Attainment of Sustainability through Green Auditing: A Case Study of Musaliar Institute, Pathanamthitta

Attainment of Sustainability through Green Auditing: A Case Study of Musaliar Institute, Pathanamthitta

Shamila Habeeb1 , Adharsh A2 , Anju Aji3 , Aswathy Shaji4 , Noufal N5

1Asst. Professor, 2345 Student

Civil Department, Musaliar College of Engineering & Technology, Pathanamthitta.

Abstract: Green auditing is a management tool used to identify the environmental impacts and assessment of problems with suitable corrections. In scenario people are not caring of nature, they are directly or indirectly damaging the environment and it causes problems like global warming, difficulties in maintaining ozone layers, air pollution, water pollution etc. Green auditing is the most efficient and sustainable way to solve environmental impacts. Musaliar Institute, Pathanamthitta is comfortably located in an ecologically sensitive area, a small change in its ecology can lead to high amount of damages. For our campus, the target areas for Green auditing are energy management, waste management, water management, biodiversity mapping and carbon emission evaluation. The Carbon emission evaluation is an important process that involves the amount of carbon dioxide emitted at the campus. Strong green audit process can help to achieve sustainable institution.

Keywords- Sustainability, Water consumption, Energy consumption, Energy conservation, Carbon emission, Emission factor, Coli forms, E-coli, Biodiversity.

1. INTRODUCTION

   The Green auditing involves collection, collation, analysis, interpretation and presentation of information which is used to assess performance against a set of requirements or targets related to environmental issues. For the analysis of this auditing no protocol, only basic methods of techniques is used. It also aims to analyze the environmental practices within and outside of the concerned sites, which will have an impact on the eco-friendly ambience. Green audit can also used in college/ institutions to determine how and where they are using the most energy or water or any other resources, the college can then consider how to implement changes and make savings. It can also be used to determine the type and volume of waste, which can be used for a recycling project or to improve waste minimization plan. It can create health consciousness and promote environmental awareness, values and ethics. It provides staff and students better understanding of Green impact on campus. For the evaluation of green auditing on a particular target, it is mainly classified in to three stages namely Pre-auditing stage, Auditing stage, and Post auditing stage for the step by step analysis of impacts on the environment.

2. OBJECTIVES

   • To ensure development along with safeguarding the environment.

   • To provide basis for improved sustainability.

   • More efficient resource management.

   • To create a green campus.

   • To enable waste management.

   • To secure the quality of water used.

   • Recognize the cost effective methods through waste minimizing and managing.

   • To secure the environment and cut down the

     threats posted to human health.

   • To provide how much carbon is emitted in the institution.

3. SCOPE

   The scope of the green audit is very flexible depending up on the needs of an institution. It involves the inspection of an institute to assess the total environmental impact of its activities or a particular product or a process. Therefore, the scope of Green Audit can be listed as below:

   • Measuring key environmental parameters.

   • Analyzing raw & test data.

   • Communicating with institutional authorities, staffs, students and workers.

   • Examining policies, internal records, reports relating to environmental aspects.

4. ABOUT THE INSTITUTION

   Musaliar College of Engineering and Technology is a NAAC (National Assessment and Accreditation Council) Accredited Engineering and Management Institut0ion under the renowned Musaliar Education Trust. The Musaliar Education Trust which is a charitable trust was founded in the year 2001 by a group of well settled educationalists and technocrats having vast experience in the educational and technical fields. The College is comfortably located in a sprawling campus within the town limits of Pathanamthitta Municipality. Located along the Pathanamthitta – Malayalapuzha District Highway, the campus is easily accessible by road (about 10 Minutes drive from the Civil Station, Pathanamthitta). Frequent private and KSRTC buses provide cheap and easy accessibility to the campus. The college campus spread over a sprawling 15 acres of land consists of many well designed multi-storied buildings which have all the state of the art infrastructural facilities like Computer Centers, Electronics and Digital Laboratories, well equipped Mechanical and Electrical Workshops, Survey Lab and a well furnished Library with more than 10,000 recent volumes of engineering books and journals. The class rooms, drawing halls, seminar halls etc. are spacious and

   well designed to meet international standards for the academic activities.

   Fig. 1 Greenery of Musaliar Institute

5. METHODOLOGY

   1) Water quality analysis

   For the water quality analysis different tests are conducted on various water samples collected from different spots of the institute. The water samples collected are sample from main source (pond), sample from water tank and sample from cooler. The various testes conducted for the quality analysis are ph, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solid, acidity, alkalinity, hardness, residual chlorine, and basic characteristics of the water.

   Serial No.	Characteristics	Units	Desirable Limits	Actual Contents
   1	Turbidity	NTU	1	4.8
   2	pH		6.5 to 8.5	6.8
   3	Electrical conductivity	Mhos/cm		76
   4	Acidity	mg/litre		10
   5	Alkalinity (Total)	mg/litre	200	20
   6	Sulphates	mg/litre	200	1.4
   7	Total dissolved solids	mg/litre	500	41
   8	Total hardness	mg/litre	200	20
   9	Calcium	mg/litre	75	4
   10	Magnesium	mg/litre	30	2.43
   11	Chloride	mg/litre	250	12
   12	Fluoride	mg/litre	1	BDL
   13	Iron	mg/litre	1	0.8
   14	Nitrate	mg/litre	45	BDL
   15	Residual Chlorine	mg/litre	0.2	Nil
   16	Coli forms	No. of coli forms/ 100ml	0	1100
   17	E-Coli	No. of coli forms/ 100ml	0	15

   Serial No.	Characteristics	Units	Desirable Limits	Actual Contents
   1	Turbidity	NTU	1	4.8
   2	pH		6.5 to 8.5	6.8
   3	Electrical conductivity	Mhos/cm		76
   4	Acidity	mg/litre		10
   5	Alkalinity (Total)	mg/litre	200	20
   6	Sulphates	mg/litre	200	1.4
   7	Total dissolved solids	mg/litre	500	41
   8	Total hardness	mg/litre	200	20
   9	Calcium	mg/litre	75	4
   10	Magnesium	mg/litre	30	2.43
   11	Chloride	mg/litre	250	12
   12	Fluoride	mg/litre	1	BDL
   13	Iron	mg/litre	1	0.8
   14	Nitrate	mg/litre	45	BDL
   15	Residual Chlorine	mg/litre	0.2	Nil
   16	Coli forms	No. of coli forms/ 100ml	0	1100
   17	E-Coli	No. of coli forms/ 100ml	0	15

   TABLE I. WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS OF POND WATER

   1. General

      The methodology includes data collection from each target areas, preparation and filling up of questionnaire, observation and review of the documentation, interviewing key persons and data analysis, measurements and recommendations. Some data have also been taken from the students, teaching staffs, office staffs, and various departments of the college

   2. Target Areas of Auditing

      1. Water management: This involves the water sources, water consumption, irrigation, rain water, appliances and a well authorized water test.

      2. Energy management: This involves the energy sources, energy consumption, energy inspection, lighting, cooling, computer appliances and vehicles.

      3. Health management: It is the systematic analysis of the quality of healthcare which includes common diseases in the campus, surveying the symptoms, behaviour of health and non-health determinants.

      4. Waste management: This involves the waste production and disposal, plastic waste, paper waste, food waste, quantity of waste and recycling. This is an essential management study to minimize the waste in the college for sustainability.

      5. Biodiversity mapping: This involves the data collection of plants and animal species present in the college campus. The data collection involves detailed number of different plant species and types of animals by inspecting the college.

      6. Carbon emission: This involves the amount of carbon dioxide emission at the campus and suggests suitable solutions to reduce the carbon emission in the campus.

6. OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS A Water Audit

   The main source of water in the institute is a pond located

   at Kumbazha. It is about 2 km away from the college campus. Daily 100000 liter of water is collected from the pond and store in a tank having a capacity of 350000 liter for purification process. There is five tanks are located in different areas of campus for distribution purpose. From the 150000 liter water tank, the water is supply to ladies hostel and boy's hostel. From the 100000 liter water tank located near Engineering College, the ground water is distributed to MBA College. The water purification process is carried out in a 350000 liter water tank.

   TABLE II. WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS OF WATER TANK

   Serial No.	Characteristics	Units	Desirable Limits	Actual Contents
   1	Turbidity	NTU	1	BDL
   2	Ph		6.5 to 8.5	6.93
   3	Electrical conductivity	Mhos/cm		78
   4	Acidity	mg/litre		10
   5	Alkalinity (Total)	mg/litre	200	12
   6	Sulphates	mg/litre	200	0.4
   7	Total dissolved solids	mg/litre	500	44
   8	Total hardness	mg/litre	200	30
   9	Calcium	mg/litre	75	9.6
   10	Magnesium	mg/litre	30	1.46
   11	Chloride	mg/litre	250	14
   12	Fluoride	mg/litre	1	0.07
   13	Iron	mg/litre	1	0.32
   14	Nitrate	mg/litre	45	BDL
   15	Residual Chlorine	mg/litre	0.2	0
   16	Coli forms	No. of coli forms/ 100ml	0	44
   17	E-Coli	No. of coli forms/ 100ml	0	3

   TABLE III. WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS OF COOLER

   Serial No.	Characteristics	Units	Desirable Limits	Actual Contents
   1	Turbidity	NTU	1	BDL
   2	Ph		6.5 to 8.5	6.75
   3	Electrical conductivity	Mhos/cm		93
   4	Acidity	mg/litre		10
   5	Alkalinity (Total)	mg/litre	200	24
   6	Sulphates	mg/litre	200	BDL
   7	Total dissolved solids	mg/litre	500	43
   8	Total hardness	mg/litre	200	30
   9	Calcium	mg/litre	75	8
   10	Magnesium	mg/litre	30	2.43
   11	Chloride	mg/litre	250	20
   12	Fluoride	mg/litre	1	BDL
   13	Iron	mg/litre	1	0.21
   14	Nitrate	mg/litre	45	BDL
   15	Residual Chlorine	mg/litre	0.2	0
   16	Coli forms	No. of coli forms/ 100ml	0	Nil
   17	E-Coli	No. of coli forms/ 100ml	0	Nil

   From the test results of water quality analysis, it is observed that the pond water and water from tank is not suitable for drinking purpose. The water from the pond is highly contaminated with Coli form bacteria. Thus it may cause dangerous health problems if it is used without any proper treatment process. The test sample contain 1100 coli forms and 15 E-coli in pond water and 44 coli forms and 3 E-coli in water tank. The desirable limit of Coli form and E-coli bacteria is zero in cooler. . In this water test, lack of chlorination is observed from the analysis. For that, an additional of 875 gram of chlorine is added to the water tank by 2 weeks alternatively which is needed for the purification of water

   2) Water quantity analysis

   TABLE IV. WATER QUANTITY ANALYSIS

   Activity	Avg. water used per activity (litres)	Activity done by each day	No. of person using water	Total water consumption per day (litres)
   Wash hand and face	1	2	942	1884
   Bath	80	1	56	4480
   Toilet flush	10	3	942	912
   Drinking	0.25	3	942	706.5
   Leakage of tap (1 drop/sec/day)	30 to 60			60
   Cooking				1000

   From the observation, the total amount of water consumed per day is 42042.5 liters. Annually an amount of 15345512.5 liter water is needed.

   1. Waste Audit

      1. Quantity of waste generated

         The amounts of solid wastes generated in the Musaliar Institute are:

         • Biodegradable waste = 22 kg/day.

         • Non-biodegradable waste = 1 ¾ kg/day.

         • Hazardous wastes = 150 grams/day.

      2. Existing waste management methods

         • Cleaning the campus on daily basis by the cleaning staffs.

         • Waste bins are placed in corridors, office and staff rooms.

         • A small scale biogas plant assembled in the men hostel area.

      3. Observation

         From the observation pollution from waste is aesthetically unpleasing and results in large amounts. In our campus the only way to manage waste is by waste sorting. For that increase the amount of waste bins the college.

   2. Energy Audit

      The energy auditing of the Musaliar Institute is mainly focused on the following factors:

      • The energy usage in the college. (Electricity,

        electric stove, kettle, microwave, LPG, firewood, Petrol, diesel and others).

      • Electricity bill amount of the previous years.

      • The CFL and LED bulbs installed in the institute (Hours used/day for how many days in a month).

      • The fans and air conditioners installed in the institute (Hours used/day for how many days in a

        month).

      • The computer and other equipment assembled in the college (Hours used/day for how many days in a month).

      • The energy saving invertors and batteries fixed (Hours used/day for how many days in a month).

      • The cooling apparatus installed in the college (Hours used/day for how many days in a month).

      Appliances	Number of appliances	Power used (Watt)	Usage per day (hr)	Average kWh per day	Average kWh per month
      Ac	30	4000	2	240	7200
      CC camera	50	2	24	2.4	72
      CFL	368	40	2	29.44	883.2
      Computer appliances	202	175	2.5	88.37	2651.1
      Fan	636	75	7	333.9	10017
      LED	128	15	2	3.84	115.2
      Lab equipments	271	3	1.5	1.219	36.58
      Lab equipments	25	2500	1.5	93.75	2812.5
      Projector	28	300	1.5	12.6	378
      Water cooler	7	25	12	1.8	54

      Appliances	Number of appliances	Power used (Watt)	Usage per day (hr)	Average kWh per day	Average kWh per month
      Ac	30	4000	2	240	7200
      CC camera	50	2	24	2.4	72
      CFL	368	40	2	29.44	883.2
      Computer appliances	202	175	2.5	88.37	2651.1
      Fan	636	75	7	333.9	10017
      LED	128	15	2	3.84	115.2
      Lab equipments	271	3	1.5	1.219	36.58
      Lab equipments	25	2500	1.5	93.75	2812.5
      Projector	28	300	1.5	12.6	378
      Water cooler	7	25	12	1.8	54

      TABLE V. CALCULATION OF ENERGY FOR ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES

      The total energy utilization of the college for different purposes is 24170.98 kWh units/month. The electricity charge of the institution per month is 136232. From the observation, it seems that increase in the usage of fans gives the highest charge of electricity.

   3. Biodiversity Mapping

      Biodiversity is the key indicator of the health of an ecosystem. The Musaliar campus protects aged old trees in addition to several new trees and plants planted. The campus is lush green with gardens, lawns, flowers and plants wherever there is open space and a wide variety of faunal species are presented. Also the rain water is collected in a specialized tank in the Administrative block in front of the college as a part of sustainability. There are

      86 different species of plant are present in the college campus. Out of this plant species 49 of them are tress and 37 of them are herbs and shrubs. In this plant species 55 medicinal species, 38 fruit giving species, 70 flowering species, 55 non flowering species, 9 cash crops, 4 food crops and wood used species are presented. In the Musaliar campus there are approximately 1036 plants are presented.

      1. Floral species

         Serial No.	Name of the plants	No. of each species
         1	Abutilon hirtum	12
         2	Acacia penniervis	12
         3	Aegle marmelos	31
         4	Aegle marmelos	6
         5	Aerva lanata	15
         6	Allamanda cathartica	17
         7	Alocasia macrorrhiza	128
         8	Anacardium occidentale	3
         9	Araucaria heterophylla	4
         10	Artocarpus altilis	15
         11	Artocarpus heterophyllus	18
         12	Artocarpus hirsutus	22
         13	Asclepias curassavica	11
         14	Aucuba japonica	21
         15	Averrhoa	3
         16	Azadirachta indica	17
         17	Bauhinia variegate	10
         18	Bidens sulphurea	8
         19	Bixa orellana	7
         20	Bombax ceiba	6
         21	Bougainvillea	8
         22	Buxus sempervirens	2
         23	Caesalpinia sappan	4
         24	Caladium bicolour	14
         25	Carica papaya	15
         26	Cassia fistula	7
         27	Casuarina Equisetifolia	14
         28	Casuarina cunninghamiana	3
         29	Catheranthus rosea	11
         30	Chionanthud virginious	16
         31	Chrysothemis pulchella	7
         32	Cocos nucifera	12
         33	Codiaeum variegatum	25
         34	Cordyline fruticosa	30
         35	Couroupita guianensis	1
         36	Crinum moorei	6
         37	Cupaniopsis anacardioides	4
         38	Datura stramonium	5
         39	Delonix regia	2

         Serial No.	Name of the plants	No. of each species
         1	Abutilon hirtum	12
         2	Acacia penniervis	12
         3	Aegle marmelos	31
         4	Aegle marmelos	6
         5	Aerva lanata	15
         6	Allamanda cathartica	17
         7	Alocasia macrorrhiza	128
         8	Anacardium occidentale	3
         9	Araucaria heterophylla	4
         10	Artocarpus altilis	15
         11	Artocarpus heterophyllus	18
         12	Artocarpus hirsutus	22
         13	Asclepias curassavica	11
         14	Aucuba japonica	21
         15	Averrhoa	3
         16	Azadirachta indica	17
         17	Bauhinia variegate	10
         18	Bidens sulphurea	8
         19	Bixa orellana	7
         20	Bombax ceiba	6
         21	Bougainvillea	8
         22	Buxus sempervirens	2
         23	Caesalpinia sappan	4
         24	Caladium bicolour	14
         25	Carica papaya	15
         26	Cassia fistula	7
         27	Casuarina Equisetifolia	14
         28	Casuarina cunninghamiana	3
         29	Catheranthus rosea	11
         30	Chionanthud virginious	16
         31	Chrysothemis pulchella	7
         32	Cocos nucifera	12
         33	Codiaeum variegatum	25
         34	Cordyline fruticosa	30
         35	Couroupita guianensis	1
         36	Crinum moorei	6
         37	Cupaniopsis anacardioides	4
         38	Datura stramonium	5
         39	Delonix regia	2

         TABLE VI. LIST OF PLANT SPECIES IDENTIFIED DURING GREEN AUDITING

         40	Dypsis lutescens	43
         41	Elaeocarpus sylvestris	2
         42	Erythrina abyssinica	2
         43	Erythrina variegate	5
         44	Euphorbia milii	2
         45	Excoecaria cochinchinensis	16
         46	Ficus benghalensis	3
         47	Ficus microcarpa	5
         48	Flacourtia jangomas	1
         49	Garcinia cowa	2
         50	Hevea brasiliensis	10
         51	Hibiscus rosa-sinensis	9
         52	Ixora coccinea	18
         53	Ligustrum lucidum	6
         54	Macaranga peltata	25
         55	Madhuca longifolia	7
         56	Mangifera indica	20
         57	Mentha piperita	9
         58	Mirabilis jalapa	5
         59	Morinda citrifolia	7
         60	Musa acuminate	12
         61	Nephelium lappaceum	4
         66	Nerium oleander	4
         63	Ocimum basilicum	38
         64	Ocimum tenuiflorum	3
         65	Ophiopogon jaburan	6
         66	Osmanthus fragrans	2
         67	Oxalis triangularis	10
         68	Paulownia tomentosa	8
         69	Phyllanthus emblica	4
         70	Polyscias scutellaria	2
         71	Pseuderanthemum carruthersii	23
         72	Psidium guajava	5
         73	Ruellia simplex	9
         74	Salix caprea	1
         75	Samanea saman	18
         76	Saraca asoca	2
         77	Schefflera arboricola	16
         78	Spathoglottis plicata	18
         79	Swietenia macrophylla	18
         80	Syzygium samarangense	2
         81	Tectona grandis	22
         82	Thespesia populnea	5
         83	Trachelospermum jasminoides	25
         84	Triphasia trifoliate	15
         85	Vetiveria zizanioides	9
         86	Vitex negundo	5

      2. Faunal species

      The campus consists of wide varieties of trees and plants which covered over a large area, such organism also present there. So that, it includes birds, spiders, reptiles, months, butterflies, insects, amphibians and other small organisms in large amount.

   4. Carbon Emission Evaluation

      1. Calculation of emission

         The emission is obtained by multiplying activity data for each category with the corresponding emission factor. The total emission factor can be calculated by adding up to the emission of each category.

         TABLE VII. EMISSION FACTORS

         Parameters	Emission factors
         Human factor	1.14 per person per day
         LPG	1.5 kg per kg
         Building	0.2 per sq. meter per year
         Electricity	0.68956 per kWh
         Burning	1.9 kg per kg
         Solid waste	0.125 kg per kg

      2. Analysis of carbon emission

         • Human Factor: Carbon dioxide emitted by a person per day is not negligible. It is equivalent to the emission of a car in a 5km stretch. Just for breathing, humans emit per person each day 1000

           grams of CO2, assuming that they cat normally and follow a mean diet of 2800 kCal. The population details of each zone include the total number of teaching faculty, non-teaching staff and students is 1041 at Musaliar institute. The carbon dioxide emissions will be larger in the Zone having highest population. The emissions are calculated by multiplying the human factor with respective carbon emission factor. Just for breathing, humans emit per person each day 1000grms of O2, assuming that they ear normally and follow a mean diet of 2800 kcal.

           TABLE VIII. DATAS OF HUMAN BEING

           Sl No.	Category	Number	Total
           1	No. of students	742	917
           2	No. of teaching staff	115
           3	No. of non teaching staff	60

           The total working hour of the college is 8 hours. Assume the number of hostellers as 80. So about 961 persons are day scholars and they spent 8 hours in the college. The hostellers spent their 24 hours in the college campus. For calculating the carbon emission from human, assume the number of working days for students as 200 and for teaching faculties and non teaching staffs as 250 days in a year. Multiplying the number of humans by the number of working days in a year and the carbon emission factor for humans gives the carbon emission from humans in a year (1.14/person/day).

           TABLE VIII. CARBON EMISSION OF HUMAN BEINGS

           Sl No.	Category	No. of working hour	Number	Carbon emission (kg CO2 e)
           1	No. of students	200	742	169176
           2	No. of teaching staffs	250	115	49875
           3	No. of non teaching staffs		60

           Therefore, the total carbon emitted= 219351 kg CO2 e.

         • Electricity: Collect data on annual electricity bills. Find number of power units (In India, one unit= 1kWh of electricity) consumed in college from the monthly electricity bills issues by State Electricity Board/ Distribution/ Collection companies. Take monthly consumed units and then multiply them by 1 2 (No. of months in a year). Electricity consumption includes Lab, administrative block,

           internet facilities, staff room and class room and pumping of water. The monthly consumption of electricity is multiplied by the emission factor (0.689) will give the corresponding CO2 emission in Kilogram.

           TABLE IX. DATAS OF ELECTRICITY

           Month	Electricity
           	Power (kWh)	Emissions (kg CO2 e)
           January	9125	6287.125
           February	9345	6438.7
           March	9700	6686.3
           April	11650	8026.85
           May	9900	6821.1
           June	4700	3307.2
           July	4450	3066.05
           August	5450	3755.05
           September	6700	4616.3
           October	8525	5873.72
           November	8900	6063.2
           December	6750	4650.75
           	95195	65589.345

           • LPG: The consumption of one litre of LPG can release 1.5 kg of carbon atmosphere. Each cylinder with a weight of 19.5 kg. The consumption natural gas in canteen and hostel aresurveyed. Gas cylinders of 19.5 kg are used. To find the carbon emission multiplies the total number of gas cylinders with the emission factor.

             TABLE X. LPG USED IN THE COLLEGE CAMPUS

             Sl No.	LPG used per year	Number	Total
             1	Canteen	24	124
             2	Mens hostel	96
             3	Labs	4

             Therefore, the carbon emission= No. of gas cylinder x 19.5 x 1.5= 3627 kg CO2 e

           • Burning Wood: About 1900 g carbon dioxide is released when burning of 1000 g of wood. The amount of wood used in Musaliar college canteen per year is 12 tones. The amount of wood used in Musaliar mens hostel per year is 30 tones. To find the carbon emission from burning wood, multiply the wood used in a year with the emission factor.

             Carbon emission= Wood used in a year x Emission factor= 79800 kg CO2 e.

           • Buildings: It emit considerable amount of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and add to the Carbon footprint. Continuous emissions are there from buildings. A square meter of brickwork produces 28 kg of carbon dioxide by the time it is delivered to site. The details of the total built up area of buildings and other structure are calculated and multiply with 0.2 provides the amount of carbon emission from buildings.

             TABLE XI. BUILDING DETAILS

             Building Name	Area of each Building (m2)
             Administrative Block	2894
             Civil Engineering Block and Machine Tool Lab	2859
             EEE and EC Block	4041
             Cultural Centre	393.39
             Generator, Drivers, Security Cabins, Store, Ladies rest rooms	282.9
             Computer science Block	1810
             Mechanical, Hydraulic, Fluid, Electrical and Mechanics Labs	774.48
             Mechanical Engineering Block	2887
             Placement Cell	303.76
             MBA Block	5120
             Total Area	21364.53

           • Solid Waste: In Indian conditions, about 0.5 kg to 1 kg of solid waste was generated by a person in a day. So we assume an average value 0.75 kg generation per day. Each kilogram of solid waste emits 0.125 kg of carbon. For calculating the carbon emission from solid waste from human activities, assume the number of working days for students as 200 and for teaching faculties and non- teaching staffs as 250 days in a year. About 0.125 kg of carbon is emitted from each kg of solid waste. Multiplying the number of humans by the number of working days in a year, amount of waste produced and the carbon emission factor for solid waste gives the carbon emissions.

         Carbon emitted per year = No. of humans x No. of working day in a year x Amount of waste produced x Carbon emission factor = (742 x 200 x 0.25 x 0.75) + (175 x 250 x 0.125 x 0.75) =

         (13912.5 + 4104.56) = 18014.06 kg CO2 e.

   5. Health audit

      The health of the inhabitants shows the environmental stability of that area, it includes the availability of fresh air, water and a peaceful environment. Healthy and peaceful atmosphere is necessary for an educational institution. The physical and mental health problems may affect the overall performance of the college. To find out the health status of the campus, an online health survey is conducted by making questionnaires.

      From this survey, it shows that there is no major health problems are found out and the students and staffs in the campus are mentally and physically stable.

7. RECOMMENDATIONS

   1. Water audit

      • Remove damaged taps and install sensitive taps is possible.

      • For purification add 875 grams of chlorine should be added to the 3.5 lakhs liters water tank (for

      1000 litters of water, 2.5 grams of chlorine is required).

      • Awareness programs on water conservation to be conducted.

   2. Waste audit

      • Increase the usage of waste bins.

      • Establish a large scale bio gas plant.

      • Practice of waste segregation to be initiated.

      • A model Vermin composting plant to be set up in the college campus.

      • Establish a plastic free campus.

      • Avoid paper plates and cups for all functions in the college

   3. Energy audit

      • The only way to decrease the electricity level of fan usage is turn off the appliance when not in use.

      • Energy saving through the replacement of incandescent bulbs, CFL lamps and tube lights to

        LED light by saving 552 kWh per month.

      • Energy efficient electrical equipments especially fans and pump sets can be replaced against old ones.

      • Use computers and electronic equipments in

        power saving mode.

      • Install the production of solar energy a type of non-conventional category of energy will be a

        good energy management system for the college.

      • Awareness programs for the stakeholders to save energy may also increase sustainability in the

        utilization of various energy sources.

   4. Biodiversity mapping

      • Proper arrangement of the plants in aesthetic way.

      • Grow potted plants at both verandas and fences.

      • Provide irrigation facility to the green area.

      • Not just celebrating environment day but making it a daily habit.

      • Beautify the college building with indoor plants.

      • Encouraging students not just through words, but through action for making the campus green

   5. Carbon emission evaluation

   • Use biodegradable products for all kinds.

   • Use pressure cookers daily and fuel efficient cooking methods.

   • Avoid plastic and other non-biodegradable substance, which will reduce the carbon dioxide.

   • Eat low on the food chain.

   • Usage of vehicle with in the campus is very less.

     For short journeys either walk or cycle. And checkout diesel or petrol engine within the time period.

   • Choose organic and local foods that are in season.

   • Buy foodstuffs in bulk when possible using your own reusable container.

   • Compost your food waste if possible.

8. CONCLUSION

• The present environmental impacts at the Musaliar Institute is assess by the tool Green audit.

• The surveys conducted at different target areas are evaluated and provide a management system.

• The carbon emission evaluation gives the details

  about the sources of carbon and emission limit, whether it is a required limit or not.

• The recommendations included in this report highlight many ways in which the college can work to improve its actions and become a more sustainable institution.

REFERENCES

1. Andrew John, Vegetable industry carbon foot print scoping study- what is a Carbon foot print, Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, vol. 14, pp 13-141, 2018.

2. Bhosale BB (Ph.D.), Green Audit a case study of K. J. Somaiya College, Kopargaon, MS, India, Int. Res. J. of Science & Engineering, 2018.

3. Dr Joshi Seema Pradip, Dr. Pavitra D. Patil, Green Audit- A Tool for attaining Sustainable Development & Achieving Competitive Advantage, IBMRD's Journal of Management and Research, version 3, issue 1, March 2014.

4. Gopa kumar, Greenhouse gas emission, Estimation and reduction Idia, Asian Productivity Organization, vol. 34, pp 87-125, 2019.

5. Madhuri Pandit , Prof. Subhash B. Magar, Green Audit a case study of Arts, Science & Commerce College, Manmad, IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food, Volume 9, Issue 8 Ver. I, Aug. 2015.

6. Sangita Pradeep Ingole, Environmental Auditing: Its Benefits and Countenance, International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, 2012.

7. Sulakhe Prachi Pradiprao, Dr. A. C. Attar, Comparative study of Green Audits of different Educational Buildings, Journal NX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal, ISSN No: 2581-4230, April 2018