Damping Analysis of Plates with Multiple Constrained Layer Damping Treatments

Damping Analysis of Plates with Multiple Constrained Layer Damping Treatments

Damping Analysis of Plates with Multiple Constrained Layer Damping Treatments

Qingqing Wu

School of Marine Science and Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University 710072 Xian, China

Minqing Wang

School of Marine Science and Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University 710072 Xian, China

Abstract In this paper, the damping analysis of plates with multiple constrained layer damping (CLD) treatments is presented. Based on the complex stiffness method, the theoretical damping model for multilayered constrained configurations is developed. Theoretical and experimental studies are conducted on the vibration damping characteristics of plates with different CLD treatments. It is shown that CLD can significantly improve the damping capacity of the substrate plate and deduce the vibration at middle and high resonant frequencies. The loss factor increase with increasing number of CLD treatments, while the vibration attenuation upon the increasing CLD treatment is not as apparent as the damping enhancement. The present study reveals how the damping capacity varies with multiple CLD treatments and will be in favor of structural design and vibration reduction of complex structures.

Keywords Multiple Constrained; Constrained Layer Damping; Loss Factor; Viscoelastic.

1. INTRODUCTION

   A constrained layer damping pair usually consists of a viscoelastic damping material layer and a constraining layer. Due to the constrained condition, the viscoelastic core undergo transverse shear damped deformation which produce more energy dissipation than free layer damping treatment. CLD can greatly enhance the damping property of structures and has been widely applied in aeronautics, astronautics and navigation industries.

   As for the early work on CLD, Kerwin and Ungar [1,2] firstly developed the damping model of constrained configurations based on the complex stiffness method and subsequently proposed the strain energy method. Johnson and

   adaptive and self-monitoring capabilities, active constrained layer damping (ACLD) has attracted much attention [11,12]. The vibration control and damping design of passive and active CLD treatments were studied numerically and experimentally [1315].

   The present study focuses on the damping capacity of plates with multiple CLD treatments. This study is helpful to better understand the effect of multiple CLD treatments on the damping capacity and can be applied in further optimization. In the theoretical study section, the theoretical damping model for multilayered constrained structures is developed based on the complex method. Simulations are accomplished with regard to a thick plate, investigating the effect of increasing CLD treatments. In the experimental study section, one thick plate is tested with different CLD treatments successively. Comparisons and discussions of the experimental results are presented to reveal how the CLD treatments effect the damping loss factor and the vibration response of plates.

2. THEORETICAL STUDY

   1. Theoretical modelling

      constraining layer

      Layer N

      Layer i

      neutral surface

      …

      …

      hi

      di

      Kienholz [3] used the finite element method (FEM) to study the D

      damping of constrained viscoelastic structures. Based on the complex moduli approach, Min Hao and Mohan D. Rao proposed a semi-analytical method to study the stiffness and

      Layer 2

      Layer 1 constraining layer

      damping of symmetrical viscoelastic beams with multiple CLD

      [4] and established the model to determine the dynamic properties of asymmetrical sandwich viscoelastic beams [5]. Torvik and Runyon [6] developed the R-U theory and proposed an approximate approach to determine the loss factors and frequencies of sandwich plates with CLD. Nowadays, the FEM have been widely applied to study complex structures. Carrera E [7] reviewed the theories and finite elements for multilayered, anisotropic, composite plates and shells. Based on the FEM, Masti and Sainsbury [8] analyzed the damping of cylindrical shells with partial CLD treatments; Kristensen R F and Nielsen K L [9] studied the shear damped composite beams with CLD; Venkatachalam R and Raja K V [10] investigated the effect of constrained layers on vibrational characteristics of a composite sandwich system. Benefiting from the self-

      Fig. 1. Section sketch map of an N-layer CV laminate.

      The sequence distribution of an N-layer constrained viscoelastic configuration is illustrated in Fig. 1, where D is the distance from the neutral surface of the configuration to the neutral surface of the first layer; di is the distance from the i th

      layers neutral surface to the center of the first layer; and hi is the distance from the neutral surface of an individual i th layer to the neutral surface of the configuration. The face sheets are specified as constraining layers, while the interlayers can exhibit different material properties.

      The bending stiffness of the composite configuration can be expressed in the complex form

      A dimensionless stiffness parameter is introduced as

      0

      W * B B . By combining (1) and (7), the effective bending

      re

      B* EI 1 i

      stiffness and structure loss factor of the laminate can be obtained respectively as

      * EI

      EI

      B 1 ReW*

      where B is the complex stiffness, re is the effective

      re 0

      bending stiffness, and is the structure or system loss factor.

      According to the relationship between moments and bending stiff nesses,

      Im W *

      * N

      1 Re W *

      i 1

      B x Bo x Fi hi

      (2)

      where

      N

      Bo EI o EI i

      i 1

      is the sum of the individual

   2. Simulations and discussions

   In this section, three kinds of composite laminates with

   layers bending rigidities, is the rotate angle and Fi is the net extensional force acting at the center of the i th layer. Here Fi Kii where i and Ki denote the strain in the center plane and the extensional stiffness, respectively.

   Define x , x . Introduce the deformation parameter as

   different CLD layers are considered. The composite structures have identical substrate steel plate with the thickness of 6 mm. Three of them have identical stand-off layer (SOF) with the thickness of 6 mm. The plates have one, two and three constrained layers, respectively. Each CLD is composed of 1- mm-thick viscoelastic damping layer and 0.5-mm-thick aluminum layer. The Youngs modulus of the SOL is set to be 100 MPa and the loss factor is set to be 0.2. The loss factor and

   R H

   shear modulus of the viscoelastic material are as follows

   The deformation parameters can be determined by the equations as follows

   log10

   1.2 log10

   f (0.6) 0.5

   (10)

   N

   N N

   1 K 1 K

   1 K R

   R

   1 R X * R

   K j K

   e 2 m m m

   1. j i i

      j

      T j i T m 2 e m m 2

      (4)

      log10 G 0.2log10 f 6

      (11)

      1 N 1 N K d

      K

      • d

      KT j i

      j K

      T m2

      m m j

      The system loss factor of the composite plate is obtained by the present method. Loss factors f the plate with SOL in

      According to the mechanical analysis, the strain can be

      determined by

      regard to three different CLD treatments are compared in Fig. 2. Loss factors of the plate without SOL in regard to three

      i i

      N m

      different CLD treatments are compared in Fig. 3.

      100

      1 K d R 1 R

      (i 1)

      Loss factor

      m 2 i

      KT m2

      m m m i

      e1 2

      d i R

      1 R 1 N K d

      • m R 1 R

      10-1

      i i

      2

      K

      m i m1

      T m2

      m m

      e1

      (i 2, 3,…, N )

      N

      (6)

      10-2

      1 CLD

      2 CLD

      where

      KT Ki

      is the sum of the individual extensional

      10-3

   2. CLD

      rigidities.

      i 1

      N

      10 100 1000

      Frequency (Hz)

      3000

      Define the coupling stiffness as

      can be rewritten as

      B Ki dii . Thus, (2)

      i 2

      Fig. 2. Loss factor of the composite plate with SOL.

      0

      B* B B

      100

      Loss factor

      10-1

      10-2

      10-3

      1. CLD

      2. CLD

      3. CLD

   10 100 1000

   Frequency (Hz)

   3000

   Fig. 3. Loss factor of the composite plate without SOL.

   As shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3, the structure loss factor of the composite plate increases with increasing number of CLD treatments. For the thick plate in this study, the improvement of the damping capacity is more significant at low frequency. When comparing Fig. 2 with Fig. 3, it is shown that the introduction of stand-off layer improves the damping capacity at low frequency while deduce the loss factor at high frequency.

3. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

   1. Experimental system

      To study the vibration damping characteristics of constrained plates, experiments are conducted on one thick plate with three different kinds of CLD treatments. The composite plate is 0.5 m wide and 0.6 m long with 6-mm-thick substrate steel plate and 7-mm-thick stand-off rubber layer. One to three pairs of CLD treatments are applied onto the stand-off layer, successively. The constraining layer is 0.1-mm- thick aluminum and the damping layer is 0.5-mm-thick viscoelastic material.

      The experimental system of the vibration damping measurement is illustrated in Fig. 4. As shown in Fig. 5, the tested plate is suspended with an elastic rope.

      Fig. 5. Tested plate with constrained layer damping treatment.

   2. Test results and discussions

   The acceleration responses of several measurement points are obtained with vibrator excitation and the structure loss factor is obtained by the decay rate method with hammer impact. The loss factor of the substrate steel and structure loss factors of CLD treated plates are compared in Fig. 6. The acceleration responses for two measurement points are compared in Fig. 7.

   100 substrate steel plate plate with 1 CLD plate with 2 CLD

   10-1

   plate with 3 CLD

   Loss factor

   10-2

   10-3

   computer

   data acquisition

   system

   10-4

   10 100 1000

   Frequency (Hz)

   3000

   impedance head

   acceleration sensor

   charge amplifier

   Fig. 6. Tested loss factor of the plate with different CLD treatments

   specimen

   vibrator

   power amplifier

   Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus.

   10

   4

   substrate steel plate

   103 plate with 1 CLD

   Acceleration (m/s2)

   102

   101

   100

   10-1

   10-2

   10-3

   plate with 2 CLD plate with 3 CLD

   The present study investigates how damping and vibration varies with CLD treatments. It will be helpful for structural design and vibration reduction of complex structures.

   REFERENCES

   1. Kerwin EM. Damping of flexural waves by a constrained viscoelastic layer. J Acoust Soc Am 1959; 31(7):952962.

   2. Ungar EE, Kerwin EM. Loss factors of viscoelastic systems in terms of energy concepts. J Acoust Soc Am 1962; 34(7):954957.

   3. Johnson CD, Kienholz DA. Finite element prediction of damping in structures with constrained viscoelastic layers. AIAA J 1982; 20:1284 1290.

   4. Hao M, Rao MD, Schabus MH. Optimum Design of Multiple-

      10 100 1000

      Frequency (Hz)

      5000

      Constraint-Layered Systems for Vibration Control. AIAA J 2004; 42(12):2448-2461.

   5. Hao M, Rao MD. Vibration and damping analysis of a sandwich beam

      Fig. 7. Tested acceleration response of one test point with different CLD treatments

      It can be seen from Fig. 6 that CLD can significantly improve the damping capacity of the plate, and the structural loss factor increases with increasing number of CLD treatments. Fig. 7 shows that CLD can greatly deduce the vibration at middle and high resonant frequencies while the effect is not obvious at low frequency. It can also be observed that the vibration attenuation upon the increasing number of CLD treatments is not as apparent as the increase of structure loss factor. It infers that a balance should be considered between the manufacturing cost and the damping capacity improvement.

4. CONCLUSIONS

Focus on the damping capacity of plates with multiple constrained layer damping (CLD) treatments, theoretical and experimental studies have been conducted. The damping enhance by the CLD treatments have been confirmed theoretically and experimentally. The structure loss factor increases with increasing number of CLD treatments. For the thick steel plate in this study, this improvement is more significant at low frequency. Test results have shown that CLD treatments can greatly deduce the vibration at middle and high resonant frequencies. However the vibration attenuation upon increasing CLD treatments is not as apparent as the damping gain. It infers that the balance of manufacturing cost and damping capacity optimization should be taken into account during the vibration attenuation design.

containing a viscoelastic constraining layer. J Compos Mater 2005; 39(18):16211643.

1. Torvik PJ, Runyon BD. Estimating the loss factors of plates with constrained-layer damping treatments. AIAA J 2007; 45(45):14921500.

2. Carrera E. Theories and finite elements for multilayered, anisotropic, composite plates and shells. J Arch Comput Methods Eng 2002; 9:87 140.

3. Masti RS, Sainsbury M G. Vibration damping of cylindrical shells partially coated with a constrained viscoelastic treatment having a standoff layer. Thin Wall Struct 2005; 43(9):1355-1379.

4. Kristensen RF, Nielsen KL, Mikkelsen LP. Numerical studies of shear damped composite beams using a constrained damping layer. Compos Struct 2008, 83(3):304-311.

5. Venkatachalam R, Raja KV. Effect of constrained layers on vibrational characteristics of a composite sandwich systemA finite element based critical investigation. INT J Mech Mater Des 2011; 7(4):291-298.

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7. Vasques CMA, Mace BR, Gardonio P, et al. Arbitrary active constrained layer damping treatments on beams: Finite element modelling and experimental validation. Compu Struct 2006; 84(22):1384-1401.

8. Inman DJ. Vibration control through passive constrained layer damping and active control. J Intel Mat Syst Str 1997; 8(8):663-677.

9. Kumar N, Singh SP. Experimental study on vibration and damping of curved panel treated with constrained viscoelastic layer. Compos Struct 2010; 92:233243.

10. Kattimani S C, Ray M C. Vibration control of multiferroic fibrous composite plates using active constrained layer damping. Mech Syst Signal Pr 2018; 106:334-354.

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ISSN: 2278 – 0181

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