics of mean effective temperature in research places

   The mean of outdoor minimum effective temperature is lower between 2.5OC ET to 5OC ET, compared to indoor conditions. Likewise, the mean of maximum effective temperature in outdoor is lower between 0OC ET to 5OC ET. The range of outdoor effective temperature between minimum and maximum is about 11OC ET and from minimum to maximum value takes about 11 hours and 30 minutes. On the other hand, the range of indoor effective temperature between the minimum and maximum value of about 8.5OC ET and from the minimum to maximum value takes about 13 hours. The conditions of outdoor minimum temperature are in the uncomfortable zone below 20.5OC ET, while the indoor minimum effective temperature is in the optimum comfortable zone between 23OC ET to 25OC ET. At a maximum effective temperature of outdoor conditions are in the optimum zone,

   warm and in an uncomfortable zone ebove 27.1OC ET. The indoor maximum effective temperature is always in the uncomfortable zone. The condition of the building with wooden construction is higher the effective temperature compared with concrete construction buildings, because the wooden building with roof material is zinc. The wood construction reaches maximum value faster than the structure concrete (Figure 6). The green open space conditions have the best effective temperature compared to the others. The condition of effective temperatures of green open space has been always in the comfort zone SNI 03-6572. On the other hand, open space without vegetation at minimum conditions in uncomfortable zone, and effective temperature reached maximum point, faster than green open space.

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4. DISCUSSION: THERMAL COMFORT EVALUATION

   In all study sites, the outdoor thermal environment conditions were lower and always on the comfort zone during the day. The outdoor effective temperatures never exceeded 27.1OC ET. The outdoor thermal environment conditions are lower during night and morning, so the effective temperature is less than 20.5OC ET. When viewed on the basis of the research site, the outdoor effective temperature is lower than around the river: the open space around the floating market, housing aside pedestrian ways in Bilu, and the floating houses. In two research sites: Sasirangan and Bilu village, the riverfronts are always cooler than in settlement areas, while the open space in Siring Tendean without vegetation is colder than the open space with vegetation. The best outdoor condition and always whithin the comfort zone was the green open space in Siring Tendean (Table 9). Based on the conditions described, the environmental conditions will be better with the vegetation and vegetation planting provides a better effect on the thermal comfort of the environment. The vegetation around the river was also able to withstand the effective temperature not less than 20.5OC ET.

   The indoor thermal comfort in all research locations during the day has always uncomfortable conditions. The thermal discomfort during the day due to the high effective temperature, exceeds 27.1OC ET from around 10 AM to 8 PM. The indoor and outdoor thermal comfort occurs at different time (Table 9). Outdoor comfortable conditions occur during the day while indoor at night. The outdoor uncomfortable conditions occur at night because the effective temperature exceeds the lower comfort level limits (17-20.4OC ET), while indoor occurs during the day because the effective temperature exceeds the upper comfort level limit (27.2-30OC ET). The outdoor thermal comfort conditions around the river are quite good. This is because the river becomes an open space that can drain the air (wind) well. This potential can be further optimized with the rehabilitation and structuring of slum areas.

   TABLE 9. Difference of Thermal Comfort between Indoors and Outdoors on Time

   20.5-27.1OC ET

   17-20.4OC ET

   22.8-27.1OC ET

   27.1-30OC ET 22.8-27.1OC ET

   The outdoor of Menara and Anno are the most comfortable places concerning thermal environment compared to other places in outdoor research buildings. The outdoor comfort conditions of Menara and Anno are influenced by the green open spaces that exist around the building. However, the comfortable outdoor conditions, cannot be used optimally for the indoor thermal comfort. The indoor thermal comforts are not good during the day. The thermal comfort conditions in Menara is better than Anno, caused by the building shape in Menara is rectangular that can maximize indoor air movement. Annos building is large form, plus the design does not use the cross ventilation system, causing this building to be more uncomfortable. Although the construction of Anno's building is made of wood which is faster in receiving and removing the heat than the concrete material, because the building design does not utilize the cross ventilation system, the heat inside the building does not come out. As a result, the air conditions and fans are used during the day in the building.

   The houses indoor in the settlement Bilu village are the most comfortable. This condition is caused by the environment around the house is an open space in the Muslim cemetery. Muslim cemetery is overgrown by vegetation. In addition, the distance between buildings that are not so close to making indoor and outdoor ventilation can circulate well. The influence of the condition of the building is caused by the shape and material of the building. Simple building form with the pattern of the room is also simple, causing air circulation in the house to run smoothly. The presence of ceiling in the house is also able to reduce heat coming from the roof of the building. Building materials made of wooden construction which more quickly absorb and release environmental thermal conditions also affect the thermal comfort in buildings.

   Thermal comfort conditions in floating houses and houses aside pedestrian ways have the same conditions. Thermal comfort during the day is uncomfortable because the effective temperatures are greater than 27.1OC ET. This condition occurs in 9 hours. The same thermal conditions in these buildings are also due to the same thermal conditions that are in the vicinity of the river. In addition, the shape and character of the building are also the same. The houses on the riverbank have small dimensions. And these houses also do not have a ceiling (Table 10), so the heat from the roof during the day directly affect the thermal environment. The condition is

   exacerbated by the absence of a good cross-ventilation system in buildings. The roof material made of zinc also adds to the heat of the room, because the zinc material is very hot when exposed to direct sunlight.

   TABLE 10. Relationship of Thermal Comfort between The Building Condition and Environment

   The houses indoor condition in the Sasirangan village settlement is most uncomfortable. This is due to the very close inter-house distance below 4 meters (high house density), causing the ventilation is not good. Air circulation can only be from the front side of building. The large house form with many room bulkheads also causes less ventilation in the building. Renovate the back of house for opening access to the river, so the air can enter into buildings that blow from the river. To support this idea, it is necessary to access pedestrian ways on the riverbank such as in Bilu village. The pedestrian way is designed with due regard to thermal comfort. The pedestrian way design can pay attention to the selection of construction materials, vegetation planting and shading. Shade is significant to protect from heat and rain. The shade materials from wood and vegetation are better and the zinc material as shade should be avoided. This arrangement will also improve the visual quality of the riverside.

5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATIONS Thermal comfort of SNI 03-6572 in open space between

green open space and the open space without vegetation has the effective temperature difference, either minimal or maximum. Vegetation planted around the building has an effect on the buildings thermal environment. Vegetation around rivers and buildings can lower the effective temperature by 0.7OC ET. The difference of minimum effective temperature between green open space and open space without vegetation are 1OC ET. The open space without vegetation is lower 1OC ET than vegetated. Open space without vegetation in uncomfortable condition while vegetated still in comfortable zone SNI 03-6572. Effective temperature in green open space is always in the comfort zone SNI 03- 6572 at night. On the other hand, the open space without vegetation around the river is very cold. Effective temperature in green open space is always in the comfort zone during the

day. On the other hand, the open space without vegetation around the river is hot.

The river is an open space. The open space of the river affects the velocity of the airflow, resulting in higher wind speeds around the river. The value of effective temperature is lower if wind speed is higher. Thermal comfort around the river is influenced by wind movement. Minimum and maximum outdoor relative humidity between riverside buildings and settlements have differences. Minimum relative humidity on the riverside is 4.5% higher than outdoor settlement. Relative humidity by the river is higher in the morning. The maximum outdoor relative humidity at the riverside is 12% lower than the outdoor settlement. The relative humidity in settlement is higher on the day.

The condition of indoor buildings in thermal comfort around the river will be explained below:

1. The minimum indoor effective temperature condition is comfortable. On the other hand at the maximum value of effective temperature is hot condition or uncomfortable.

2. The indoor effective temperature has differences of 1OC ET between riverside buildings and settlement.

3. Minimum and maximum indoor relative humidity between riverside buildings and settlements has differences.

4. Minimum indoor relative humidity at the riverside is 6.5% higher than outdoor settlement. Relative humidity by the river is higher in the morning.

5. The maximum indoor relative humidity at the riverside is 12% lower than the outdoor settlement. Relative humidity in higher settlement occurs during the day.

6. The indoor of thermal comfort around the river is the optimal comfort one SNI 03-6572 from night until morning.

7. The indoor of thermal comfort around the river is uncomfortable zone SNI 03-6572 at during the day.

8. Thermal condition of buildings with ventilation is better than unventilated ones.

9. Buildings on the riverside are largely unventilated so that during the day the effective temperature is high and uncomfortable. While the building of the settlement has ventilation.

10. Effective temperature of buildings with zinc roofing is high during the day. All houses the riverside roofed with zinc, so that during the day is quite hot and uncomfortable.

11. Wood-based buildings are higher in effective temperature than concrete buildings, and the effective temperature difference is about 2OC ET.

12. Effective temperature of wooden building is faster than minimum to maximum about 6 hours. At the same time, the building is made of concrete slower about 10 hours.

13. Buildings that have a ceiling is better, because the value of effective temperature is lower than buildings that have no ceiling. All buildings on the riverside have no ceiling so that it is quite hot and uncomfortable.

14. The shape of the rectangular structure is more comfortable with the thermal comfort than the square shape.

15. The distance between buildings affects thermal comfort. A good distance between buildings is over 4 meters.

Research Recommendations will be explained below:

1. Urban development should pay attention to vegetation arrangement. Vegetation has proven to be able to degrade urban heat. Indonesian Regulation Number 05/PRT/M/2008 concerning Guidelines for Provision of Green Open Space in Urban Areas, which already exist should be applied properly [23,24]. A minimum of 30% of green open space in urban areas can be applied thoroughly in every city area in a balanced manner, not only in certain areas, especially in urban centers that heat the impact of the urban heat island.

2. The land condition is limited in urban areas, then greening can maximize the spaces in the yard of the house. Socialization and community empowerment should be continuously improved to provide awareness of the importance of a comfortable and good environment.

3. The building design must always pay attention to environmental thermal conditions. Building design should be able to take advantage of indoor and outdoor air circulation system well. So that indoor and outdoor air exchange can be maximal.

4. Rehabilitation of houses back to the river by opening access to the river, so the air can enter into buildings that blow from the river. Properly modified buildings will improve the quality of the building [25]. To support the idea, it is necessary to access pedestrian ways on the riverbank such as in Bilu village. Pedestrian paths are designed with thermal comfort. Selection of construction materials, vegetation planting, and shade. Shade is significant to protect from heat and rain.

5. The shade materials from wood and vegetation are better and the zinc material as shade should be avoided

6. Building design should pay attention to air circulation. The goal is to maximize air exchange indoors and impact the thermal comfort.

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