Cars and Pedestrian Detection

 

Cars and Pedestrian Detection

1Prof.Kamal S. Chandwani, 2Samir Tembhare, 3Ankit Lambhate, 4Himanshu Jawale,
5Rohan Ghagare, 6Parikshit Bramhankar
1Assistant Professor, Computer Technology
23456Students, K.D.K. College of Engineering Nagpur, Maharashtra, India

Abstract- Cars and Pedestrian detection are widely applied to intelligent video surveillance, intelligent transportation, automotive autonomous driving or driving-assistance systems. We select OpenCV as the development tool for implementation of cars and pedestrian detection in a video segment. This application will be developed in Python using OpenCV.

KeyWords: OpenCV, Machine Learning, Python, Pedestrian Detection, Vehicle Detection

1.INTRODUCTION –

Recently, there is an advance of miniaturization and lower the cost of cameras have preferred the implementation of large-scale networks of the camera. This increasing number of cameras could permit novel signal processing applications which employ multiple sensors in extensive areas. Object tracking is the novel procedure for discovering moving objects beyond time by utilizing the camera in video sequences. Their main aim is to relate the target objects as well as the shape or features, location of the objects in successive video sequences. Subsequently, the object classification and detection are essential for object tracking in computer vision application. Additionally, the tracking is the first step towards locating or detects the moving object in the frame. Followed by this, detected object could be divided as swaying tree, birds, human, and vehicles and so on. Though, in image processing approach object tracking using video sequences, is a challenging task. Furthermore, several issues appear ascribed to occlusion of the object to scene, object to object, complex object motion, real-time processing requirements as well as the improper shape of the object.

However, this tracking has a large number of benefits, few of them are traffic monitoring, robot vision, surveillance and security and video communication, public areas like underground stations, airports, mass events and animation. Thus, the particular application needs optimal trade-off among computing, communication, and accuracy over the network. The revenue related to computing and communication relies on the amount and type of cooperation executed among cameras for data collection, dispensing and processing to confirm decisions and to reduce the estimation errors and ambivalence. Subsequently, this tracking can be explained as the procedure of determining the orientation of object across the time as the object moves throughout a scene.

This is posting importance in the arena of computer vision because of expansion of high- powered computers and the growing need for automated surveillance systems, and it is broadly applied for applications namely automated surveillance, robotics monitoring, human-machine interface, motion-based recognition, vehicle navigation, traffic monitoring and video indexing. A substantial number of such applications require reliable tracking methods which meet real-time restrictions and are challenging and complex with respect to changes of object movement, scale and appearance, illumination of scene and occlusion. The results of tracking could be impacted by the disparity of one among the parameters. Due to tackle the above- explained issues and others in object tracking numerous approaches have been proposed. In this object tracking application, target will be cars and pedestrians. In addition, moving objects tracking is one of the major tasks in computer vision and broadly applied in industrial vision, intelligent transport systems and visual surveillance.

The capability of machines to identify the suspicious object and further identify their activities in a specific environment is an important part of permitting a machine to interact with humans in effective and easy manner. The current approach for analyzing and detecting the suspicious object usually needs exceptional marker connected to the suspicious object that prevents the extensive technology application. In this paper, to study as wll as analyze the previous approach towards object tracking using video sequences through different phases.

Three key steps in video analysis are discussed as follows:

1. Identification of targeted object in moving sequence.
2. Object tracking based on one frame to another frame.
3. Tracking of the object from camera to camera.
   1. LITERATURE REVIEW-In the previous study most of them have concentrated towards Object detection (Ben Ayed et al., 2015; Najva and Bijoy, 2016; Ramya and Rajeswari, 2016; Risha and Kumar, 2016; Shen et al., 2013; Soundrapandiyan and Mouli, 2015; Viswanath et al., 2015) ,Object tracking (Bagherpour et al., 2012; Foytik et al., 2011; Lee et al., 2012; Poschmann et al., 2014; Yilmaz et al., 2006; Zhang et al., 2016) and Object recognition (Chakravarthy et al., 2015; Gang et al., 2010; Ha and Ko, 2015; Nair et al., 2011) for tracking the object using video sequences. These are discussed as follows. The basic flow diagram of an object tracking shown in figure 1.

      Video sequence

      Object Object

      Recognition

      Object

      Figure 1 -The Basic flow diagram of Object tracking

   2. STUDIES RELATED TO OBJECT DETECTIONThe detection of an object in video sequence plays a significant role in many applications. Specifically as video surveillance applications (Amandeep and Goyal, 2015). The different types of object detection are shown in figure 2.

      Object

      Frame Optical Flow Background

      Recursive Non-

      Figure 2- Types of object detection method

      Table 1 Comparative Study of Object Detection technique

      Pixel-wise

      Low

      High

      Easy to implement (Chate et al.,

      Subtraction of

      2012; Mohan and Resmi, 2014)

      Cannot

      be

      used

      for

      real-time

      ate

      applications (Aldhaheri and

      Edirisinghe, 2014)

      ate

      to

      high

      Cannot cope up with objects as

      Object Detection Method		Basic Principle	Computa tional Time		Accur acy		Comments
      Temporal
      Differencing
      	Current &	Sensitive to dynamic changes
      	Background frame	(Haritaoglu et al., 2000)
      	Needs background frame with
      	still objects (Mohan and Resmi,
      	2014)
      Backgro	Frame	Current frame is	Low	to	Moder		Simplest background Subtraction (Aldhaheri and Edirisinghe, 2014; Haritaoglu et al., 2000)
      Und	Differen	subtracted from	Moderate		ate	to
      Subtract	cing	background frame			High
      Ion
      			applications (Mohan and Resmi,
      			2014)
      	Approxi	Simpe subtraction	Low	to	Moder		No need for adequate background modeling (Aldhaheri and Edirisinghe, 2014)
      	mate	between median	moderate		ate
      	Median	frame & test frame
      			Requires a buffer with recent
      			pixel values (Aldhaheri and
      			Edirisinghe, 2014)
      	Running	Based on Gaussian	Moderate		Moder		Much suitable for real-time
      	Gaussian	probability density	to high
      	Average	function of pixels
      	Statistical calculations consumes more time
      	Mixture	Based on	Moderate		Moder		Low memory requirement (Zhiqiang et al., 2006)
      	of	Multimodal	to high
      	Gaussian	Distribution
      	well as noise(Tao Zhang et al.,
      	2010)
      Optical Flow		Uses optical flow distribution characteristics of pixels of object	Moderate to high		High		This approach offers entire moving data(Krishna et al., 2011) however require more calculations

   3. LITERATURE REVIEWHere the diagram shows foreground segmentation schemes. (a) Original image. (b) Exhaustive scan (just showing 10 percent of the ROIs). (c) Sketch of road scanning after road fitting in euclidean space . (d) Results of v-disparity applied to the same frame.
   4. WORKFLOW OF SYSTEM-Working flow of system is depicted as below

      Fig-Work flow of pedestrian detection system

   5. PREPROCESSINGThe preprocessing segment includes tasks such as exposure time, gain adjustments, and camera calibration, to mention a few. Moreover the preprocessing consists of tasks for instance exposure time, gain adjustments, and camera calibration etc. Low- level adjustments are normally not illustrate in ADAS literature, some researchers have targeted image enhancement through these systems. There are two approaches monocular [15] and stereo vision based.

      We classify the different features as:

      General features: Application independent features such as color, texture, and shape. According to the abstraction level, they can be divided into: Pixel-level features: Features calculated at each pixel, for ex. color, location.

      Local features: features calculated over the results of subdivision of the image band on image segmentation or edge detection.

      Global features: Features calculated over the entire image or just regular sub-area of an image.

      Domain-specific features: Application dependent features as fingerprints, human faces and also conceptual features. These features are frequently a synthesis of low-level features for a specific domain.

      All features can be classified into low-level features and high-level features. Low-level features are extracted directed from the original images and high- level feature extraction is based on low level features.

   6. TRACKING-The most developed systems use a tracking module to track detected cars and pedestrians over time. This step has several reasons like avoiding false detections over time, predicting future pedestrians positions, thus feeding the foreground segmentation algorithm with pre-candidates, and, at a higher level, making useful inferences about pedestrian behavior (e.g., walking direction).
   7. CONCLUSIONIn this paper, review on different object detection, tracking, recognition techniques, feature descriptors and segmentation method which is based on the video frame and various tracking technologies. This approach used towards increase the object detection with new ideas. We have identified and discussed the limitation/future scope of various methods. Also, we have noted some methods which give accuracy but have high computational complexity. Specifically, the statistical methods, background subtraction, temporal differencing with the optical flow was discussed. However, these technique needs to concentrate towards handling sudden illumination changes, darker shadows and object occlusions (Susar and Dongare, 2015).
   8. FUTURE SCOPE
      • Design and simulation of complex video sequence and test them using same tracking algorithm. In the potential scenario, occlusion is used for an object with the same color for the moving objects or else using bigger occlusion with longer occlusion time. Increasing the number of the object help to identify the efficiency and functionality of the tracking algorithm.
      • Weight parameters are needed to be added for individual intensity levels of each pixel. In an image, if an intensity value isassigned as foreground based on the current frame then it has less probability that foreground also has similar pixel coordinate so that BG weightage for the pixel is set to the minimum than the initial value. Through adding weightage lower than the initial value provides the advantage of removing the old pixel value with least probability rather than the evolved scene.
      • Need to focus towards enhancing the variance data of each channel based on the Mahalanobis distance calculation. By this,

      can able to adopt a change in the rapid scene through Euclidean distance algorithm.

   9. REFERENCES

[1] Aggarwal, A., Biswas, S., Singh, S., Sural, S. & Majumdar, A.K., 2006. Object Tracking Using Background Subtraction and Motion Estimation in MPEG Videos, in 7th Asian Conference on Computer Vision. Springer-

[2] Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 121130. doi:10.1007/11612704_13

[3] Aldhaheri, A.R. & Edirisinghe, E.A., 2014. Detection and Classification of a Moving Object in a Video Stream, in: Proc. of the Intl. Conf. on Advances in Computing and Information Technology. Institute of Research Engineers and

[4] Doctors, Saudi Arabia, pp. 105111. doi:10.3850/ 978-981-07-8859-9_23