Design and Manufacturing of a 4 Wheel Drive Gearbox of an off-road Vehicle (Atv)

Design and Manufacturing of a 4 Wheel Drive Gearbox of an off-road Vehicle (Atv)

Ayush Munot, Adarsh Bhavsar, Vaishnavi Wadhi, Y.A Kadam

Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering P.E.Ss Modern College of Engineering Pune, Maharashtra, India

Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering P.E.Ss Modern College of Engineering Pune, Maharashtra, India

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this project is to conceptualize, design, and manufacture an advanced Four-Wheel Drive (4WD) system for an All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV), enhancing its off-road performance and maneuverability. The ATV is intended for recreational and utility purposes in diverse terrains, including rough trails, mud, sand, and rocky surfaces.

The proposed 4WD system aims to optimize traction, stability, and control by distributing power to all four wheels, thereby improving the vehicle's overall off-road capabilities. The design process involves a comprehensive study of existing ATV drivetrain technologies, a detailed analysis of terrain requirements, and the incorporation of innovative engineering solutions.

Key components of the project include the development of a robust transfer case, differential mechanism, and drive shafts to seamlessly transfer power from the engine to each wheel. Emphasis is placed on creating a system that adapts to varying terrain conditions, ensuring optimal torque distribution for improved traction without compromising on efficiency.

Computer-aided design (CAD) tools are employed for the creation of 3D models, allowing for virtual prototyping and

simulations to validate the system's performance under different scenarios. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is utilized to assess structural integrity and durability, ensuring the 4WD system can withstand the harsh conditions associated with off- road use.

The manufacturing process involves the selection of high- quality materials and precision machining techniques to achieve the desired strength-to-weight ratio and durability. Prototypes are rigorously tested in controlled environments to validate the design's functionality and performance.

The successful implementation of the 4WD system is expected to result in an ATV with superior off-road capabilities, offering users a versatile and reliable vehicle for various recreational and utility applications. This project contributes to the advancement of ATV technology, showcasing innovative solutions for enhancing off-road mobility and expanding the range of activities achievable with these vehicles.

Keywords: Research Paper, Technical Writing, Science, Engineering and Technology

I. INTRODUCTION

The design and manufacturing of a Four-Wheel Drive (4WD) system for an All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV) represents a pivotal project aimed at elevating off-road mobility to new heights. The significance of 4WD technology in off-road vehicles cannot be overstated, as it plays a fundamental role in enhancing traction, stability, and maneuverability across diverse terrains.

This project undertakes a comprehensive exploration of the engineering intricacies involved in creating a cutting-edge 4WD system, from conceptualization to prototyping and validation.

Off-road enthusiasts and utility operators demand vehicles that can navigate challenging terrains with finesse. The conventional Two-Wheel Drive (2WD) systems often fall short in providing the necessary traction on uneven surfaces, limiting the ATV's overall off-road potential.

The implementation of a 4WD system aims to address these limitations by distributing power to all four wheels, thereby improving grip and control.

1.1 Objectives:

The primary objective of this project is to design and manufacture a 4WD system that not only meets but exceeds the expectations of off-road enthusiasts and utility users. Key objectives include optimizing power distribution, ensuring adaptability to varying terrains, enhancing vehicle stability, and incorporating intelligent control systems for dynamic performance adjustments.

contact the conference publications committee as indicated on the IJRSET website. Information about final paper submission is available from the IJRSET website.

1. KEY COMPONENTS OF THE 4WD SYSTEM:

   1. Transfer Case: The transfer case serves as the core component responsible for directing power from the engine to the front and rear axles. Its design focuses on efficiency, durability, and the seamless transition between 2WD and 4WD modes.

   2. Gears and Gear Train: The gearbox incorporates a complex arrangement of gears and a gear train to transmit power from the engine to the wheels. These gears are meticulously designed to provide the necessary torque and speed ratios required for various driving conditions. Gear ratios can be adjusted to optimize performance for tasks such as climbing steep inclines, traversing rough terrain, or achieving higher speeds on flat surfaces.

   3. Differential Mechanism: The differential is engineered to manage torque distribution between the front and rear wheels. A limited-slip differential is integrated to accommodate varying wheel speeds, preventing wheel slippage and optimizing traction.

   4. Input and Output Shafts: The input shaft connects the gearbox to the engine's crankshaft, transmitting power into the gearbox. The output shafts extend from the gearbox to the front and rear axles, delivering power to the wheels. These shafts are essential for ensuring a direct and efficient transfer of torque, contributing to the vehicle's overall responsiveness and drivability.

   5. Drive Shafts: Precision-engineered drive shafts transmit power from the differential to each wheel, ensuring a direct and efficient power transfer while accommodating suspension movements.

2. COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN (CAD) AND SIMULATION:

   Advanced CAD tools are employed to create detailed 3D models of the 4WD system. Simulation techniques, including Finite Element Analysis (FEA), are utilized to assess the structural integrity and performance of the components under different loads and terrain conditions.

   1. Adaptive Control System: Intelligent control systems, driven by data from sensors such as accelerometers and wheel speed sensors, enable real-time adjustments to the 4WD system. This adaptive control enhances traction, stability, and responsiveness, contributing to an optimal off-road driving experience.

   2. Manufacturing Process: The manufacturing process involves selecting high-strength materials and utilizing precision machining techniques. Prototypes undergo rigorous testing to validate the design's functionality, structural integrity, and durability, ensuring the final product meets the demands of off-road environments.

   3. Sealing and Durability: Given the demanding nature of off-road driving, 4WD gearboxes are designed with robust sealing mechanisms to prevent the ingress of water, mud, and other contaminants. Additionally, they undergo rigorous

      testing to ensure durability under extreme conditions, including temperature variations, shocks, and vibrations.

3. PROBLEM STATEMENT.

   Design a robust, efficient 4wd powertrain for a 10bhp BAJA ATV, including gearbox, differential and propeller shaft. The design should have optimized power transfer, adaptablity to off-road terrain, durability and acceleration.

   ENGINE RPM: – 3800RPM ENGINE TORQUE: – 18.69 N/mm TARGET SPEED: – 58KM/HR

   1. SCOPE:

      • Sustainable Consideration: Explore opportunities to make the transmission system more energy efficient.

      • Continual Improvement: Consider opportunities for future enhancement and refinement to the 4WD transmission system. Stay updated with technological advancement in the field

      • Lightweight Material: Integrating lightweight material like advanced composites, aluminium alloys, into the transmission system can reduce overall vehicle weight leading to full efficiency and performance.

   2. Methodology:

      Designing a 4WD gearbox for an off-roading vehicle involves defining specific requirements, selecting an appropriate transmission type with suitable gear ratios for diverse terrains, and incorporating a transfer case for varied gearing options. Material choice is crucial for durability, considering the challenging conditions off-road vehicles face. Implementing effective sealing, ensuring torque handling capacity, and conducting rigorous testing and simulation are vital steps. A well-designed cooling system is necessary for heat management during extended off-road use. Considerations should include weight, cost, and prioritizing maintenance and serviceability to ensure a robust and practical gearbox design.

4. CALCULATIONS: –

   Engine Rpm = 3800 rpm

   Consider the target speed = 56km/hr = 15.56m/s Dimension of wheel = 23×7-10

   Wheel end RPM = = x15.56

   =508.7

   • Continuous Variable Transmission (CVT) Low end Ratio:- 3.9

     High End Ratio:- 0.9

     • Gear box Ratio :- = = 8.29 No. of Stages of Gearbox = 2

       By taking square root, Stage 1 = 2.879

       Stage 2 = 2.879

       Maximum Engine Torque = 18.69 Nm

       =18690 Nmm

       Final Drive Ratio = Low end ratio x Gearbox Ratio

       = 3.9 x 8.29

       = 32.331

       Torque on input shaft (Tin) = 18690 x 3.9 [Engine Torque x Low end ratio] = 72891 Nmm

       • Material Used: – 20MnCr5

       • Lewis form factor Y=0.484 – = 0.3405

         Y=0.3405

       • Beam Strength Where, m=module

         B=face width=10m

         = Sut/3, Permissible Bending Stress N/mm2 Y = Lewis form factor

         Q=

         K = 0.16 x[ ] 2 = 0.9840

       • Wear strength

   Sw = b x Q x dp x K [dp = PCD of pinion = zp * m]

   Sw = 1170.64512 N

   For Input Shaft :-

   Pt=

   20MnCr5 steel is commonly used in the production oWf here, Pt=Tangential Component gears due to its ability to be case-hardened and itPs r = Pt * tan

   excellent wear resistance. This makes it well-suited for

   gears that are exposed to high levels of wear and tear.

   = 3644.55 x tan20

   = 1326.507 N

   Sut = 980 N/mm2 Syt = 750N/mm2 BHN = 248

   Where,

   Sut = Ultimate tensile strength Syt = Yield strength

   Consider module of spur gear (m) = 2mm & No. of Teeth on Pinion (Zp) = 20

   No. of teeth on gears (Zg) = Zp x Stage 1 ratio

   = 20 x 2.8979

   Where, Pr = Radial Component For Stage 1 [For spur gear]

   Zp = 20

   Zg = 58

   m = 2

   Similarly, for Stage 2 Zp = 20

   Zg = 58

   m = 2

   As the ratio is same for stage 1 and stage 2

   Zg = 58	= 57.58	Now, Torque on Intermediate Shaft (Tint)
   Let,		= 72891 x 2.879
   Pressure Angle =	= 200 — (	) =209853.1789 Nmm
   		Pt =

   Pr = Pt x tan(20) = 38190.157

   Bevel Gear Calculation :-

   Consider module =3mm

   Zp = 16

   Going by the ratio of 1.25

   Zg = 20

   Material used is same

   Sut = 980 N/mm2 Syt = 750N/mm2

   on pinion]

   on gear]

   Consider = 20 ——–[Pressure angle] [V.B

   Bhandari]

   Pitch Cone Distance Ao =

   =

   [Pitch cone angle

   Ao = 38.41 mm

   or 10m

   =12.80 or 30

   [Pitch cone anglCe onsidering smaller value

   B = 12.80 13mm

   Fb = ——————

   Zp = = 20.48 [virtual number of teeth on pinion]

   Zg = = 32.01 [virtual number of teeth on gear]

   Fb = 2897.58N

   Yp = 0484 – = 0.3438 — [Lewis form factor on Virtual

   • Wear Strength: –

     number of teeth]

     dp = m x zp =48 dg = m x zg = 60

     Ratio Factor (Q) =

     Load Stress Factor (K)

     = 0.16 2

     Pt = where Tp = Torque on Int (Pinion) Rpm Mean Radius of

     Fw =

     Pinion.

     Rpm = 19.94 mm , Tp = 209853.189 Nmm Pt = 10524.23N

     Separating Force = 3830.50 N

     Pa = 2392.38 N (Axial Component)

     Pr = 2991.53 N (Radial Component)

     Pa = 10524.23 N (Tangential Component)

     RPM =

     Pr = Pt x tan x cos N

     Pa = Pt x tan x sin N

     1. INPUT SHAFT :-

        *(Dimensions are in mm)

        Pt = 3644.55 N Pr = 1326.50 N Total Length (L) = 14+20+20+4+14+14+93

        =179 mm

        Material used :- 20MnCr5

        Sut = 980 N/mm2 Syt = 750N/mm2

        Kb = 2.0 [Combined shock and fatigue factor applied to bending] Kt = 1.5 [Combined shock and fatigue factor applied to torsional moment]

        Possible Shear Strength

        0.3 x Syt = 225 Mpa

        0.18 x Sut = 0.18 x 980 = 176.4 Mpa

        Material selected is 10C4

        Choosing the lower value,

        Force Analysis

        = 132.3 N/mm2

        For Output Shaft

        Torque on output shaft =Mt=604166 Nmm Diameter of Shaft at gear location = 35 mm Hence Sq. key dimension of shaft =b x h=16 x10

        • For vertical plane – For horizontal plane Ra = 480.287 N Ra = 1319.578 N

          Rb = 846.22 N Rb = 2324.972 N

          Mmax = 17771 Nmm Mmax = 48824 Nmm Resultant

          Ra = = 1404.2655 N

          Rb = = 2474.1833 N

          Mmax = = 51957.592 N

          Moment Torsional: –

          Mt = Mt = 72891 Nmm

        • Diameter of Shaft

        d3 =

        =

        d3 =5806.681

     2. Design of Key

        • Intermediate Shaft :

        Torque on Intermediate shaft = Mt = 209853 Nmm.

        As face width of our gear is 20mm and length of the key is approx. 61 mm

     3. Bearing Selection :-

        • For Input Shaft:

        From SKF Catalogue, available bearings (DGBR) for bore diameter 20 mm are : 6004,6204,6304,6404

        • Selection Procedure for B1 :

          As the gear is spur gear, there will be no axial forces acting on the bearings.

          Hence, Pe = x * Fr where x = 1

          Pe = 1 * 1404.2655 Fr = Ra

          = 1404.265 N

          L10 = ————- L10h range (12000-20000 h

          V.B Bhandari

          = n = Input shaft RPM

          For square key dimension of the key for shaft diameter (3038)mm

          = 935.376 rev

          B x h = 10 x 8

          Now, C = Pe * (L10)1/P P = 3 for ball bearing

          =

          = 13733.39 N = 13.73 kN

          From SKF Catalogue , Bearing no. 6304 has C = 16.8 kN. Thus , selecting 6304 for bearing B1

          B1 = 6304

   • Selection Procedure for B2 :

   Hence, Pe = x * Fr where x = 1

   Pe = 1 * 2474.18 Fr = Ra

   = 2474.18 N

   L10 = 935.376 rev From previous calculation C = Pe * (L10)1/P P = 3 for ball bearing

   =

   = 24196.91 N = 24.196 kN

   = 79084.88 N = 79084.88 kN

   From SKF Catalogue, Bearing no. NJ 2307 ECP has C = 106 kN. Thus , selecting NJ 2307 ECP for bearing B2

   B2 = NJ 2307 ECP

5. DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

   <>From SKF Catalogue, Bearing no. 6404 has C = 30.7 kN. Thus , selecting 6404 for bearing B2

   B2 = 6404

   For Output Shaft :-

   From SKF Catalogue, available bearings (DGBR) for bore diameter 35 mm are : N 207 ECM, N 307 ECM, NJ 2307 ECP

   • Selection Procedure for B1 :

     As the gear is spur gear, there will be no axial forces acting on the bearings.

     Hence, Pe = x * Fr where x = 1

     Pe = 1 * 6723.01 Fr = Ra

     = 6723.01 N

     L10 = ————- L10h range (12000-20000 h

     V.B Bhandari

     = ———– n = Input shaft RPM

     = 488.64 rev

     Now, C = Pe * (L10)1/P P = 10/3 for ball bearing

     =

     = 43078.48 N = 43.078 kN

     From SKF Catalogue , Bearing no. N 207 ECM has C = 56 kN. Thus , selecting N 207 ECM for bearing B1

     B1 = N 207 ECM

   • Selection Procedure for B2 :

     Hence, Pe = x * Fr where x = 1

     Pe = 1 * 12342.319 Fr = Ra

     = 12342.319 N

     L10 = 488.64 rev From previous calculation C = Pe * (L10)1/P P = 10/3 for ball bearing

     =

     Figure 2: – Part assembly of gearbox

     Fig 3 :- Part assembly of gearbox with bevel gear

     Fig 4:- Stress concentration of Spur gear

     Fig 5:- Total deformation of Spur gear

     Fig 10 :- Differential assembly

     Fig 6:- Stress concentration of Output shaft

     Fig 7 :- Total deformation of Output shaft

     Fig 8 :- Total deformation of Intermediate shaft

     Fig 9:- Stress deformation of Gearbox Casing

6. CONCLUSION :-

   At this stage we are done with the designing, modelling and analysis of 4WD gearbox of an off road vehicle. We are planning to start our manufacturing phase in the last week of December. We have set January 30th as the deadline of our manufacturing phase and are planning our activities accordingly.

7. REFERENCES :-

1. V.B Bhandari 4th Edition.

2. Design and analysis of 4WD 2-stage reduction gearbox for mBAJA buggy using finite element method (FEM). Sudhanshu Maurya1, Vineet Gupta2, Mukesh Yadav

3. Design, analysis, and simulation of a four-wheel-drive transmission for an All-terrain vehicle.

   C. Kannan School of Mechanical Engineering (SMEC), VIT University, India

   B. Ashok VIT University, India

   Harshad Dighe, Saksham Agarwal, Devansh Kapoor, Akshat Kasana, and Amal Mathew School of Mechanical Engineering (SMEC), VIT University, India

4. Differential Transfer Cases in AWD/4WD Vehicles: Comparative Analysis SOHAM S. KULKARNI Department of Mechanical Engineering, PVG COET, Pune-3.

5. Automotive Transmissions by Wolfgang Novak.

6. Textbook of Machine Design by R.S.Khurmi and J.K.Gupta.

7. Mechanical Engineers Handbook by Dan.B.Marghitu.

8. Machine elements in Mechanical Design by Robert.L.Mott.

9. Tune to Win by Carroll Smith.

10. Strength of Material by S. Ramamrutham

IJERTV13IS040104

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