DOI : 10.17577/IJERTV9IS060429
- Open Access
- Authors : Chaitali Haldankar , Prashant Chougule, , Niharika Samant , Sitaram Shetgaonkar, Pooja Shirodkar
- Paper ID : IJERTV9IS060429
- Volume & Issue : Volume 09, Issue 06 (June 2020)
- Published (First Online): 19-06-2020
- ISSN (Online) : 2278-0181
- Publisher Name : IJERT
- License:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
IR based Haemoglobin Measurement using Non Invasive Technique and its Classification
Prashant Chougule, Pooja Shirodkar, Gauresh Gopal Shetgaonkar Sitaram Alias, Niharika Samant, Chaitali Haldankar ,
Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, Agnel Institute of Technology and Design, Goa
Abstract Hemoglobin is the protein molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and returns carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs.
Haemoglobin consist of four protein molecules (globulin chains) that are linked together. The normal adult haemoglobin (Hbg) molecule contains two alpha-globulin chains and two beta- globulin chains. Invasive method comprises of physical examination and credentialises the colour of a drop of blood on filter paper to a standardized colour comparison chart[3].
Here is an attempt to design a system for non-invasive haemoglobin monitoring and classification . A non invasive haemoglobin monitoring using infrared is showcased. It includes near infrared radiation on a index finger of your hand and sensing the resultant radiation after absorbance by haemoglobin
. The haemoglobin count is measured across to the voltage level through a chain of observations and results are obtained .The results are further used for analysing the various haemoglobin related diseases prevalent in women[3].
Keywords: Non invasive , monitoring, fuzzy logic, classification
-
INTRODUCTION
According to World Health Organisation the normal range for Hb Is For men : 13.5 g/dl to 17.5 g/dl and For women :
12.0 g/dl to 15.5 g/dl
Hb values can be lower or higher than the normal range resulting in different types of diseases. If Hb concentration is lower than normal levels then it is termed as anaemia whereas high hb levels is termed as polycythaemia.
transferred through the blood stream until it reaches various tissues. There, the oxygen is released to myoglobin, which then carries it to the mitochondria, and thus used for aerobic respiration. In exchange, deoxyhemoglobin picks up 2 protons and 2 molecules of CO2 and returns to the lungs, where the CO2 is set out through exhalation.
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Advantages of Non-Invasive Techniques
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Needle free, painless testing system.
-
Eliminates possible infections.
-
Advantageous to the hemophobic and diabetic patients.
-
No need of expertise
-
Device is portable
-
Cost effective
-
Real time monitoring system
-
-
Description of Block diagram
The block diagram is shown below for the detection
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MANUSCRIPTS
A. Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is present in the red blood cells of the body. Absorption of light by oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobim is measured by wavelengths 940nm and 660nm respectively.
Each red blood cell (RBC) contains approximately 280 million hemoglobin molecules.
The main task of hemoglobin is to carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and then transport CO2 from the different tissues to the lungs. One hemoglobin molecule has the ability to carry up to 4 oxygen molecules. There are two main components of hemoglobin: oxyhemoglobin, which is saturated with oxygen molecules and deoxyhemoglobin (also is called reduced hemoglobin), which is desaturated with oxygen molecules. Oxyhemoglobin is highly associated for oxygen than deoxyhemoglobin, and deoxyhemoglobin is highly associated to CO2 than oxyhemoglobin. Therefore, oxygen combines to oxyhemoglobin in the lungs and is then
Figure 1: Block diagram
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Hardware analysis
Sr. N
o
Femal e Age Group
Hb Cou nt(m g/dl)
R1 in mV
R2
in mV
R 3 in mV
Readin g 4 in mV
Avg output voltage in mV
1
10
12 yrs
16.6
5.0
5.2
5.3
5.0
2
10
12 yrs
15.3
5.0
5.1
5.1
5.0
5.05
3
12
15 yrs
16.7
4.7
4.5
4.6
4.6
4.6
4
12
15 yrs
15.6
5.0
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.07
Sr. N
o
Femal e Age Group
Hb Cou nt(m g/dl)
R1 in mV
R2
in mV
R 3 in mV
Readin g 4 in mV
Avg output voltage in mV
1
10
12 yrs
16.6
5.0
5.2
5.3
5.0
2
10
12 yrs
15.3
5.0
5.1
5.1
5.0
5.05
3
12
15 yrs
16.7
4.7
4.5
4.6
4.6
4.6
4
12
15 yrs
15.6
5.0
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.07
Table 1: Obtained Avg voltage levels for Hb count
5
12
15 yrs
14.3
6.2
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6
12
15 yrs
14.8
6.0
6.0
6.1
6.0
6.0
7
12
15 yrs
16
4.3
4.4
4.4
4.3
4.3
8
15
17 yrs
16.3
3
4.3
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
9
15
17 yrs
15.3
3
5.6
5.7
5.7
5.6
5.6
10
15
17 yrs
17.2
4.9
4.8
4.8
5.0
4.87
11
15
17 yrs
16.5
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.3
4.1
12
15
17 yrs
13.2
2
6.4
6.3
6.4
6.4
6.4
13
15
17 yrs
13.6
7
6.2
6.3
6.3
6.2
6.2
14
15
17 yrs
14.4
6.2
6.1
6.2
6.2
6.2
15
15
17 yrs
15.2
5.5
5.4
5.5
5.5
5.5
16
15
17 yr
15.5
5.0
4.9
4.9
4.8
4.9
17
15
17 yrs
16.1
4.7
4.6
4.5
4.7
4.6
18
15
17 yrs
16.0
2
4.5
4.7
4.7
4.5
4.6
19
15
17 yrs
15.3
5.5
5.5
5.6
5.5
5.5
20
15
17 yrs
16.2
4.8
4.5
4.8
4.8
4.8
21
18
25 yrs
11
7.2
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.1
22
18
25 yrs
11.6
7.1
7.2
7.2
7.3
7.2
23
18
25 yrs
12.3
6.7
6.8
6.6
6.7
6.7
24
18
25 yrs
12.7
6.7
6.7
6.5
6.6
6.7
25
18
25 yrs
12.8
6.6
6.4
6.4
6.1
6.3
26
18
25 yrs
13.2
6.4
6.3
6.4
6.4
6.4
27
18
25 yrs
13.6
6.5
6.4
6.3
6.3
6.4
28
18
25 yrs
13.8
6.5
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.4
29
18
25 yrs
15.2
5.2
5.4
5.2
5.2
5.2
30
18
25 yrs
15.6
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
31
18
25 yrs
16.1
4.7
4.6
4.6
4.4
4.6
32
18
25 yrs
16.4
4.8
4.7
4.8
4.8
4.8
33
18
25 yrs
12.2
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
34
18
25 yrs
12.4
6.7
6.6
6.7
6.7
6.7
35
25
30 yrs
14.3
6.2
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
36
25
30 yrs
14.8
5.9
5.5
5.8
5.8
5.8
37
25
30 yrs
13.1
6.1
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
38
25
30 yrs
11.3
7.1
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
39
25
30 yrs
10.2
7.6
7.5
7.7
7.5
7.5
40
25
30 yrs
12.6
7.3
7.2
7.3
7.2
7.3
5
12
15 yrs
14.3
6.2
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6
12
15 yrs
14.8
6.0
6.0
6.1
6.0
6.0
7
12
15 yrs
16
4.3
4.4
4.4
4.3
4.3
8
15
17 yrs
16.3
3
4.3
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
9
15
17 yrs
15.3
3
5.6
5.7
5.7
5.6
5.6
10
15
17 yrs
17.2
4.9
4.8
4.8
5.0
4.87
11
15
17 yrs
16.5
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.3
4.1
12
15
17 yrs
13.2
2
6.4
6.3
6.4
6.4
6.4
13
15
17 yrs
13.6
7
6.2
6.3
6.3
6.2
6.2
14
15
17 yrs
14.4
6.2
6.1
6.2
6.2
6.2
15
15
17 yrs
15.2
5.5
5.4
5.5
5.5
5.5
16
15
17 yrs
15.5
5.0
4.9
4.9
4.8
4.9
17
15
17 yrs
16.1
4.7
4.6
4.5
4.7
4.6
18
15
17 yrs
16.0
2
4.5
4.7
4.7
4.5
4.6
19
15
17 yrs
15.3
5.5
5.5
5.6
5.5
5.5
20
15
17 yrs
16.2
4.8
4.5
4.8
4.8
4.8
21
18
25 yrs
11
7.2
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.1
22
18
25 yrs
11.6
7.1
7.2
7.2
7.3
7.2
23
18
25 yrs
12.3
6.7
6.8
6.6
6.7
6.7
24
18
25 yrs
12.7
6.7
6.7
6.5
6.6
6.7
25
18
25 yrs
12.8
6.6
6.4
6.4
6.1
6.3
26
18
25 yrs
13.2
6.4
6.3
6.4
6.4
6.4
27
18
25 yrs
13.6
6.5
6.4
6.3
6.3
6.4
28
18
25 yrs
13.8
6.5
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.4
29
18
25 yrs
15.2
5.2
5.4
5.2
5.2
5.2
30
18
25 yrs
15.6
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
31
18
25 yrs
16.1
4.7
4.6
4.6
4.4
4.6
32
18
25 yrs
16.4
4.8
4.7
4.8
4.8
4.8
33
18
25 yrs
12.2
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
34
18
25 yrs
12.4
6.7
6.6
6.7
6.7
6.7
35
25
30 yrs
14.3
6.2
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
36
25
30 yrs
14.8
5.9
5.5
5.8
5.8
5.8
37
25
30 yrs
13.1
6.1
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
38
25
30 yrs
11.3
7.1
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
39
25
30 yrs
10.2
7.6
7.5
7.7
7.5
7.5
40
25
30 yrs
12.6
7.3
7.2
7.3
7.2
7.3
Figure2: Hb count (mg/dL) v/s Avg Output (mV)
Figure3: Entries of different age group
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Result discussion
-
For women category having haemoglobin level between 12 -15.5 grams per decilitre is considered normal. Values below 12-13 grams per decilitre is considered to be iron deficit anaemia in females
-
Similarly the hemoglobin level can also be used to detect the hemoglobin related diseases during pregnancy. The value below 12 grams per decilitre will be considered iron deficit and will have voltage range between 6.8mV 7.0mV and below 10 grams per decilitre is anaemic with voltage range between 7mV 8mV.
-
The haemoglobin level intensity can also help in finding the heart rate of a patient.
-
-
-
CONCLUSION
-
General conclusion
As the hemoglobin increases output voltage value reduces and thus inversely propotional. Higher the hemoglobin count higher will be the rate of the IR absorption,lower will be the output of photodetector and hence less output voltage. Interference of light with the samples could cause error in readings.
-
Future scope
By using fuzzy logic the device could be enhanced to describe the medications for anaemic and polycythemic subjects.
Same principle could also be used for monitoring cholesterol and glucose level [3] and also to find the heart rate of a patient.
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