An Efficient Energy Renewal Approach in Wireless Power Transmission

An Efficient Energy Renewal Approach in Wireless Power Transmission

Prof.VinayHegde Kalpana.P

Associate Professor, Department of CSE 6th Sem,M.tech Department of CSE

1. BANGALORE, INDIA R.V.C.E, BANGALORE,INDIA

   Abstract- Wireless sensor networks (WSN) monitor the environmental conditions that can be used for various applications. They are often encumbered with limited battery energy. Thus, the network lifetime is widely regarded as t h e performance c o n s t r i c t i o n . Wireless power transfer offers the possibility to remove this performance constriction thus allowing the sensor to remain operational forever. In this paper, we discuss the o p e r a t i o n of s e n s o r network u s i n g t h i s e n e r g y transfer technology. We consider a mobile charging node (MCN) which can travel inside the network and charge each node wirelessly. The concept of renewable energy cycle is discussed and offer both necessary and sufficient conditions. The objective is to increase the life time of the sensor netw ork by charging each node wirelessly through this wireless power transfer technology.

   Keywords- Wireless sensor network, lifetime, mobile charging node, wireless power transfer.

   1. INTRODUCTION

      Wireless sensor networks of today are mainly charged by batteries. Due to limitations in the energy storage capability, the wireless sensor network can be operational only for limited period of time. To sustain its life time, several methods have been researched in the recent past. Despite all the research efforts, the lifetime of the wireless sensor network still remains a performance constriction and therefore it impedes its wide scale deployment. Energy harvesting also known as power harvesting or energy scavenging ([2],[3],[10],[12],[17]) is a process by which energy is extracted from the external sources such as solar power, thermal energy, and wind energy which can be used for sensor networks. But these techniques are not very successful; because the proper operation of any energy harvesting technique is highly dependent on the environment. The deployment of these techniques also becomes difficult because of the size of the device. The recent breakthrough in the area of wireless power transfer developed by kurs et al [13] has been a radical epitome for prolonging the sensor network life time. Kurl et als work showed that by working on a new technique called magnetic resonant coupling wireless power transfer from one device to another becomes possible. In addition to this wireless power transfer, it

      is also proved that the energy storage device need not be in contact with the receiving device always for the efficient transfer of energy. Wireless power transfer is resistant to the neighboring environment and it is not necessary to have a line of sight between the power transferring and the received nodes. Recent advances in this technique shows it can be adopted for various applications.

      The impact of wireless power transfer on wireless sensor networks and on other energy encumbered wireless networks is huge. Instead of generating energy locally at a node, we can bring energy that is generated elsewhere to a sensor node and charge its battery without any restraints of wires and plugs. The applications of wireless power transfer are numerous; it has been applied to replenish battery energy in medical sensors in the health care industry [20].

      Enlivened, by this new discovery in wireless power transfer technology, this paper re-examines the network life time paradigm for the wireless sensor network. We visualize a mobile charging node (MCN) which carry power and visit each node to charge them wirelessly. This mobile charging node can be manned by human or it can be entirely autonomous. In this paper, we study the fundamental question of whether such a technology can be applied to remove the lifetime performance bottleneck of a WSN.Through wireless recharge we show that sensor node will always have an energy level above the minimum threshold so that the wireless sensor network can remain operational forever. We bring in the concept of renewable energy cycle where the remaining energy level in each sensor nodes battery exhibits some periodicity over a time cycle. We inquire an optimization problem with the objective of maximizing the ratio of MCNs vacation time (time spent at the home station) over the cycle time. In order to achieve the maximum ratio of MCNs vacation time over cycle time, we show that optimal traveling path for MCN is the shortest Hamiltonian cycle. We deduce several interesting properties associated with the optimal solution such as the optimal travelling path is independent of the traveling direction on the shortest Hamiltonian cycle.

      This paper differs fundamentally from so called Delay tolerant network (DTN) [11], which

      employs various delivery mechanisms such as MULES [21] and message ferry [20], among others. It was presumed that DTN would experience frequent disconnectivity and could tolerant long delays. Both data mules and message ferry employ mobile nodes to collect data when in close range. In effect, the goal of DTN is to execute intermediate nodes to perform routing over time and to achieve eventual delivery. Although the MCN in this paper has some similarity to data MULES and message ferry, there are some fundamental differences between them. First, the mobile charging node is used for wireless energy charging not for data collection. Second, the network life time is not a major concern in the case of DTN, but it is of primary concern in this paper. Thirdly, DTN is assumed to tolerate long delays, while real-time data flow from sensor nodes to base station with negligible delays.

      The rest of the paper is organized as follows in Section II, describes about recent advances in wireless transfer technology. In section III, we depict the scope of our problem for a renewable sensor network. In Section 1V, shows the optimal traveling path, In Section V, we present the simulation results. Section VI, gives the conclusion of this paper.

   2. WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER

      The attempts of wireless power transfer can be dated back to early 1900s when Nikola Tesla experimented with large scale wireless power distribution[23].Telsas pattern was never put into practical use because of its large electric field. Since then, there was hardly any progress in the case of wireless power transfer for many years. In the early 1990s the need for wireless power transfer came forth when portable electronic devices become widely spread. The well known example is electric tooth brush. However due to strict requirements such as close contact, accurate alignment in changing direction, and uninterrupted line of sight most of the wireless power transfer technologies found only limited applications.

      demonstrated that efficient non-radiative energy transfer was not only possible, but was also practical. They used two magnetic resonant objects having the same resonant frequency to exchange energy efficiently, while frittering little energy in extraneous off-resonant objects.

      There has been a rapid advancement on the wireless power transfer technology after the first demo by kurs et al [13], particularly to make it portable. They used this technology for many portable devices such as cell phones. The source coil remains sizeable, but the device coil always portable. With the recent advancement in wireless power transfer technology it is expected that wireless power transfer will overturn, how energy is replenished in the near future.

   3. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION

      We conider a set of sensor nodes N, distributed over a two dimensional area, and each sensor node has a battery capacity of Emax and initially it is fully charged. Emin is represented as the minimum energy sensor node battery. The network life time can be defined as the time until the energy level of any sensor node falls below Emin. Within each sensor network, there is a fixed base station B, which is the sink node. Each sensor node i generates data at the rate of Ri , i N .Multihop data routing is employed here. Each sensor node depletes energy for data transmission and reception. To recharge the battery of each sensor node, the Mobile charging node (MCN) is utilized in each network. The mobile charging node(MCN) starts at the home station(S) and it travels with the speed of V in(m/s).When it arrives at each sensor node say I, it will spend some

      amount of time say i to charge the sensor nodes

      battery using the wireless power transfer technology. After the MCN visits all the sensor nodes in the network, it will come back to the home station to get its battery recharged and it will get ready for its next

      Recently, wireless power transfer based on radio frequency (RF) between 850MHz 950 MHz

      turn. We can denote

      vac

      as the resting period or the

      has been researched. Under such radiative power transfer technology, an RF transmitter broadcasts radio waves in the 915 MHz ISM band and an RF receiver tunes to same frequency band. Many similar experimental findings were also accounted in [24].The technology is also sensitive to hindrances between source and devices, requires complicated tracking mechanisms if position change and poses more rigorous safety concerns.

      The foundation of this paper was due to recent breakthrough in wireless power transfer technology by kurs et al[13].It experimentally

      vacation time. After this vacation time, the MCN will get ready for its next trip. We can refer as the trip

      time for the mobile charging node (MCN). In this paper, we would like to maximize the percentage of time in a cycle that MCN spends on the vacation time

      i.e vac as given in[1]or equivalently minimize the

      percentage of time that the MCN spends outside on its field.

      shortest Hamiltonian cycle and let

      TSP

      DTS P

      as

      as

      V

      given in [1]. Then using the optimal traveling path the equation becomes

      TSP

      vac

      iN i (1)

      Figure 1. The optimal traveling path for the mobile charging node of a 50node sensor network

      Figure 2.The optimal traveling path for the mobile charging node of a 100 node network

   4. OPTIMAL TRAVELING PATH

      In this section, for an optimal solution, we show that the Mobile charging node must move along the shortest Hamiltonian cycle which is stated in the following theorem

      Theorem 1: In an optimal solution, the MCN must travel along the shortest Hamiltonian cycle that connects all the sensor nodes in the network and the

      vac

      home station with the objective of maximizing .

      This can be obtained by solving the well known Traveling Salesman Problem(TSP) in[7],[16].

      as given in [1].The shortest Hamiltonian path may not be unique always. The choice of a particular Hamiltonian cycle does not affect the restraint (1), and also yields the same optimal objective since any shortest Hamiltonian cycle has the same total path

      distance and traveling time TSP Figure 1 and 2,

      shows the optimal traveling path for the mobile charging node of a 50 node and 100 node sensor network.

   5. SIMULATION

Simulation were done using the Network Simulator version 2.34.This network has been considered on an area of 1000X 1000m2 with the set of nodes placed randomly with the broadcasting range of 200m.The propagation model which is used here is shadowing. Initially each node is set with the energy of 100J. 11e6 bandwidth and the frequency of 2.4e6 is used. Topology used is flat grid addressing. The simulation was carried out for different number of nodes using Network Simulator (NS2).

Mannasim, a wireless sensor network simulation environment which comprises of mannasim framework and script generator tool was installed. The energy and position of each node was obtained from the trace file. Also the node color tells about the energy levels i.e. Green depicts energy level >80%, Yellow<50%, Red<20% defined in cmutrace.cc in ns2.The mobile charging node (MCN) is a mobile node, the rest are set as static nodes. Data transmission occurs from the source to the sink node. Energy for each node is obtained before and after the transmission. As the mobile charging node periodically moves around the network, each node is recharged, thus the network can remain operational forever.

1. RESULTS

   The experimental results were carried out for the network with the proposed new energy renewable solution with the other existing methods. Simulation results are as follows:

   1. Network Throughput

      Simulation result for average throughput of the network with the usage of MCN and without the usage of MCN is shown in Figure 3. With the employment of the mobile charging node, the life

      DTSP

      is denoted as the traveling distance in the

      time of the network is increased and thus the

      throughput of the network also increases to 25%.

   2. Packet delivery ratio

      Figure 4. Shows the packet delivery ratio for the network with 50 nodes and 100 nodes, As the source increases, the packet delivery ratio for the network without the use of mobile charging node decrease, and best results are shown for the network which employs the energy renewable method.

   3. Average End To End Delay

      Network with

      the usage of MCN

      network without the usage of MCN

      Network with

      the usage of MCN

      network without the usage of MCN

      Average throughput in

      Kbps

      Average throughput in

      Kbps

      Figure 5. Shows the average end to end delay of the network. The average delay values are comparable because the path taken by the data packets are same for both the network with the proposed energy renewable method and the existing methods. For a transmission range of 200m, the results show that the delay of the network is approximately 2.3seconds. As the transmission range increases, the delay also increases at the same time.

      4000

      3000

      2000

      1000

      0

      MCN-MOBILE CHARGING NODE

      4000

      3000

      2000

      1000

      0

      MCN-MOBILE CHARGING NODE

      Number of nodes

      Number of nodes

      50 100

      nodes nodes

      50 100

      nodes nodes

      Figure 3. Throughput Vs Number of nodes

      90

      90

      Average Packet Delivery

      ratio

      Average Packet Delivery

      ratio

      MCN-MOBILE CHARGING NODE

      2500

      2000

      1500

      50 nodes

      100 nodes

      2500

      2000

      1500

      50 nodes

      100 nodes

      1000 50 75 100 150 200

      500

      0

      Transmission range in (m)

      1000 50 75 100 150 200

      500

      0

      Transmission range in (m)

      Figure 5. Average End to end delay Vs Transmission range

      VII. CONCLUSION

      The existing wireless sensor networks have many constraints particularly it has limited battery energy and thus the life time of the sensor network is confined. This paper has exploited the recent development in wireless power transfer technology and it shows that once a network is properly designed and using a mobile charging node the network can remain operational forever. We examined the scenario where a mobile charging node periodically visits each node and charge them wirelessly without the use of any plugs or wires. We examined that wireless power transfer can be performed from one energy source to multiple energy receiving nodes and therefore the mobile charging nde can charge multiple nodes at its traveling path and has the potential to work in densely deployed sensor

      networks.

      85

      80

      75

      70

      50

      NODES

      100

      NODES

      Network with the usage of MCN

      Network without the usage of MCN

      REFERENCES

      1. Ligaung Xie,Yi shi,Y.thomas Hou, and Hanif D.sherali, Making sensor networks immortal: An energy renewable approach with wireless power transfer IEEE/ACM Trans on Networking.

      2. Y. Ammar, A. Buhrig, M. Marzencki, B. Charlot, S.

         Number of Nodes

         Figure 4. Packet delivery ratio Vs Number of nodes

         Basrour, K. Matou,and M. Renaudin, Wireless sensor network node with asynchronous architecture and vibration harvesting micro power generator, in Proc.of Joint Conference on Smart Objects and Ambient Intelligence: Innovative Context-Aware Services: Usages and Technologies, pp. 287292, Grenoble, France, Oct. 1214, 2005.

      3. N. Bulusu and S. Jha (eds.), Wireless Sensor Networks: A SystemsPerspective, Chapter 9, Norwood, MA: Artech House, 2005.

      4. J. Chang and L. Tassiulas, Maximum lifetime routing in wireless sensor networks, IEEE/ACM Trans. on Networking, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 609 619, Aug. 2004.

      5. I. Dietrich and F. Dressler, On the lifetime of wireless sensor networks, ACM Trans. on Sensor Networks, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 139, Feb. 2009.

      6. A. Giridhar and P.R. Kumar, Maximizing the functional lifetime of sensor networks, in Proc. ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks, pp. 512, Los Angeles, CA, Apr. 2005.

      7. ConcordeTSPsolver, http://www.tsp.gatech.edu/concorde

      8. W.B. Heinzelman, Application-specific protocol architectures for wireless networks, Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. Eng. Comput. Sci., MIT, Cambridge, MA, Jun. 2000.

         [10]	networks, IEEE/ACM Trans. On Networking, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 321334, Apr. 2008. X. Jiang, J. Polastre, and D. Culler, Perpetual	[24]	S.He , J.Cheng, F.Jiang, D.K.Y. Yau, G.Xing, and Y.Sun, Energy provisioning in wireless rechargeable sensor networks,in Proc.IEEE INFOCOM,pp.2006-
         	environmentally powered sensor networks, in Proc. ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Information		2014, Shangai, China, April 2011.
         	Processing in Sensor Networks, pp. 463468, Los
         	Angeles, CA, Apr. 2005.
         [11]	S. Jain, K. Fall, and R. Patra, Routing in a delay tolerant network, in Proc. ACM SIGCOMM, pp. 145
         [12]	158, Portland, OR, Aug. 30Sep. 3, 2004. A. Kansal, J. Hsu, S. Zahedi, and M.B. Srivastava,
         	Power management in energy harvesting sensor
         	networks, ACM Trans. Embed. Comput.Syst., vol. 6, no. 4, article 32, Sep. 2007.
         [13]	A. Kurs, A. Karalis, R. Moffatt, J.D. Joannopoulos, P.
         	Fisher, and M. Soljacic, Wireless power transfer via strongly coupled magneticresonances, Science, vol.
         [14]	317, no. 5834, pp. 8386, 2007. A. Kurs, R. Moffatt, and M. Soljacic,
         	Simultaneous mid-range power transfer to multiple devices, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 96, no. 4, article ,4102, Jan. 2010.
         [15]	Z. Li, Y. Peng, W. Zhang, and D. Qiao, J-RoC: A joint routing and charging scheme to prolong sensor network lifetime, in Proc. IEEE ICNP, pp. 373382,
         	Vancouver, Canada, Oct. 1720, 2011.
         [16]	M.Paderg and G. Rinaldi, A branch-and-cut algorithm for the resolution of large scale symmetric traveling
         [17]	salesman problems, SIAM review, vol.33,no.1,pp.66- 100, 1991. S. Meninger, J.O. Mur-Miranda, R. Amirtharajah, A.P.
         	Chandrakasan,and J.H. Lang, Vibration-to-electric energy conversion, IEEE Trans. on Very Large Scale
         	Integration (VLSI) Systems, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 64
         [18]	76,Feb. 2001. G. Park, T. Rosing, M.D. Todd, C.R. Farrar, and
         W.
         	Hodgkiss, Energy harvesting for structural health monitoring sensor networks, J. Infrastruct. Syst., vol.
         [19]	14, no. 1, pp. 6479, Mar. 2008. Y. Peng, Z. Li, W. Zhang, and D. Qiao,
         	Prolonging sensor networklifetime through wireless charging, in Proc. IEEE RTSS, pp. 129139, San Diego, CA, Nov.
         	30Dec. 3, 2010.
         [20]	F. Zhang, X. Liu, S.A. Hackworth, R.J. Sclabassi, and
         	M. Sun, In vitro and in vivo studies on wireless powering of medical sensors and implantable devices, in Proc. IEEE/NIH Life Science Systems and Applications Workshop (LiSSA), pp. 8487, Apr. 2009, Bethesda, MD.

         [10]	networks, IEEE/ACM Trans. On Networking, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 321334, Apr. 2008. X. Jiang, J. Polastre, and D. Culler, Perpetual	[24]	S.He , J.Cheng, F.Jiang, D.K.Y. Yau, G.Xing, and Y.Sun, Energy provisioning in wireless rechargeable sensor networks,in Proc.IEEE INFOCOM,pp.2006-
         	environmentally powered sensor networks, in Proc. ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Information		2014, Shangai, China, April 2011.
         	Processing in Sensor Networks, pp. 463468, Los
         	Angeles, CA, Apr. 2005.
         [11]	S. Jain, K. Fall, and R. Patra, Routing in a delay tolerant network, in Proc. ACM SIGCOMM, pp. 145
         [12]	158, Portland, OR, Aug. 30Sep. 3, 2004. A. Kansal, J. Hsu, S. Zahedi, and M.B. Srivastava,
         	Power management in energy harvesting sensor
         	networks, ACM Trans. Embed. Comput.Syst., vol. 6, no. 4, article 32, Sep. 2007.
         [13]	A. Kurs, A. Karalis, R. Moffatt, J.D. Joannopoulos, P.
         	Fisher, and M. Soljacic, Wireless power transfer via strongly coupled magneticresonances, Science, vol.
         [14]	317, no. 5834, pp. 8386, 2007. A. Kurs, R. Moffatt, and M. Soljacic,
         	Simultaneous mid-range power transfer to multiple devices, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 96, no. 4, article ,4102, Jan. 2010.
         [15]	Z. Li, Y. Peng, W. Zhang, and D. Qiao, J-RoC: A joint routing and charging scheme to prolong sensor network lifetime, in Proc. IEEE ICNP, pp. 373382,
         	Vancouver, Canada, Oct. 1720, 2011.
         [16]	M.Paderg and G. Rinaldi, A branch-and-cut algorithm for the resolution of large scale symmetric traveling
         [17]	salesman problems, SIAM review, vol.33,no.1,pp.66- 100, 1991. S. Meninger, J.O. Mur-Miranda, R. Amirtharajah, A.P.
         	Chandrakasan,and J.H. Lang, Vibration-to-electric energy conversion, IEEE Trans. on Very Large Scale
         	Integration (VLSI) Systems, vol. , no. 1, pp. 64
         [18]	76,Feb. 2001. G. Park, T. Rosing, M.D. Todd, C.R. Farrar, and
         W.
         	Hodgkiss, Energy harvesting for structural health monitoring sensor networks, J. Infrastruct. Syst., vol.
         [19]	14, no. 1, pp. 6479, Mar. 2008. Y. Peng, Z. Li, W. Zhang, and D. Qiao,
         	Prolonging sensor networklifetime through wireless charging, in Proc. IEEE RTSS, pp. 129139, San Diego, CA, Nov.
         	30Dec. 3, 2010.
         [20]	F. Zhang, X. Liu, S.A. Hackworth, R.J. Sclabassi, and
         	M. Sun, In vitro and in vivo studies on wireless powering of medical sensors and implantable devices, in Proc. IEEE/NIH Life Science Systems and Applications Workshop (LiSSA), pp. 8487, Apr. 2009, Bethesda, MD.

      9. Y.T. Hou, Y. Shi, and H.D. Sherali, Rate allocation and network lifetime problems for wireless sensor

1. R. C. Shah, S. Roy, S. Jain, and W. Brunette, Data MULEs: Modeling a three-tier architecture for sparse sensor networks, in Proc. of First IEEE International Workshop on Sensor Network Protocols and Applications(SNPA), pp. 3041, Anchorage, AK, May

   2003.

2. W. Zhao, M. Ammar, and E. Zegura, A message ferrying approach for data delivery in sparse mobile ad hoc networks, in Proc. ACM MobiHoc, pp. 187198,

   Tokyo, Japan, May 2004

3. N. Tesla, Apparatus for transmitting electrical energy, US patent number 1,119,732, issued in Dec.

1914.