DOI : 10.17577/IJERTCONV4IS12005
- Open Access
- Total Downloads : 22
- Authors : Dr. Akleshwar Mathur
- Paper ID : IJERTCONV4IS12005
- Volume & Issue : ETRASECT – 2016 (Volume 4 – Issue 12)
- Published (First Online): 24-04-2018
- ISSN (Online) : 2278-0181
- Publisher Name : IJERT
- License:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
A Comparative Analysis of Seed Oil Composition in Different Species of Cleome and Future Scope from Arid Zone of Rajasthan
Dr. Akleshwar Mathur
Assistant Professor Department of Chemistry JIET,
Jodhpur
Abstract:- Seed oils are important secondary metabolites obtained from plants. Rajasthan, a part of the most populated deserts in the world, is famous for diverse flora and fauna. A number of plants are found in this zone belonging to various botanical families. Asteraceae is one of such family.
A number of lesser known seed oils from this family have been analyzed for their phytochemical profiles and scope. The present paper describes the comparative physicochemical characteristics and seed oil composition of Cleome viscosa and Cleome gynandra, from the family Asteraceae.
The seeds of both plants were collected from wild growing plants and their physicochemical characteristics were analyzed. The seed oils were categorized in drying, semi drying and non-drying oils and their scope was determined on the basis of their fatty acid profiles.
The present paper deals with the physical properties of both seed oils.
Keywords- Asteraceae, phytochemical profiles, seed oils, Cleome viscosa and Cleome gynandra, Fatty acid composition.
-
INTRODUCTION
Natural products are important substances in drug discovery and chemical biology. Any plant part may contain active components. That plants with antimicrobial activity contain bioactive constituents like tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins. Alkaloids & flavonoids which have antiviral, antibacterial, antiamoebial & anticancer activity. Other group of secondary metabolites include oils, fats, and Phenolic and polyphenolic substances.
Various species of the genus Cleome are found in India everywhere. The most commonly available species are the Cleome viscosa, Cleome chelidonii and Cleome gynandra .The plants of Cleome viscosa are commonly known as Hurhur and Karaila. Common name of Cleome are Wild Spider Flower, African spider-flower, cat whiskers, Bastard-mustard.
Cleome gynandra is an important medicinal plant described in the Indian traditional system of medicine Ayurveda as well as in The Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India and in other ancient medical texts. As an Ayurvedic medicine it is a chief constituent in the Narayana Churna. It is used as anthelmintic, in ear diseases, pruritus, gastrointestinal disorders and infections.
The vegetable is used as a leafy vegetable in most of the countries. In India it is used as a pot herb and flavoring in sauces. This plant species has nutritional applications. Leaves extract is used in treatment of scurvy. The meal prepared by boiling of leaves with sour milk is given to pregnant women to reduce labor period and good health of child. The seeds are oileferus and protein rich with good amount of polyunsaturated oil. The seeds
are bird food and the cake after oil extraction is good for animal feed.1-6
The species Cleome viscosa have been reported to show ant nociceptive, cytotoxic and antibacterial activity in animal models. Both of the species has remarkable medicinal importance.
The plant of C. gynandra is erect, annual herb with height up to 250-600 mm, much branched and becomes woody with time. The stem is sticky with glandular hairs, marked with longitudinal parallel lines while that of C. viscosa is erect, less branched herb with yellow flowers .5-9
-
MATERIAL AND METHODS
-
Literature Survey and Sample collection
The literature survey of Indian wild plants of medicinal importance was done using local communication, books, internet and survey of waste lands.
During rainy season, the plants were identified and the morphology was studied. The fruits were collected after maturation and the seeds were stored in air tight containers.
Table.1 Identification of Plants.
Property
C. viscose
C. gynandra
Common name
Hurhur
Spider plant
Shape and size of plant
Erect, glandular pubescent, annual herb
Branched, glandular, annual herb
Flowering and fruiting season
July-October
July-November
Diameter of seeds
1.5 mm
1.7mm
Color of flowers
Yellow
Creamiest to pink
Color of seeds
Brown-black
Brown
-
Seed Moisture Testing
The seed moisture content is the amount of water present in the seed. It is expressed as a percentage on wet weight basis. This parameter, influences the seed quality and storage life of the seed. It is related to seed maturity, optimum harvest time, damage, economics of artificial drying, and infestation by insects and pathogens.
The pre-weighed moisture bottles along with seed material are placed in an oven preheated at 103°C. Seeds were dried at this temperature for about 17+-1hr. At the end of seed drying period, weighing bottles/containers be closed with its lid / cover. The weighing containers were transferred to the desiccators having silica gel to cool down for 40 to 45 min. The weights were taken again. Calculation of the seed moisture content was done using following formula-
M2-M3
%age seed moisture content (mc) = ———- x 100
M2-M1
Where
M1 = Weight of the weighing container with cover in gm.
M2 = Weight of the weighing container with cover and seeds before drying
M3 = Weight of the weighing container with cover and seeds after drying
-
Oil Extraction
The seeds were grinded in pistil mortar and subjected for oil extraction using n-Hexane as solvent. The soxhelet apparatus was used for the extraction. The oil was filtered and stored in viols.
-
Refractive Index of oils
The Refractive Index of both the oils was determined by Refract meter .The values are given in Table.2.
-
Saponification Values of oils
The number of milligrams of potassium or sodium hydroxide required saponifying 1 gram of oil or fat is termed as saponification value. This value provides a brief idea about the chain length and average molecular weight. These values were determined by AOAC official methods.11, 12
-
Protein Content
The protein content of seeds was determined by nitrogen estimation method and expressed as NX6.25%.
-
Viscosity of oils
The viscosities of oils were determined by Red Wood Viscometer at room temperature. It was recorded ion Red Wood Seconds. 3, 11, 12
1.3566 nD respectively. Both of the species were found to contain a good amount of protein as 34.3 and 30.2% respectively. The saponification values are analyzed as 196 and 185 indicating normal values.
Table 2. Properties of seeds and seed oils
Property
C. viscosa
C. gynandra
Moisture (%)
3.55
4.11
Oil (%)
9.5
8.2
Protein (NX6.25%)
34.3
30.2
RI(30nD)
1.4668
1.3566
Saponification value
196
185
Viscosity(RWs)
180
195
/table>
-
CONCLUSION
From the above studies it is concluded that both of the plant species contains good amount of oil and protein. The moderate saponification value indicates abundance of smaller and saturated fatty acid in the oil. As reported by earlier studies. The seed oil of
C. viscosa is of non-drying category13 .This type of oil could be applied in soap manufacturing .Since both of the plants have been reported to contain remarkable medicinal values so the commercial production has good scope for industries. The plants of Cleome are seen commonly in rainy season as a wild herb in Arid Zone of Rajasthan so if it is cultivated with advanced cultivation methods and seed oil is extracted and derivative with additives, much better outcomes are possible for industries.
-
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author is thankful to the Management of JIET group to provide the necessary facilities under the motivation of our Dean Dr.R.K.Gupta and guide Dr.M.R.K.Sherwani for support and basics of research.
-
REFERENCES
Figure 1 and 2: Plants of C.viscosa and C.gynandra
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results obtained are shown in table 2. From the table it is clear that species 1 contains 9.5% oil while the second one has 8.2% of oil. The moisture content was found as 3.55 and 4.11% respectively. The Refractive Index was recorded as 1.4668 and
-
Bhandari M. M., Flora of the Indian Desert, MPS Reports, Ed.1,1990.
-
George W,A Dictionary of Economic Products of India,Ed.1,630(1972)
-
Mathur A. and Sherwani M R K ,JMAPS,29,2,(2006)
-
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. part-1 Volume-1:13.
-
Anbazhagi K, Kadavul G, Suguna and Petrus AJA. Natural Product Radiance. 2009; 8(2):151-157.
-
Cuthbert Makgakga. Pretoria National Botanical Institute, March, 2004
-
American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research. 2009; 4(3):124-127W. and Marchionini, G. 1997
-
F Gupta Prakash Chandra and Rao V. Indian journal of natural product and resources. 2012; 3:527-534.röhlich, B. and Plate, J. 2000.
-
A. Rajani, E. M. Sunitha, K. Shailaja. World journal of pharmaceutical research. 2014; 3:1008-1013.
-
Niraimathi K. L., Karunanithi M., Brindha P. International journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences. 2012; 4:27-30.
-
Official and Tentative methods of the American Oil Chemical Society,3rd Edition(1978)
-
Mathur A., IJARSET, Dec.2015.
-
Deora A., Journal of Indian Chemical Society, vol. 80, Feb. 2003, pp 141-142.
-