DOI : 10.17577/IJERTV2IS120978
- Open Access
- Total Downloads : 262
- Authors : M. S. Parmar, Nidhi Sisodia, Noopur Sonee
- Paper ID : IJERTV2IS120978
- Volume & Issue : Volume 02, Issue 12 (December 2013)
- Published (First Online): 24-12-2013
- ISSN (Online) : 2278-0181
- Publisher Name : IJERT
- License:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Comparative Study on Dyeing Behavior of Crabyon and Viscose Rayon Fibres
M. S. Parmar Deputy Director & Head-
R&D Northern India Textile Research Association, Sector-23, Rajnagar, Ghaziabad, U.P,India
Nidhi Sisodia Project Officer
Northern India Textile Research Association
Sector-23, Rajnagar, Ghaziabad, U.P,India
Noopur Sonee Research Scholar Institute of Home Economic, Delhi University, Delhi, India
Abstract
The crabyon and viscose rayon fibres were dyed using four reactive dyes. The crabyon fibre showed better dye exhaustion and dye up take than viscose rayon fibre. The concentration of dyes in the spent dye bath of crabyon was found to be lower than viscose fibre. The increase in holding time of dyeing up to 60 minutes increases dye exhaustion and dye pick up. The dyed crabyon showed higher K/S value than viscose rayon fibre. The colour fastness to washing, perspiration and light properties of the dyed fibres were also evaluated.
1. Introduction
Crabyon, composite fibre of chitin/chitosan and cellulose, is manufactured by uniformly blending chitin/chitosan and cellulose viscose molecules and extruding the blended viscose into the spin bath. The idea behind the development of Crabyon is the fact that chemical structure of Chitin/Chitosan is quite similar to that of cellulose [1,2]. Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide, composed of randomly distributed -(1-4)-linked D-glucosamine (deacetylated unit) and N-acetyl-D- glucosamine (acetylated unit). It is made by treating shrimp and other crustacean shells with the alkali sodium hydroxide [3]. As the structure of carbyon is similar to cellulose, it is expected that it will be dyed with all the cellulose class of dyes like direct, azo, and basic and reactive dyes [4]. In this paper an attempt has been made to compare the dyeing behavior of crabyon with viscose fibres using reactive dyes
-
Material and Methods
-
Fibre properties
Crabyon and viscose rayon fibre were procured from reputed manufacturers. The fibre properties of both the fibres are shown in the Table 1. From the table it can be seen that crabyon is quite comparable with viscose in terms of fibre denier,fibre strength and elongation. However the fibre length of crabyon found to be lower than viscose. It was also explicit from the Table 1 that the moisture regain of crabyon is higher than the viscose rayon.
S. N
o.
Test parameters
Test results
Viscose rayon
Crabyon
1.
Fibre denier (ASTM D 1577)
1.56
1.55
2.
Fibre length, mm (ASTM D 5867)
45
39
3.
Breaking strength, gm (ASTM D 3822)
4.25
4.55
4.
Tenacity, g/denier (ASTM D 3822)
2.73
2.92
5.
Elongation at break, % (ASTM D 3822)
18.21
18.91
6.
Moisture regain, % (ASTM D 2495)
11.00
11.39
S. N
o.
Test parameters
Test results
Viscose rayon
Crabyon
1.
Fibre denier (ASTM D 1577)
1.56
1.55
2.
Fibre length, mm (ASTM D 5867)
45
39
3.
Breaking strength, gm (ASTM D 3822)
4.25
4.55
4.
Tenacity, g/denier (ASTM D 3822)
2.73
2.92
5.
Elongation at break, % (ASTM D 3822)
18.21
18.91
6.
Moisture regain, % (ASTM D 2495)
11.00
11.39
Table-1 Fibre properties
-
Dyeing
Four reactive dyes such as Drimarene Red S RB, Drimarene Yellow HE6G, Drimarene Orange F2RI and Drimarene Black GRI were procured from M/s
70 Auxilaries salt
60 + dye
50
40
20min
Alkali
10min
30min
After
Clariant (India) Ltd. Fibres were dyed at 0.5% shade using various reactive dyes without pretreatment in the IR dyeing machine. For dyeing, dye bath was
prepared using reactive dye, sodium chloride salt (40
30
20
10min
Temperature (0c)
Temperature (0c)
10
treatment
g/L) and sodium carbonate (20 g/L). The material to liquor ratio (MLR) was maintained at 1:30.
The exhaust dyeing method was used for dyeing.
Fig. 3 Reactive dyeing with 60 minutes holding time
0
70 Auxilaries
Dyeing process began at 30oC in dye baths containing 40 g/L sodium chloride, dye, fibre samples, and distilled water and dyeing was continued during 10 minutes at this temperature. The temperature of the bath was raised at the rate of
salt
60 + dye
Temperature (0c)
Temperature (0c)
50
40
30
30
min
Alkali
10
min
35
min
After
20C/min up to 60oC. At this temperature four dyeing
studies were carried out by changing dyeing holding times from 30 to 75 minutes. The sodium carbonate
20
10
10 min
treatment
was added in two installments as shown in the Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4. After dyeing, the dye bath was cooled down in 10 minutes to 50oC followed by
soaping, rinsing with cold water and then dried.
70 Auxilaries
0 Fig. 4 Reactive dyeing with 75 minutes holding time
-
Dye Exhaustion and Spent Dye Bath Analysis The extent of dye exhaustion for dyeing of crabyon and viscose rayon fibres at the end of the dyeing was
estimated indirectly from absorption of the dye
salt
60 + dye
Temperature(0c)
Temperature(0c)
50
40
30
20
10
10 min
10
min
Alkali
10
min
10
min
After treatm ent
solutions measured at the wavelength of maximum absorption (Drimarene Red S RB : max – 525, Drimarene Yellow HE6G : max – 450nm, Drimarene Orange F2RI : max – 490nm, Drimarene Black GRI : max – 600nm) based on Beer-Lambert Law in the UV-Vis spectrophotometer of Shimadzu (U.V-160 A), Japan and from a calibration curve. Distilled
water was used as a solvent during these
Fig. 1 Reactive dyeing with 30 minutes holding time
0
70
measurements. The different absorbance values of the dye bath before and after dyeing were calculated. The dye exhaustion percentage (E) was measured
Auxilaries
salt
60 + dye
50
Temperature(0c)
Temperature(0c)
40
15min
Alkali
10min
20min
After
using the following equation: E(%) ={(Ao-Ai)/Ao }X 100
Where Ao and Ai are the absorbance of the dye bath
30
20
10min
treatment
before and after dyeing [5].
The spent dye bath was analyzed to determine the concentrations of left over dye in the dye bath after
10 Fig. 2 Reactive dyeing with 45 minutes holding time
0
dyeing using U-Vis spectrophotometer. For this study, stock solution of each dyes were prepared and diluted to get different concentrations of dye solution. The absorbance of each of the dye solutions
of known concentration were analyzed using spectrophotometer at max and calibration curve were drawn and slop and intercept were determined. With the help of these, concentrations of dye in the spent dye bath quantified.
-
Dye uptake
The quantity of the dye uptake of the fibres (mg/gm) was determined using the following equation [5]:
Q = Ci – Cf V/W
Where Q = quantity of dye uptake
Ci and Cf = initial and final concentration of the dye in the solution (mg/gm)
V = volume of the dye bath (l)
W = weight of the fibre (g)
-
Color Measurement
Colour depth of the dyed fibres was analysed by measuring the K/S values using a Macbeth Color- Eye 3100 spectrophotometer. The K/S value are directly proportional to the concentration of colourant in the substrate. Higher the value of K/S, higher will be the concentration of dye in the substrate. The dyed fibres were combed to make them parallel and then attached neatly on the cardboard. The K/S values of the fibres were determined through Kubelka-Munk equation as given below:
K/S = (1-R)2/2R
Where R=reflectance percentage, K=absorption and S=scattering of dyes [6].
-
Color Fastness Properties
For assessment of quality of dyed fibres samples, color fastness to washing, light and perspiration properties were evaluated using ISO 105 C 10 A (1), ISO 105 B02 and ISO 105 E04 standard test methods respectively. Change in colour and staining on adjacent fibre of the dyed fibres were assessed by giving rating of 1(poor) to 5(excellent) by comparing with Grey scale in the case of colour fastness to washing and perspiration. The colour fastness to
light was assessed by comparing the exposed fibres and blue wool standard nos 1 to 8.
-
Result and Discussions
-
Effect of Dyeing Time on Dye Exhaustion
Dyeing time duration is a very important dyeing parameter. When fibre is dipped into dye solution, equilibrium is established between dye in the fiber and dye in the solution. If the dyeing time duration is inappropriate then either dye will remain in solution or will start to shift from fibre to dye bath again. For selecting appropriate dyeing holding time, different conditions of time were selected. Effect of dyeing holding time on percentage exhaustion is shown in fig. 5 to 8 for all the four reactive dyes. It is clear from the figures that 60 minutes dyeing holding time was found to be appropriate after that hydrolysis decreased the exhaustion. It was also evident from the figures that percentage exhaustion around 75 percent was found to be maximum. If the dyeing beaviour of both the fibres is compared, it was found that crabyon picked up more dye from the dye bath
on)
%dye exhaustion(viscos e)
on)
%dye exhaustion(viscos e)
%dye exhaustion(craby
%dye exhaustion(craby
Exhaustion(%)
Exhaustion(%)
i.e dye exhaustion percentage of crabyon is higher than viscose rayon fibre. The reason behind this is that because crabyon is composite fibre of chitin/chitosan and cellulose. It is well known fact that chitosan treated cellulose fabric contains higher number of dye sites than untreated cellulose fabric [7]. As results, the treated fabric absorbed more dyestuff than the untreated fabric and this absorption has increased the exhaustion percentage of dye in the treated fabric.
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
viscose
crabyon
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
viscose
crabyon
0 50 100
Time (min)
0 50 100
Time (min)
Fig. 5 Dye exhaustion (%) of Drimarene Red S RB dye versus dyeing time
crabyon
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
crabyon
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
50
Time (min)
100
50
Time (min)
100
%dye exhaution (crabyon)
%dye
%dye exhaution (crabyon)
%dye
exhaution (viscose)
exhaution (viscose)
viscose
0
viscose
0
viscose
0
viscose
0
Exhaustion(%)
Exhaustion(%)
Exhaustion(%)
Exhaustion(%)
Fig.6 Dye exhaustion(%) versus dyeing time of Drimarene Orange F2RI dye at 60°C
crabyon
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
crabyon
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Time (min)
100
Time (min)
100
%dye exhaution (crabyon)
%dye exhaution (crabyon)
%dye exhaution (viscose)
%dye exhaution (viscose)
50
50
viscose
viscose
Exhaustion(%)
Exhaustion(%)
Fig.7 Dye exhaustion (%) versus dyeing time of Drimarene Yellow HE6G dye at 60°C
crabyon
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
crabyon
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
50
Time (min)
100
0
50
Time (min)
100
Fig.8 Dye exhaustion (%) versus dyeing time of Drimarene Black dye at 60°C
-
Concentration of Dye in the Spent Dye Bath
The left over dye in the spent dye bath was quantified using spectrophotometer at different time duration (holding time) of dyeing. Figures 9 to 12 show the effect of dyeing holding time on
concentration of dye in the spent dye bath. From the figures it is clear that with the increase of holding time of dyeing the concentration of dye in the spent dye bath decreases. This decrease in the dye concentration continued up to 60 minutes of holding time after that it started increasing as dye start shifting from fibre to dye bath. The decrease in concentration with time is due to the fact that the dye exhaustion increases with the increase in holding time of dyeing. The decrease in concentration of dye in the spent dye bath is more in crabyon than viscose rayon fibre as it contains higher number of dye sites because it is a composite fibre of chitin/chitosan and cellulose [7]. Due to this the dye exhaustion is more in crabyon than viscose rayon. It is also clear that the increase in dye exhaustion is up to 60 minutes and after that the dye start shifting from fibre to dye bath.
0.0025
0.002
0.0015
crabyon
0.0025
0.002
0.0015
crabyon
0
0
0
50
100
0
50
100
Time(min)
Time(min)
%dye exhaution (crabyon)
%dye exhaution (crabyon)
%dyvisceose exhaution (viscose)
%dyvisceose exhaution (viscose)
concentratio n(crabyon)
concentratio n(crabyon)
concentratio n(viscose)
concentratio n(viscose)
0.001
0.0005
0.001
0.0005
viscose
viscose
Concentration(g/l)
Concentration(g/l)
Fig.9 Concentration of dye in the spent dye bath of Drimarene Red
concentratio n(crabyon)
concentratio n(crabyon)
concentratio n(viscose)
concentratio n(viscose)
0.0006
0.0005
0.0004
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
0
0.0006
0.0005
0.0004
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
0
crabyon
crabyon
viscose
0
viscose
0
Concentration(g/l)
Concentration(g/l)
S RB dye versus dyeing time
50
Time(min)
50
Time(min)
100
100
ig.10 Concentration of dye in the spent dye bath of of Drimarene Orange F2RI dye versus dyeing time
concentra tion(craby on)
concentra tion(craby on)
concentra tion(visco se)
concentra tion(visco se)
dye uptake (crabyon)
dye uptake (crabyon)
dye uptake (viscose)
dye uptake (viscose)
0.003
0.0025
0.002
0.0015
0.001
0.0005
0
0.003
0.0025
0.002
0.0015
0.001
0.0005
0
crabyon
crabyon
viscose
0
viscose
0
50
Time (min)
50
Time (min)
100
100
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
crabyon
crabyon
viscose
0
viscose
0
50
Time (min)
50
Time (min)
100
100
Concentration(g/l)
Concentration(g/l)
Dye uptake(mg/g)
Dye uptake(mg/g)
Fig.11 Concentration of dye in the spent dye bath of Drimarene Yellow HE6G dye versus dyeing time
concentrati on(crabyon
)
concentrati on(crabyon
)
concentrati on(viscose)
concentrati on(viscose)
0.0025
0.002
0.0025
0.002
0.0015
0.0015
viscose
viscose
Concentration (g/l)
Concentration (g/l)
Fig.14 Dye uptake (mg/g) versus dyeing time (min) of Drimarene Orange F2RI
0
50
Time(min)
100
0
50
Time(min)
100
Fig.12 Concentration of dye in the spent dye bath of Drimarene Black GRI dye versus dyeing time
0.16
0.14
Dye uptake (mg/g)
Dye uptake (mg/g)
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0.001
0.0005
0
0.001
0.0005
0
0 50 100
Time (min)
crabyon
crabyon
crabyon
dye uptake(vis cose)
dye uptake(vis cose)
dye uptake (crabyon)
dye uptake (crabyon)
viscose
-
Effect of Dyeing Holding Time on Dye Uptake by Fibres
Figures 13 to 16 indicate that the dye uptake by the fibres at different holding time of dyeing. With the increase of holding time of dyeing, the dye uptake by
Fig.15 Dye uptake (mg/g) versus dyeing time (min) of Drimarene
Yellow HE6G dye at 60°C
0.00035
0.0003
dye uptake (crabyon)
dye uptake (crabyon)
Dye uptake (mg/g)
Dye uptake (mg/g)
0.00025
crabyon
0.0002
dye uptake(vi scose)
dye uptake(vi scose)
0.00015
fibres increases up to 60 minutes of time duration and after that it start decreasing as the equilibrium between dye in the fiber and dye in the solution shifted toward dye in the solution bath.
0.0001
0.00005
0
0 50 100
Time (min)
viscose
0.3
0.25
Dye uptake (mg/g)
Dye uptake (mg/g)
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0
50
Time (min)
crabyon
viscose
100
Fig. 16 Dye uptake (mg/g) versus dyeing time of Drimarene Black dye at 60°C
dye uptake (crabyon
)
dye uptake (crabyon
)
dye uptake (viscose)
dye uptake (viscose)
-
Color Measurement:
It has been found that the crabyon fibre have absorbed significantly higher amount of dyes than viscose rayon fibre for all the four reactive dyes as indicated by its higher K/S value than viscose rayon (Figures 17 to 20). It is also clear from the figures
that with the increase in holding time of dyeing, the
Fig.13 Dye uptake (mg/g) of Drimarene Red S RB dye versus dyeing time (min)
K/S value increases up to 60 minutes and then it start
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
crabyon
crabyon
K/S value
K/S value
decreasing. This study further explained that dye pick up increases with the increase of holding time of dyeing up to 60 minutes and then it start decreasing due to shifting of dye from fibre to dye bath.
CRABYON
CRABYON
viscose
30
viscose
30
45 60
Time (min)
45 60
Time (min)
75
75
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
crabyon
crabyon
K/S value
K/S value
Fig.17 K/S value of Drimarene Red S-RB
Time (min)
Time (min)
VISCOSE
VISCOSE
viscose
30
viscose
30
45
45
60
60
75
75
K/S value
K/S value
Fig.18 K/S value of Drimarene Orange F2RI
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
crabyon
viscose
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
crabyon
viscose
30 45 60 75
Time (min)
30 45 60 75
Time (min)
Fig.19 K/S value of Drimarene Yellow HE6G
Time (min)
Time (min)
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
crabyon
crabyon
viscose
30
viscose
30
45
45
60
60
75
75
K/S value
K/S value
Fig.20 K/S value of Drimarene Black GRI
-
Color Fastness Properties:
As all the studies indicated that dye exhaustion is found to be higher at 60 minutes dye holding time, the fibres dyed at this time were taken for evaluating colour fastness to washing, perspiration and light properties. The results are reported in the Tables 2, 3 and 4. Colour fastness to washing was assessed for change in colour and staining on adjacent multifibres while the colour fastness to perspiration was analyzed to understand the effect of acidic and alkaline perspiration. For colour fastness to light, the change in colour of the dyed fibre after exposure to light was assessed by comparing corresponding blue wool standards. The colour fastness to washing results is shown in Table 2. From the table it is clear that change in colour and staining on adjacent fibres for both fibres were found to be 4-5. In the case of colour fastness to perspiration test (Table 4) the change in colour due to acidic and alkaline perspiration were 4-5. All the fibres have shown colour fastness to light grading 4-5 on blue wool as shown in the Table 3.
Table 2 Colour fastness to washing
Dyes
Drimarene
CC*
Staining on multi fibre
W**
V#
S##
N@
C$
A$$
Crabyon fibre
Red S RB
4-5
4-5
4-
5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
Yellow HE6G
4-5
4-5
4-
5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
Orange F2RI
4-5
4-5
4-
5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
Black GRI
4-5
4-5
4-
5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
Viscose rayon fire
Red S RB
4-5
4-5
4-
5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
Yellow HE6G
4-5
4-5
4-
5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
Orange F2RI
4-5
4-5
4-
5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
Black GRI
4-5
4-5
4-
5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
CC*- colour change, W**- wool, V#-viscose, S##-silk, N@ -nylon C$ – cotton, A$$-acetate
Table 3 Colour fastness to light
Crabyon fibre
Viscose fibre
Dyes
Change in colour, Grade (on blue wool)
Change in colour, Grade (on blue wool)
Red S RB
4-5
4-5
Yellow HE6G
4-5
4-5
Orange F2RI
4-5
4-5
Black GRI
4-5
4-5
Table 4 Colour fastness to perspiration
Dyes
Fibr es
CC*
Staining on multi fiber
W**
V#
S##
N@
C$
A$$
Alkaline perspiration
Red -S RB
Crab yon
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
Visc ose
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
Yellow HE6G
Crab yon
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
Visc ose
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
Orange F2RI
Crab yon
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
Visc ose
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
Black GRI
Crab yon
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
Visc ose
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
Acidic Perspiration
Red S RB
Crab yon
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
Visc ose
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
Yellow HE6G
Crab yon
4-5
4-5
4-5
5
4-5
4-5
4-5
Visc ose
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
Orange F2RI
Crab yon
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
Visc ose
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
Black GRI
Crab yon
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
Visc ose
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
-
-
-
Conclusion
The comparative dyeing study of crabyon and viscose fibres indicated that the dye exhaustion and dye uptake of crabyon fibre was higher than viscose rayon for all the four reactive dyes- Drimarene Red S RB , Drimarene Yellow HE6G , Drimarene Orange F2RI and Drimarene Black GRI. The rating of colorfastness to washing and perspiration for dyed crabyon and viscose fibre were found to be 4-5. The colour fastness to light grade on blue wool standards for all the dyed samples was 4-5.
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M,YOSHIKAWA,Development of popular products Crabyon Kagaku/Chemistry, vol. 54 (3),
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http://www.swicofil.com/crabyon.html
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