DOI : 10.17577/IJERTV3IS060069
- Open Access
- Total Downloads : 535
- Authors : Shamim Ara Bobby
- Paper ID : IJERTV3IS060069
- Volume & Issue : Volume 03, Issue 06 (June 2014)
- Published (First Online): 07-06-2014
- ISSN (Online) : 2278-0181
- Publisher Name : IJERT
- License:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Comparative Analysis of Estimating and Costing Between Beam Supported Structure and Flat Plate Structure for a Resedential Building
Shamim Ara Bobby
Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering Stamford University Bangladesh
Dhaka, Bangladesh
AbstractDhaka has experienced an extremely rapid growth in population. This vast population is putting serious pressure on housing facilities. As a result, significant numbers of buildings are being constructed in Dhaka city. Different real estate companies are investing a huge amount of money in the construction industry.
This research work presents a comparative study on the basis of cost of two six storied building structure having beam supported floor system and another is flat plate floor system. Two buildings were provided with same shape, size and loadings. As standard amenities and modern facilities, passenger lift, stairs, ramps were provided. The buildings considered are with same floor area. Conventional Finite component package was used to perform 3D linear elastic study for the building frame. After 3D analysis, the structural members of the building were designed by USD method. The cost per unit area for finishing items will remain same for all cases. After that, the volume of concrete and steel are estimated and finally, their cost are determined. After performing estimation, cost analyses and comparison, the study concluded that beam column structure is more economical. Flat plate structure method can be used with conditions and care should be taken in design, quality of materials should be ensured and design specifications should be followed perfectly.
KeywordsBeam supported structure, flat plate structure,estimation of cost.
-
INTRODUCTION
Over the history of building structures, the changes in technology have been tremendous. Part of this comes from the daily strategies of human living. In recent year, the trend is the construction of mixed-uses structures as limited natural resources, the expenses, time and stresses of commuting draw people back into the city center. As a result, urban center include now mostly structures with a storefront next to the street, offices in the stories immediately above and finally in the upper levels, apartment for city dwellers. But these types of building are difficult to arrange to take total advantages of structural and mechanical systems. Offices need large open spaces with large loads from mechanical and electrical systems. The living quarters, with their intimate spaces, need closer column spacing and have fewer vents, weirs required meeting needs of comfort. Shallow floor-to-floor heights in the apartment areas are possible since they can be accommodated by a flat plate slab design. Offices need grid or pan systems covered by drop ceilings to allow HVAC and electrical systems to be delivered to desired locations within each square. Hence, according to the need of rentable spaces, owner desires,
aesthetics, cost, safety and comfort, architects and engineers are now facing the challenges of structural design to accommodate peoples total daily life in one single structure. As outcome, six storied structures are now being constructed with different types of concrete floor systems.
The choice of type of slab for a particular floor depends on many factors. Economy of construction is obviously an important consideration, but this is a qualitative argument until specific cases are discussed and is a geographical variable. The design loads, required spans, serviceability requirements and strength requirements are all important. As cost is a major concern in all projects, so it is necessary to design and construct quality apartment buildings at low costs. So the comparison is necessary to select the most efficient one Considering these points of view, the choice between a beam slab and flat plate slab floor systems becomes usually a matter of great confusion to users.
Based on the above considerations, this study focuses on the analysis of two structures having beamed supported structures and another one flat plate structures and finally presents a comparative analysis of estimating and costing. This will give a comparative picture about the advantages and disadvantages, suitability and feasibility, particularly in terms of economy so as to enable someone to choose the suitable option.
-
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objective of the study were
-
To develop models of structure with beam supported slab and a structure with flat plate slab for analysis and design by finite element method using software ETABS.
-
To compare the concrete and steel requirement of the two types of building.
-
To compare the total cost between the two types of building.
-
-
METHOLOGY OF THE STUDY
Step 1: Two types of six storied building structure having beam supported floor system and another is flat plate floor system had been considered. Two buildings were provided with same shape, size and loadings. As standard amenities and modern facilities, passenger lift, stairs, ramps were provided.
Step 2: Based code on design/specification of ACI/BNBC, material properties (compressive strength of concrete, yield stress of steel, unit weight of concrete, soil, brick etc.) and loadings (standard dead loads, live loads, floor finish etc.) were selected. Wind and earthquake loads were also considered.
Step 3: We have done cost analysis of column, grade beam, floor beam and slab of beam supported structure and column, grade beam and slab of flat plate structure. We have analyzed costing to compare the column, grade beam and slab of beam supported structure and flat plate structure. As the result, this can help someone in terms of economy to choose the suitable option.
Description
-
Ultimate Strength Design (USD)
-
American Concrete Institute (ACI) Building design code, ACI 318-99
-
Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC)
-
Uniform Building Code (UBC), 1994
-
Beam supported structure: Six (6) storied having 12X14; 12X18; 12X24; (inch) columns size.
-
Flat plate structure: 14X20; 14X28; 24X30 (inch) column size.
-
Both of Structure having 60 Grade reinforcement.
-
Both of Structure having 3.5 Grade concrete.
-
Framed structure.
-
Residential.
-
Dead load = 147.5 psf
-
Live load = 40 psf
-
Considering wind load & earthquake load
-
Slab type = Flat plate structure & Beam supported structure
-
Beam type = Rectangular
-
Column type = Tide
-
Reinforcing bars, fy = 60 ksi
-
Concrete compressive strength, fc = 3.5 ksi
-
Normal density concrete having = 150 psf
-
-
ANALYTICAL STUDY
The building geometries are as following:
-
Beam Supported Structure:All the floors have 19 columns. All the slabs of the structure are beam supported. Story height is 10 ft. column and beam size is different.
-
Flat plate structure:All the floors have 19 columns. All the slabs are directly supported on column (flat plate structure). Column size is different.
-
The load considered (with factor):
Self weight of slab = 62.5 psf, Partition wall = 60 psf
Floor finish= 25 psf, Dead load = 147.5 psf, Total Dead load,
D.L = 206.5 psf ,Live load = 40 psf, Live load, L.L = 68 psf.
Fig1: Building Plan
-
-
DESIGN OF STRUCTURE
After analyzing the two types of structures, we got the required value to pursue the design process. We did slab flexural design, beam flexural and shear design and column main steel calculation and tie bar design using USD method
.Getting the result of design we found out the costing of the two types of buildings.
-
COST ANALYSIS
The buildings are analyzed for the best condition which can be constructed economically. We use the good materials. We use BSRM steel in 60 grades which steel rate is 65 Tk. per kg as market price in December 2013. Cement use is Shah Cement and its market price is 450 Tk. per bag in December 2013. Stone chips used in column and its market price is 135 Tk. per cft in December 2013 and brick chips used in beam & slab and its market price is 85 Tk. per cft. Sylhet sand is used all structure work and its market price is 35 Tk. in December 2013.
-
Cost Estimation:
-
Estimate of Floor Beam:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7=3*
5*6
8
9=7*
8
Name of beam
Bar description
No.of beam
Size of bar (mm)
Nos of bar
Length of bar
Total lengt h of bar(ft
)
Bar weig ht = kg/ft
Total weig ht
kg
FB1
Main bar Ext .top Ext. bottom
Stirrups
4
4
4
4
16
16
16
10
4
2
1
28
18-4
8-7
5-2
4-2
293.2
68.6
20.6
467.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.2
140.8
32.9
9.9
224.2
FB2
Main bar
Ext .top Stirrups
2
2
2
16
16
10
4
1
24
14-3
7-2
3-10
114
14.3
183.8
0.5
0.5
0.2
54.7
6.9
34.9
Main bar Ext .top
Stirrups
2
2
2
16
16
10
4
1
23
14-0
7-6
3-10
112
15
176.1
0.5
0.5
0.2
53.8
7.2
33.5
FB3
Main bar
Ext .top Stirrups
2
2
2
16
16
10
4
1
18
11-8
3-5
3-10
93.3
6.8
137.8
0.5
0.5
0.2
44.8
3.3
26.2
Main bar
Ext .top Stirrups
2
2
2
16
16
10
4
1
28
18-4
4-3½
3-10
146.6
8.5
214.4
0.5
0.5
0.2
70.1
4.1
40.7
FB4
Main bar
Ext .top Stirrups
5
5
5
16
16
10
4
1
24
14-3
7-2
4-10
285
35.8
579.6
0.5
0.5
0.2
136.8
17.2
110.1
a) Beam supported structure:
FB5
Main bar
Stirrups
1
1
16
10
4
163
103-
0
3-10
412.0
624.2
0.5
0.2
197.8
118.6
Total
1368.
5
Table1: Bar schedule of beam
Total 6 floors:
Reinforcement = 1368.56*6 = 8211.36 kg
Name of beam
Length of beam(L)
Width of beam
(B)
Depth of beam (H)
Nos of beam
Total volume
= L*B*H cft
FB1
17-0
1-0
1-3
4
90.44
FB2
14-1
0-10
1-3
2
29.22
FB3
17-0
0-10
1-3
2
35.28
FB4
14-7
1-0
1-6
5
109.35
FB5
11-3
0-10
1-3
4
46.68
FB5
10-5
0-10
1-3
2
21.62
FB5
14-3
0-10
1-3
2
29.57
FB5
8-6
0-10
1-3
2
17.64
FB5
16-2
1-0
1-3
1
16.77
FB1
14-3
1-3
1-3
2
35.63
FB3
11-3
1-3
1-3
2
23.34
Total =
455.54
Table.2: Casting of floor beam
Total volume = 455.54 cft Ratio: 1:2:4
Wet volume: 455.54*1.5 = 683.31 cft
Cement = 683.31/7 = 97.62/1.25 = 78.09 ~ 78 bag.
Sand = 97.62*2 = 195.24 cft.
Brick chips = 97.62*4 = 390.48 cft.
Total 6 floors:
Cement = 78*6 = 468 bag Sand = 195.24*6 = 1171.44 cft
Brick chips = 390.48*6 = 2342.88 cft
-
Estimation of Grade Beam:
-
Beam Supported structure:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7=3*5
*6
8
9=7*
8
Name of
beam
Bar descrip tion
Nose of beam
Size of bar (mm)
No of bar
Length of bar
Total length of bar(ft)
Bar weig ht = kg/ft
Total weigh t
kg
Short
Main
6
16
4
32-2
772.1
0.5
370.6
Beam
bar
Stirrup
6
10
62
4-4
268.5
0.2
51
s
Long
Main
3
16
4
61-3
245.1
0.5
117.6
Beam
bar
Stirrup
3
10
119
3-10
455.1
0.2
87.0
s
Total
626.5
Table3:Bar schedule of beam
Name of beam
Length of beam(L)
Width of beam
(B)
Depth of beam (H)
Nos of beam
Total volume
= L*B*H
cft
GB1
17-0
1-0
1-6
6
153
GB2
14-1
1-0
1-6
7
148
GB3
11-3
1-0
1-3
6
85
GB3
10-5
1-0
1-3
2
26
GB3
10-10
1-0
1-3
1
14
GB4
8-6
1-0
0-10
1
7
GB4
6-4
1-0
0-10
1
6
GB2
14-3
1-0
1-6
4
86
Total =
525
Table4:Casting of Grade beam
Total volume = 525 cft Ratio: 1:2:4.
Wet volume = 525*1.5 = 787.5cft
Cement = 787.5/7 = 112.5/1.25 cft = 90 bag Sand = 112.5*2 = 225 cft
Brick chips = 112.5*4 = 450 cft
-
Flat Plate Structure:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7=3*5
*6
8
9=7*
8
Name of beam
Bar descripti on
No of beam
Size of bar
(mm)
Nos of bar
Length of bar
Total length of
bar(ft)
Bar weig ht =
kg/ft
Total weig ht
kg
Short
Main
6
16
4
32-2
772.1
0.5
370.6
Beam
bar Stirrups
6
10
62
4-4
268.5
0.2
51.0
Long
Main
3
16
4
61-3
245.1
0.5
117.6
Beam
bar
Stirrups
3
10
119
3-10
455.1
0.2
87.0
Total
626.5
Table5:Bar schedule of beam
Name of beam
Length of beam(L)
Width of beam
(B)
Depth of beam (H)
Nos of beam
Total volume
= L*B*H cft
GB1
17-0
1-0
1-6
6
153
GB2
14-1
1-0
1-6
7
148
GB3
11-3
1-0
1-3
6
85
GB3
10-5
1-0
1-3
2
26
GB3
10-10
1-0
1-3
1
14
GB4
8-6
1-0
0-10
1
7
GB4
6-4
1-0
0-10
1
6
GB2
14-3
1-0
1-6
4
86
Total =
525
Table6: Casting of Grade beam
Total volume = 525 cft Ratio: 1:2:4.
Wet volume = 525*1.5 = 787.5cft
Cement = 787.5/7 = 112.5/1.25 cft = 90 bag Sand = 112.5*2 = 225 cft
Brick chips = 112.5*4 = 450 cft
-
-
Estimation of Column:
-
Beam Supported structure:
1
2
3
4
5
Name of column
Bar
description
Nose of
column
Size of
bar(mm)
Nose
bar
of
C1,C7,C14,
Main rod
4
16mm
6
C19
stirrups
4
10mm
65
C2,C3,C4,
Main rod
11
16mm
8
C5,C6,C8,
stirrups
C13,C15,
11
10mm
65
C16,C17,
C18
C10,C11,
Main rod
3
16mm
10
C12
stirrups
3
10mm
65
C9
Main rod
1
20mm
10
Main rod
stirrups
1
16mm
8
1
10mm
65
6
7=3*5*6
8
9=7*8
Length of bar
Total length of
bar(ft)
Bar weight =
kg/ft
Total weight
kg
84-7
2030
0.48
974.4
4-2
1084
0.19
205.96
84-7
7444
0.48
3573.12
4-2
2982
0.19
566.58
84-7
2538
0.48
1218.24
4-2
813.15
0.19
154.50
42-3.5
423
0.75
317.25
42-3.5
339
0.48
162.72
4-2
271.05
0.19
51.50
Total
7224.27
Table7 (a): Bar schedule of column (1st half0
Table7(b): Bar schedule of column (2nd Half)
Name of column
Length
of column (L)
Width
of column (B)
Depth
of column (H)
Nos
of colum n
Total
volume
=
L*B*H cft
C1,C7,C14,C19
1-0
1-2
68-6
4
321
C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C
1-0
1-6
68-6
12
1233
8,C9,C13,C15,
C16,C17,C18
C10,C11,C12
1-0
2-0
68-6
3
411
Total
1965
Table.8:Casting of Column
Total volume = 1965 cft Ratio: 1:1.5:3.
Wet volume = 1965*1.5 = 2947.5 cft
Cement = 2947.5/5.5 = 535.9/1.25 cft = 429 bag Sand = 535.9*1.5 = 804 cft
Brick chips = 535.9*3 = 1608 cft
-
Flat Plate structure:
1
2
3
4
5
Name of column
Bar
description
Nose of
column
Size of
bar(mm)
Nose
bar
of
C1,C2,
C6,C7, C14,C15, C16,C17, C18,C19
Main rod stirrups
10
10
20mm 10mm
14
66
C3,C4,C5,
Main rod
7
25mm
12
C9,C10,
C11,C12
stirrups
7
10mm
57
C8,C13
Main rod
2
16mm
10
stirrups
2
10mm
79
Table 9(a) :Bar schedule of column (1st half)
6
7=3*5*6
8
9=7*8
Length of
bar
Total length of
bar(ft)
Bar weight =
kg/ft
Total weight
kg
84-7
10-2
11841.2
6712.2
0.75
0.19
8880.9
1275.32
84-7
54-1
7104.72
6420.48
1.17
0.19
8312.52
1219.89
84-7
8-10
1691.6
1395.14
0.48
0.19
812
265
Total
20765.63
Table 9(b) :Bar schedule of column (2nd half)
Name of column
Length
of column (L)
Width
of colum n
(B)
Depth
of column (H)
Nos
of colu mn
Total
volu me
=
L*B
*H cft
C1,C2,C6,C7,C14,C15,C1 6,C17,C18,C19 C3,C4,C5,C9,C10,C11,C1 2
C8,C13
1-2
2-0
1-2
2-4
2-6
1-8
69-0
69-0
69-0
10
7
2
1881
2415
270
Total
=
4566
Table 10: Casting of Column
Total volume = 4566 cft Ratio: 1:1.5:3.
Wet volume = 4566*1.5 = 6849 cft
Cement = 6849/5.5 = 1245.27/1.25 cft = 996 bag Sand = 1245.27*1.5 = 1868 cft
Brick chips = 1245.27*3 = 3735.81 cft
-
-
Estimation of slab:
-
-
Beam supported structure:
Brick chips = 161.14*4 = 644.56 cft
Total 6 slabs:
Cement = 128*6 = 768 bag Sand = 322.28*6 = 1933.68 cft
Brick chips = 644.56*6 = 3867.36 cft
-
Flat plate structure:
1
2
3
4
5
6=4*5
7
9=7*
6
Bar directi on
Bar descripti on
Size of bar(m m)
Nose of bar
Lengt h of bar
Total length of
bar(rft)
Bar weig ht =
kg/ft
Total weig ht
kg
long
Top bar
12
55
37-
11
2085.6
–
–
Bottom
bar
12
55
37-
11
2085.6
–
–
Ext. top
12
54
7-6
405
–
–
Ext. top
12
54*2
7-6
810
–
–
Ext. top
12
9
3-4
-30
–
–
Straight
bar
12
10*2
13-
7
-271.6
–
–
Short
directi on
Top bar
12
29
59-
6
1725.5
–
–
Bottom
bar
12
29
59-
6
1725.5
–
–
Ext. top
12
28*2
2-8
150
–
–
Ext. top
12
13*2
*2
5-3
273
–
–
Ext. top
12
15*4
6-3
375
–
–
Ext. top
12
15*4
5-8
340
–
–
Top &
bottom
12
13*2
10-
10
-281.58
Total
=
10558.
38
0.27
2850
Table 12: Bar schedule of slab
Table 11: Bar schedule of slab
Total 6 Slabs:
Reinforcement = 2510*6 = 15060 kg
Estimation casting of slab:
30-1*59-06*0-5 = 752 cft
Total volume = 752 cft Ratio: 1:2:4.
Wet volume = 752*1.5 = 1128cft
Cement = 1128/7 = 161.14/1.25 cft = 128 bag Sand = 161.14*2 = 322.28 cft
Total 6 Slabs:
1
2
3
4
5
6=4*5
7
9=7*6
Bar directio n
Bar description
Size of
bar( mm)
Nos e of bar
Length of bar
Total length
of bar (rft)
Bar weig
ht = kg/ft
Total weigh t
kg
long
Straight bar
10
30
58-3
3495
–
–
Crank bar
10
30
60-1
1802
–
–
Ext. top
10
58*
2
3-3
½
391
–
–
Ext. top
10
58*
2
6-3
725
–
–
Ext. top
10
32*
2
5-8
½
364
–
–
Ext. top
10
26
7-10
½
205
–
–
(-)Straight
bar
10
27
10-9
291
–
–
Straight bar
10
60
30-
10
1850
–
–
Crank bar
10
59
32-8
1928
–
–
Ext. top
10
60
7-8
461
–
–
Ext. top
10
60*
2
7-6
900
–
–
(-)Straight
bar
10
32
13-7
435
–
–
(-) Ext. top
10
16
22-8
363
–
–
Total =
13210
0.19
2510
Reinforcement = 6*2850 kg = 17100 kg.
Estimation casting of flat plate slab:
30-1*59-06*0-8 = 1200 cft
Total volume =1200cft Ratio: 1:2:4.
Wet volume = 1200*1.5 = 1800cft
Cement = 1800/7 = 257.14/1.25 cft = 206 bag Sand = 257.14*2 = 514.28cft
Brick chips = 257.14*4 = 1028.56 cft
Total 6 Slabs:
Cement = 206*6 = 1236 bag Sand = 514.38*6 = 3086.28 cft
Brick chips = 1028.56*6 = 6171.36 cft
-
Cost analysis:
-
Beam supported structure
Column
Reinforcement cost of column = 7224.27*65 Tk. /Kg = 469577.55 Tk.
Cement of column = 429*450 Tk. /bag = 193050.00 Tk.
Sand of column = 804*35 Tk. /cft = 28140.00 Tk.
Stone chips of column = 1608*135 Tk. /cft = 217080.00 Tk.
Grade beam
Reinforcement cost of grade beam = 626.54*65 Tk. /Kg = 40725.10 Tk.
Cement of grade beam = 90*450 Tk. /bag = 40500.00 Tk. Sand of grade beam = 225*35 Tk. /cft = 7875.00 Tk.
Brick chips of grade beam = 450*85 Tk. /cft = 3825
Floor beam
Reinforcement cost of floor beam = 8211.36*65 Tk. /Kg = 533738.40 Tk.
Cement of floor beam = 468*450 Tk. /bag = 210600.00 Tk. Sand of floor beam = 1171.44 *35 Tk. /cft = 41000.40 Tk. Brick chips of floor beam = 2342.88 *85 Tk. /cft = 199144.80 Tk.
Floor slab
Reinforcement cost of floor slab = 15060*65 Tk. /Kg = 978900.00 Tk.
Cement of floor slab = 768*450 Tk. /bag = 345600.00 Tk. Sand of floor slab = 1933.68 *35 Tk. /cft = 67678.80 Tk.
Brick chips of floor slab = 3867.36 *85 Tk. /cft = 328275.60 Tk.
Influence of Reinforcement of Beam supported structure & Flat plate structure on all Column, Grade Beam and Slab
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
Beam supported structure
Flat plate structure
Column Grade Slab Beam
Elements of structures
total cost(tk)
Fig 2: Reinforcement of all floors on Column, Grade beam and Slab of all
Quantity(ft3)
structures
Influence of Cement, Sand and Stone chips on all Column
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
-
Flat plate structure
-
Column
Total = 3740585.65 Tk.
Reinforcement cost of column = 20765.63*65 Tk. /Kg = 1349765.95 Tk.
Cement of column = 996*450 Tk. /bag = 448200.00 Tk. Sand of column = 1868*35 Tk. /cft = 65380.00 Tk.
Stone chips of column = 3735.81 *135 Tk. /cft = 504334.35 Tk.
Grade beam
Reinforcement cost of grade beam = 626.54*65 Tk. /Kg = 40725.10 Tk.
Cement of grade beam = 90*450 Tk. /bag = 40500.00 Tk. Sand of grade beam = 225*35 Tk. /cft = 7875.00 Tk.
Brick chips of grade beam = 450*85 Tk. /cft = 38250.00 Tk.
Floor slab
Reinforcement cost of floor slab = 17100*65 Tk. /Kg = 1111500.00 Tk.
Cement of floor slab = 1236*450 Tk. /bag = 556200.00 Tk. Sand of floor slab = 3086.28 *35 Tk. /cft = 108019.80 Tk. Brick chips of floor slab = 6171.36 *85 Tk. /cft = 524565.60 Tk.
Material properties
1500 Beam supported
1000 structure
500
0 Flat plate structure
Cement Sand Stone
chips
Fig 3: Cement, Sand & Stone chips of all floors on Column of all
structures
Quantity(ft3)
Influence of Cement, Sand & Brick chips of Beam supported structure and Flat plate structure on all Slab
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000 Beam supported
2000 structure
1000 Flat plate structure
0
Cement Sand Brick
chips
Material properties
Total = 4795315.80 Tk
Fig 4: Cement, Sand & Brick chips of all floors on Slab of all structures
-
-
SUMMARY OF THE COMPARATIVE STUDY
Finally the total cost is Total = 4795315.80 Tk. of Flat plate structure & Total = 3740585.65 Tk. of Beam supported structure. It is 28.2% above on flat plate structure than beam supported structure.
-
CONCLUSION
After performing analysis of the structures as well as the comparative study of beam supported structure and flat plate structure, we gathered knowledge that:
-
Flat plate slab is thicker and more heavily reinforced than slabs with beams and girders. Almost 24% more reinforcement are used for flat plate structure than beam supported structure.
-
Almost 28% more concrete are used for flat plate structure than beam supported structure.
-
And finally increased the cost of flat plate structure about 28.2% than beam supported structure.
-
So from economic point of view, beam supported structure is more economical than flat plate structure
.But from aesthetic point of view, flat plate structure is better.
-
-
RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE USE
For further study in this field, the following recommendations are put forward:
-
For further study estimation of cost of footing, stair, overhead tank and lift core are required.
-
Cost analysis for finishing work & upper design are required for better result.
-
In the further study, soil test reports nearer projects of that area should have been collected and used in foundation design for the proposed project.
-
This research work has been conducted on slab of a six storied residential building but it can be conducted on all the components of the building as well as for other high and low rise buildings.
-
For analysis ETABS design software was used, so it may be cheeked by other reliable softwares.
REFERENCES
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ACI Code, 2008, USA.
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BNBC, (1993): Bangladesh National Building Code, 1st Edition, City Art Press, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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PWD, (2008): Schedue of Rate for Civil Works, 12th Edition, Public Works Department, Govt. of People Republic of Bangladesh.
-
Nilson A.H.; Darwin D.;Dolan C.W. (2003): Design of Concrete Structure, 13th Edition, McGraw-Hill International editions, New Delhi, India.
-
Auto CAD-2010.
-
Das.B.M, Principles of Foundation Engineering, Fifth, edition.
-
Hassan.M.N, Structural Concrete Theory & Deign.
-
8.LIN.T.Y&BURNS.N.H, Design of Prestressed Concrete Structures, Third, edition
-
9.D.S.Hatcher, M.A.Sozen, and C.P.Siess, (1965) Test of a Reinforced Concrete Flat Plate.