Assessment of Ground Water Quality in and Around Gadchiroli District

Assessment of Ground Water Quality in and Around Gadchiroli District

Dewalata Donadkar

Department of Chemistry Priyadarshini College of Engineering Nagpur, India

Gour K.

Department of Chemistry

Rahangdale P. K. Department of Chemistry Bhawabhuti Mahavidyalaya Amgaon-441902, India

J.L. Chaturvedi College of Engineering Nagpur-440009, India

Abstract Various samples of groundwater were collected from different areas of in and around Gadchiroli District, Maharashtra state (India) and analyzed for their physicochemical characteristics. The various physicochemical parameters such as pH, Electrical conductivity, BOD, DO, Turbidity, Lead, Zinc, Calcium ,Magnesium, Iron ,Total dissolved solids, Chloride , Sulphate, Nitrate ,Fluoride, Total Alkalinity, hardness etc. were determined using standard procedures of USPHS. The results of analysis were compared with the water quality standards of Indian Standard Institute (ISI), Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR) and World Health Organization (WHO). The overall groundwater quality of the study area has pH values, Nitrate, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and chlorine contents show variation within different sites. The study indicates that the water at present do not possess any pollution problem for the ecosystem.

Keywords Physicochemical parameters, Quality of groundwater, Water quality standards.

1. INTRODUCTION

   Nature and mankinds forms an inseparable part of the life support system This system has five element air, water, land, flora and fauna which are interconnected, inter-related and inter-dependent and have co-evolved and are co-adopted. In recent days ground water is deteriorating at alarming rate due to increased industrial activity in rural area of Maharashtra state. The chemical and pharmaceuticals industries generally located outside the city area and discharge their effluent on the ground along low lying area or in river water19. The ground water can pollute by landfills, septic tank, livestock yards, petroleum tanks, fertilizers and pesticides. The quality of vital concern for mankind since it is directly linked with human welfare. Polluted water is the culprit in all such cases. The major source of water pollution is domestic waste from urban and rural areas and industrial waste which is discharge into natural water bodies.

   The health of community is affected by water that they consume. Rapid increase in population and industrialization together with the lack of wisdom to live in harmony with nature has led to the deterioration of quality of water thus resulting in water pollution3. To boost increase in production of agriculture, huge amount of artificial feed, pesticides, chemical additives and antibiotics are continuously added.

   These compounds with excrements from the farms make the water polluted. Therefore, pollution of water resources needs a serious and immediate attention to understand the importance and control of water quality.

   The present study aims at the assessment of water quality in Gadchiroli district of Maharashtra state, India. Water samples were collected from the bore wells and tube well in and around different areas of Gadchiroli district. Various physical and chemical parameters were determined by using standard methods of APHA (APHA, 1998).

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

   1. Sampling Sites

      Ground water samples from different tube well and Bore wells of ten sampling sites of Gadchiroli district are selected randomly. The distance between two sampling sites was kept more than 200 meters. The depths of collected water from bore wells and tube well were in the range of 20 to 50 feet.

   2. Sample Collection

      Water samples from the selected sites were collected in a good quality polyethylene bottle of one-litre capacity during period (2011 to 2013) and analyzed on the same day. The samples after collection were immediately kept in dark boxes and analyzed in laboratory for various parameters at earliest. Water samples separately collected in BOD bottles for DO determination, Manganese (II) sulfate ( MnSO4) solution is added to fix the DO at the collection sites(APHA, 1998).

   3. Water Analysis

   3 3 4

   3 3 4

   The present study was carried out for 2011 to 2013. Samples were analyzed in the laboratory by using standard methods of analysis (APHA, 1998). High purity chemicals and double distilled water was used for preparing solution for analysis. Various physical parameters like, EC, and TDS were determined within two hours with the help of Conductivity meter in the laboratory. The water temperature and pH were measured at the place of sampling sites using standard mercury thermometer and microprocessor based pocket pH meter. Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl, CO 2, HCO and SO 2 were determined by volumetric titration methods; while Na+ and K+ by Flame photometry as recommended by APHA. The respective values for all these parameters are reported in

   Table 1. All results are compared with standard limit recommended by the ISI, WHO and ICMR (Table 2). All parameters are studied in the laboratory within a one day after collection of samples. The results of analysis were expressed as mg/L except temperature and conductivity measured as °C and militiamens (ms) respectively.

   No.	Station and Location	Discriptio n	Longitude	Latitude
   G1	Dug well, Desaiganj	Residentia l area	81.493093	20.271907
   G2	Dug well, kurkheda	Residentia l area	80.2075969	20.6205753
   G3	Tube well, korchi	Residentia l area	80.3575	20.6205753
   G4	Dug well, Gadchiroli	Residentia l area	79.9989795	20.1836482
   G5	Tube well, Aheri	Residentia l area	79.47541	20.01837
   G6	Dug well, chamorshi	Residentia l area	80.15795	19.9033
   G7	Dug well, Lakhandur	Residentia l area	79.884957	20.7501233
   G8	Dug well, Bramhapuri	Residentia l area	79.8536471	20.6179116
   G9	Dug well, Armori	Residentia l area	79.9753451	20.4713966
   G10	Dug well, Sironcha	Residentia l area	79.09955	19.94197

   No.	Station and Location	Discriptio n	Longitude	Latitude
   G1	Dug well, Desaiganj	Residentia l area	81.493093	20.271907
   G2	Dug well, kurkheda	Residentia l area	80.2075969	20.6205753
   G3	Tube well, korchi	Residentia l area	80.3575	20.6205753
   G4	Dug well, Gadchiroli	Residentia l area	79.9989795	20.1836482 /td>
   G5	Tube well, Aheri	Residentia l area	79.47541	20.01837
   G6	Dug well, chamorshi	Residentia l area	80.15795	19.9033
   G7	Dug well, Lakhandur	Residentia l area	79.884957	20.7501233
   G8	Dug well, Bramhapuri	Residentia l area	79.8536471	20.6179116
   G9	Dug well, Armori	Residentia l area	79.9753451	20.4713966
   G10	Dug well, Sironcha	Residentia l area	79.09955	19.94197

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table no. 1.1 Water sampling station

Table 1.2 the drinking water standard of various

organizations

Analyzed physico-chemical parameters of water sample Table1.3. Analyzed physico-chemical parameters of the

Dug well of Desaiganj

Table 1.4 Analyzed physico-chemical parameters of the Dug well of Kurkheda

Table 1.5 Analyzed physico-chemical parameters of the Tube well of Korchi

Table 1.6 Analyzed physico-chemical parameters of the Tube well of Gadchiroli

Table 1.7 Analyzed physico-chemical parameters of the Tube well of Aheri

Table 1.8 Analyzed physico-chemical parameters of the Dug well of Lakhandur

Table 1.9 Analyzed physico-chemical parameters of the Dug well of Bramhapuri

Table 1.10 Analyzed physico-chemical parameters of the Dug well of chamorshi

Table 1.11 Analyzed physico-chemical parameters of the Dug well of Sironcha

Table 1.12 Analyzed physico-chemical parameters of the Dug well of Armori

Results of analyses of various physico-chemical parameters of water. Water temperature of sampling site ranged from a low of 15.2ºC in Winter session to a high of 41ºC in Summer session throughout the period of study. A minor variation of temperature was recorded in all the sites, pH value of aquaculture ponds were ranged between 5.2 to7.8 during the study period. There was a marginal variation of pH observed in all the sites during the period of investigation. pH did not change much among sites. Conductivity values of ground water at ten different sites varied greatly during these investigation period.

The conductivity was found maximum in the Summer session i.e. 884 (mho/cm)and minimum in the rainy session i.e.214(mho/cm), where as the permissible limit is 300 mho/cm prescribed by USPHS. Almost all the groundwater samples exceeded the permissible limit except Armori, Chamorshi and Lakhandur. Oxygen deficiency was never noticed in the samples. DO content was ranged from 5.0 9.0 mg/l in the study area in all the season during the study period, where as the prescribed limit for DO by WHO is 5.0 mg/l. Based on present investigation, Hardness varied from 53 to 330 mg/l. However the permissible limit of Hardness for drinking water is 300 mg/l (ISI and ICMR).Classification of groundwater on the basis of Total Hardness,

The concentration of Calcium and Magnesium varied from 17 to 80 mg/l and 9.0 to 60.0 mg/l respectively. All the samples were within the permissible limit i.e.75 mg/l for Calcium and 50 mg/l for Magnesium (ICMR) in all seasons. Turbidity ranged It varied from 0.7 to 5.0 mg/l during the study period. Turbidity was found within the prescribed limit in all the water samples. In the study area TDS varied from 156 to 405 mg/l. As prescribed limit of TDS for drinking water is 500 mg/l, all the water samples have TDS concentration well below the prescribed limit.

The low BOD value in all groundwater samples showed good sanitary condition of the water. It varied from 0.7 to 5.0 mg/l during the study period where as the permissible limit for BOD is 5 mg/l prescribed by WHO. Chloride and Total Salinity concentration at or below the drinking water standards are normally specified for waters used to irrigate salt sensitive crops. However, in the study area there is no significant change in Chloride concentration and it ranged from 25.9 to 239 mg/l. Chloride which have been associated with pollution as an index are found below the permissible value set at 250 mg/l in most of the study area. The concentration of Sulphate ranged between 73 mg/l to 200 mg/l in the groundwater. In the present study Phenolphthalein alkalinity was absent in all samples and Methyl Orange alkalinity was ranged from 85 mg/l to 148 mg/, this indicates the absence of Hydroxyl and Carbonate alkalinity and presence of Bicarbonate of the study area. Howver the prescribed limit for Total alkalinity is 120 mg/l (USPHS). The value of Total alkalinity exceeded the limit in the water samples of Armori. In all samples, the Fluoride is very less

1. from 0.2 to 1.39 mg/l. Enquiries with dental practitioners in the Gadchiroli district also testify that there are no cases of fluorosis of teeth reported from the patients.

   The iron concentration of the study area varies from 0.0026 mg/l to 0.76 mg/l. Iron was relatively high in case of Sironcha, Chamorshi, Lakhandur, Gadchiroli, Korchi, Desaiganj exceeds the permissible limit. The concentration of Zinc as obtained from the analysis of water sample collected varied from 0.0038 mg/l to 0.06 mg/l. Since the desired level of Zinc is 5.0 mg/l (Prescribed by ISI), none of the samples has exceeded the limiting value. The concentration of Lead varied from 0.0012 to 0.0040 mg/l. the maximum permissible limit for Lead as prescribed by WHO and ISI is 0.1 mg/l. Nitrate Nitrogen ranges from 4.3 mg/l to 9 mg/l where as the permissible limit for Nitrate Nitrogen is 45 mg/l.

   The results of the analyzed parameters of groundwater and surface water of the different locations of in and around Gadchiroli District are compared with the related standards for drinking water prescribed by ISI, USPHS, ICMR and WHO. The drinking water standard of various organizations is given in table 4.22.

   CONCLUSION

   Groundwater quality in and around Gadchiroli district area has been analyzed in the present work. It is observed that about Iron was relatively high in case of Sironcha, Chamorshi, Lakhandur, Gadchiroli, Korchi, Desaiganj exceeds the permissible limit. The conductivity was almost all the groundwater samples exceeded the permissible limit except Armori, Chamorshi and Lakhandur. The value of Total Alkalinity exceeded the limit in the water samples of Armori. Prescribed by ISI (1991), ICMR (1975) and WHO (2006).

   ACKNOWLEDGMENT

   One of the author(s) (D. K. Donadkar) is thankful to the Head, Chemistry Department, Priyadarshini College of engineering Nagpur, for providing the necessary laboratory facilities. The author also thanks the concerned authorities of the NEERI, Nagpur for providing facilities to carry out this work. References

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