Design and Development of Chironji (Buchanania Lanzan) Decorticator

Design and Development of Chironji (Buchanania Lanzan) Decorticator

Jaspal Singh

Department of Agricultural Processing & Food Engineering

SV College of Agril. Engg. and Technology & Research, IGKV, Raipur-492012, INDIA

1. K. Naik

   Department of Farm Machinery & Power Engineering

   SV College of Agril. Engg. & Technology & Research,

   IGKV, Raipur-492012, INDIA

2. Patel

Department of Agricultural Processing & Food Engineering

SV College of Agril. Engg. and Technology & Research, IGKV, Raipur-492012, INDIA

N. K. Mishra

Department of Agricultural Processing & Food Engineering

SV College of Agril. Engg. and Technology & Research, IGKV, Raipur-492012, INDIA

Abstract: Chironji decorticator was designed, constructed and tested to evaluate its performance. The chironji decorticator was fabricated and tested by decortications of chironji seeds. A study was under taken to obtain design and development of chironji (Buchanania lanzan) decorticator and its performance analysis and cost economics. The machine comprises of hopper, cylindrical housing, emery black stones, lower frame, electric motor, driving systems, sieves, reciprocating grader, gap adjustment screw, starter, grader stand etc. The drawings were prepared with using the CAD software. The selection of materials and fabrication was done following the standard manufacturing processes. The machine was tested by decortications of chironji seeds (sample weight = 10 kg) in the laboratory as well as in the field. The laboratory tests showed that the hulling efficiency of chironji decorticator is higher after 7th pass 80 % followed by 78.78 %, 75.44 %, 68.06 %, 56.01 %,

1. % and 21.2 % for passes 6th, 5th, 4th, 3rd, 2nd and 1st respectively. The unit price of the experimental prototype was Rs. 65000/-.

   Keywords: Chironji Decorticator, Chironji Nuts, Chironji Kernels, Black Emery Stone, Sieve/Grader, Hulling Efficiency.

   1. INTRODUCTION

      Chironji (Buchanania lanzan) is common tree in dry deciduous forests. It is endemic to tropical dry deciduous forest of India [9]. Chironji (Buchanania lanzan), belongs to family Anacardiaceae. It is a medium sized tree, with straight, cylindrical trunk, up to 10-15 m height and tomentose branches. The fruit fetches a much lower price for the collectors than the kernel and hence, collectors usually grind the seed to obtain the kernel, 5 kg of fruit can yield almost 1 kg of chironji. Each tree can produce 3-4 kg of chironji which is sold for a price of around Rs. 100-125 per kg to the village traders. Thus, a typical farmer owning 5 trees can about Rs.1500 by selling chironji every year. Prices for chironji in the national market were around Rs. 700-1200 per kg. [3]

      The presence of hard seed coat is one of the shelling problems in decortications of nuts, its small size lets to damage the seed at the time of decortications and spoil the seeds which reduce its economical value and also deteriorate the shelf life of it which leads to low storage stability [1]. Traditional processing method chironji is very cumbersome, time consuming and labour extensive. There is very less recovery of whole kernel nearly 20 % only rest is either broken or mashed. There is excessive loss due to crude methodology adopted for the processing, which leads not only to huge economical loss but also loss of nutrition also. In addition to these, since the method involves huge labour the processing cost becomes higher. [4]

   2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

      The study was conducted in Swami Vivekananda College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology and Research Station, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, IGKV, Raipur (CG) situated at 21° 14° 02 N latitude and 81° 43° 11 longitude. The operational field meant for the study was selected from the demonstration / research field of the faculty.

      Traditional Method of Char Processing

      The skin of the harvested green nuts turns black on storage which has to be removed before shelling. The nuts are usually soaked overnight in water and rubbed with pulms for small scale processing and with the jute sack for large scale processing. The water containing fine skin is decanted. The nuts are washed fresh water to dried in sun for 2 to 3 days and for further processing i.e., shelling.

      Indigenous Technique for Chironji Nut Processing

      Hand operated disk huller similar to the burr plates are also use. These disks were made of either stone or backed clay or sun dried clay. The bottom disk is generally fixed on the ground and the top one is rotated by hand. A steel or wooden axle projecting from the centre of the bottom disk serves as a guide for the top disc. The efficiency was low and it causes more broken and powder.

      [4] The chironji seed was fed through the top disk.

      Fig: 1 Indigenous techniques of chironji decortications

      Design and development of machine

      The machine comprises of hopper, cylindrical

      Grader

      The main purpose of grader was separates the

      housing, emery black stones, lower frame, electric motor, driving systems, sieves, reciprocating grader, gap adjustment screw, starter, grader stand etc. Many parts of the machine were designed as per standard procedures and some pre fabricated parts like belts, pulley, bearing, bearing housing etc were also used as per availability in the market.

      Hopper

      The hopper were design in square shape which was made of 20 gauge mild steel sheet in which the dimension of section A (upper side) was 380 mm × 380 mm and section B (lower side) dimension were 110 mm × 110 mm thats allow to feed the chironji seeds into the decortications unit were the total height of hopper was 500 mm.Overall capacity of the hopper was 15 kg and the discharge slope angle was 60° which was allow to smooth flow of chironji seeds from the hopper to the shelling unit shown in Fig.2

      Cylindrical Housing

      The cylindrical housing were made of 18 gauge mild steel sheet which was circular shape with the diameter of 530 mm and the height of 210 mm. In which emery black stone and longitudinal ribs operates which rotates inside a concave. When the fabrication of cylindrical housing to maintain the 50 mm distance between cylindrical housing and around the stone disc because when the seeds are spread from the stone disc after impact

      .Then the seeds were stoke to the cylindrical housing wall and thus the break down the crack seeds and thus the overall resultant kernels separate from the sell shown in Fig.3

      Lower Frame

      The lower frame which was in the shape of rectangular it was made of 50 × 5 mm angle with the height of the frame was 910 mm and width was 630 mm. The size of 35 × 5 mm angles were used for supportive base for the machine components i.e. shaft, bearing, motor and pulley etc. and their length is 630 mm.

      kernels from hulls and to separate the kernels of different sizes. The overall size of the sieve/grader was 1000 × 610mm. The shelled or splitted kernels will pass through grader. The grader was having 4 screens of various sizes and screens were moving by oscillating motion driven by shaft. Here shelled produce as per its opening size.

      Emery Black Stone

      The black emery stone was purchased from local market. We have design of ribs in inner portion of the disc to increase friction between chironji seeds and disc surfaces were the centrifugal force are acting in the decortications unit. It was consist of an iron ribbed cylinder mounted on rotating shaft on ball bearing was fitted in concentric cylinder housing.The inner ribbed cylinder has helical ribs up to one-fourth of its length and four to six number of straight ribs for rest of the length. The ribbed cylindrical disc was rotated at a speed of 240 rpm.

      Electric Motors

      The electric motor was used to transmit power or rotational motion to the shelling disc through its protruding shaft with the aid of a key that fastened them together. The power rating of the electric motor is 1hp single phase or 1440 rpm. The electric motor was bought already made from the market.

      Bearing Housings

      A ball bearing housing and hanger was designed to stabilize the rotary shaft and reduce vibration, thereby preventing collision of the rotating shelling disc with the stationery wall of the shelling drum in turns to reduce the amount of crushed chironji seeds. The bearing block was purchased from local market as per requirement of the machine design.

      Shaft

      In the machine three different sizes of shafts were taken. The shaft S1 was fixed in the back side of the machine with the help of ball bearing. It was a main shaft to taking power by the help of v-belt from the electric motor and thus transmitted powers another two shaft S2 and S3 respectively with the help of v-belt and flat belt.

      Pulley

      Velocity ratio of the two pulleys of a belt drive may be defined as the revolution per minute of follower divided by the revolution per minute of the driver.

      Belt Drive

      In the belt drive, the grip between the pulley and the belt obtained due to friction was utilized to transmit power between two parallel shafts which either rotate in the

      Velocity ratio = diameter of follower = D2

      = N2

      (1)

      same or opposite directions.

      Where,

      diameter of driver D1 N1

      D1 = diameter of the driver; D2 = diameter of the follower; N1 = rpm of the driver; and N2 = rpm of the follower.

      Power Transmission System

      The power was transmitted from 1 hp single phase electric motor (1440 rated rpm). The step pulleys (50.8, 63.5, and 76.2 mm) were mounted on the motor shaft. The vertical shaft fixed in the rear side of the machine with different sizes of pulleys (i.e. 101.6, 127, and 88.9 mm, respectively) were also mounted on this shaft.

      Fig : 2 Isometric view and fabrication of hopper

      Fig : 3 Isometric view and fabrication of cylindrical housing

      Fig : 4 Isometric view and fabrication of lower frame

      Fig : 5 Isometric view and fabrication of sieve/grader

      Fig. 6 Isometric view of emery black stone

      Fig: 7 Different sizes of pulley are used

      Fig. 8 Isometric view of power transmission of machine

      Fig: 9 Isometric view and fabrication of chironji decorticator machine.

      Studies on Milling Efficiency

      The chironji seed was taken for the decortications as per the basis of laboratory test an unknown moisture contents. The samples were subjected to decortications

      /shelling in decorticator. Feed rate were keeping constant during decortications process, were adjusted by setting the metering mechanism of decorticator fitted at the bottom of the feed hopper. A sample size corresponding to 10 kg of chironji seeds fed to the decorticator has fixed operating parameters. The following milling parameters were calculated using the formula given below [2].

   3. RESULTS AND DISCUSIONS

The sample of 10 kg chironji seeds was taken for the decortications in chironji decorticator. The speed and feed rate was kept constant for the machine for entire duration of decortications process. The 10 kg sample was fed to the hopper and its metering device was opened for the feeding of seeds into the decorticator for decortications process. After decortications the seeds were found at different fractions i.e. unhulled seeds, whole kernels, broken kernels, husk and dust. These all fractions were separated by the help of sieve/grader. The sieve/grader was attached with decorticator therefore the all fractions are collected from the different outlet of the sieve/grader and thus the first pass is accomplished. After first pass analysis and reweight of the all fractions. The seven passes were

required for the complete decortications of 10 kg chironji seeds and similarly previous analysis is necessary for remaining all passes. The sample weight and time requirement are gradually reduced after each pass. The whole chironji kernels, broken, husk and dust/mealy waste of kernels was yield 14.22 % 14.41 %, 82.41 % and 9.28 % respectively is shown in Table 1

From the Table 1 the hulling efficiency of chironji decorticator was highest after 7th pass 80 % followed by 78.78 %, 75.44 %, 68.06 %, 56.01 %, 39.38 % and 21.2 %

for passes 6th, 5th, 4th, 3rd, 2nd and 1st respectively. The coefficient of hulling was increased after each pass but the coefficient of wholeness of kernel was reduced after each pass. The hulling efficiency was increased after each pass significantly.

The 10 cm clearance was maintained between stone discs during decortications of chironji seeds. The disc was revolved constant 240 rpm speed an entire duration of decortications process. Throughout the capacity of machine 80 kg/h was yield. The individual hulling efficiency was found to be after each pass and overall hulling efficiency was yield due to the mixing of one pass to another to each other respectively is shown in Table 3.

Table 1 Fractions of hulled 10 kg chironji seeds sample in seven passes

Table 2 Hulling efficiency of chironji seeds

Table 3 Comparison between individual hulling efficiency and overall hulling efficiency

VI. CONCLUSION

1. A chironji decorticator machine was designed and developed successfully.

2. Over all capacity of machine was found to be 80 kg/h. The machine hulling efficiency was found to be 80% in 7th pass.

3. The decortications efficiency of developed machine was found to be 80 % with 14.41% broken kernels and 9.28% dust/mealy waste which was under acceptable limits of the industry.

REFERENCES

1. Dwivedi, S.V., Singh, S.N., and Singh, R. 2012. Conservation of chironji and cultivation of off-season rainfed tomato. Current Science. 102 (2): 25-26.

2. Kate, A. E., Lohani, U. C., Shahi N. C., Pandey, J. P. 2013. Optimization of machine parameters of wild apricot pit decorticator using response surface methodology. International Agricultural Engineering Journal. 22(1): 27- 33.

3. https://www. Non-wood (Non- nationalised) forest produce in Chhattisgarh estimated for marketing.com

4. Kumar, J., Srivastav, P. P. and Bhowmick, P. K. 2007. Traditional processing and some properties of chironji nut (Buchanania lanzan) and kernel, presented in National workshop CIPHET, Ludhiana. 20- 26.

5. Sharma, A. 2012 International Journal of Bio-Technology. Scientist c, state forest research institute, Jabalpur, M.P., India 4(1).

6. Sharma, A. 2012. Scientific harvesting for quality seed collection of buchanania lanzan spreng for its conservation and sustainable management-case study of Chhindwara, M.P., India. Int. J. of Bio- Science and Bio Tech. 4: 65-74.

7. Sharma, N. 1998 Toxigenic fungi associated with stored fruits of chironji. Department of Botany Lucknow University. Lucknow 226 007. Indian Phytopath. 51(3): 284-286.

8. Sharma, N., Ghosh, R., and Nigam, M. 1998. Toxigenic fungi associated with stored fruits of chironji. Indian Phytopath. 51 (3): 284-286.

9. Siddiqui, M.Z., Chowdhury, A.R., Prasad, N., and Thomas, M. 2014. Buchanania Lanzan: a species of enormous potentials. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2(4): 374-379.