Design and Modelling of Shaft of Two Furrow Reversible Plough

Design and Modelling of Shaft of Two Furrow Reversible Plough

Sumit N. Balwani1 1P.G.Scholar M tech CAD/CAM, Mechanical Engineering Dept,

B.D.C.E Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India

Dr. A. R. Sahu2

2Professor at Mechanical Engineering Dept,

B.D.C.E Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India

Prof. N. P. Doshi3

3Professor at Mechanical Engineering Dept,

1. Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India

   Abstract- In the field of agriculture there is a remarkable development, the farmers are using plough, harvester, tractors and advance farm equipments. Plough is one of the very important agricultural equipment and thus the various parts of plough such as frame, shaft, tilting mechanism, mould board should be reliable and strong. In this paper, various parameters are identified for optimum design of two furrow reversible plough. The author has done the design of existing shaft and checked the existing design of shaft. Also the modeling of shaft is done for further analysis.

   Keywords- Plough, Shaft, Design, Modeling

   1. INTRODUCTION

      In last few decades we all are witnessing the development in each and every field of life. In the field of agricultural also we had seen remarkable development, farmers of developed nations are now a days using harvester, tractor, advance machine tools and advance farm equipments but country like India most of the farmers are still using traditional method of farming may be because of poor financial conditions or unavailability of cheap and reliable farm equipments. Farmers are facing the various problems with the agricultural equipments viz. High cost, heavier in weight, less reliable, etc, its also observed that the agricultural equipments are mostly manufactured by local manufacturing companies and they do not having any R & D facilities also they manufactured the equipment without applying any type of scientific tools, techniques and methods. Therefore there is a need of improved agricultural tools so that it does not get failed at the time of uses.

   2. PLOUGH

      Plough is used to turn the heavy growth of green manure to help proper decay and addition of humus to soil. It is generally done to create a favorable condition for seed placement and plant growth. It is the mechanical manipulation of soil which is used to maintain, modify or promote changes in soil environment for plant growth. The mould board plough is one of the oldest of all agricultural implements. In general, this plough is used in the areas where there is sufficient rainfall to produce a good crop. Of all the

      types of mould board plough, the one with single bottom and animal drawn and walking type is the most common among the farmers. However, some farmers who own tractors drawn multi bottom mould board plough. They are classified further as

      1. Reversible type of plough

         The reversible plough has two mouldboard ploughs mounted back-to-back, one turning to the right and other to the left. While one is working the land, the other is carried upside down in the air. At the end of each row, the paired ploughs are turned over, so the other can be used. This returns the next furrow, again working the field in a consistent direction.

         A reversible plough can be turned over by the tractors hydraulics or manually at the end of the furrow and the next pass made against the previous strip. The ploughman drives backwards and forwards across the field untilall is done.

      2. Non Reversible type of plough

      Non reversible plough can only turn the soil one way. If the ploughman were to run back alongside the previous furrow the soil would pile up in the middle. Instead the field is divided into lands. A land is an arbitrary area around which the ploughman drives in an elongated spiral. All the soil is turned the same way and there is only one slight ridge in the middle where the soil was turned together. As each land is finished and the next started there is a shallow trench left between the adjacent lands.

   3. LITERATURE REVIEW

      The literature review has been carried out for finding various important parameters which are required to be considered while optimum designing. By field survey and literature review it has been observed that following are the failures generally occurs in the shaft

      1. Bending of shaft

      2. Breakage of shaft

         According to V. Jankauskas et al. (2008) the welding of different parts of plough is very important for reliable application of plough. Anil R. Sahu et al. (2011) has focused on tilting mechanism of plough and they identified the proper spring diameter and weld thickness is important parameter for

         reliable reversible mechanism. Sneha S. Wasu et al. (2015) has done design and modeling of two furrow reversible plough and they identified that shear plate is important component of reversible plough and they suggested that the boron steel is suitable material for shear plate. Pooja M. Raut et al. (2014) has done FEM analysis of nine type duty cultivator and they optimize the life of shovel and they have changed the material of shovel to boron steel.

         From the above literature review it has been observed that most of the authors optimize the design of different components of mould board like shovel, shear plate, tilting mechanism and welding of different components. But nobody has done the optimization of shaft. Therefore in this paper we are suggesting the various important parameters which have to be considered while designing shaft and checking the existing design of shaft so that the reversible plough work efficiently without fail at the time of use.

   4. DESIGN OF SHAFT AND FORCE

      CALCULATION

      The power required to pull a two bottom 33.5 cm plough, working to a depth of 25 cm. the power unit (Tractor) is operating at a speed of 4.5 km/hr. The type of soil is medium having soil resistance is 0.65 kg/cm2

      Total width of ploughing = 33.5 × 2 = 67 cm

      Furrow cross section = Total width of ploughing × working depth

      Figure 1. frame of plough

      Mouldboard No. 1 = 5685 × 0.904 = 5139 N.m

      Mouldboard No. 2 = 5685 × 0.280 = 1592 N.m

      The total intensity of couple acted on the shaft is 5139 + 1592

      = 6731 N.m

      Shear Force and Bending Moment Calculations

      = 67 × 25

      = 1675 cm2

      Total Draft = Soil resistance × Furrow cross section

      = 0.65 × 1675

      = 1089 Kg = 10683 N (1 Kg = 9.81 N)

      Line of pull of a moldboard plough is 20 deg. horizontal with the direction of travel.

      Total Draft = Required Pull × cos 20

      .:. Required Pull = Total Draft / cos 20

      = 10683 / cos 20 Required Pull = 11369 N

      The required pull acting on the shaft is 11369 N.

      The power required to pull a two furrow bottom plough is (W),

      P = Total Draft (N) × Speed (m/s)

      = 10683 N × (4.5×1000/ 60 × 60)

      = 13354 W = 13.3 kW

      The weight of two furrow mouldboard or rear assembly is assumed to be 380 Kg i.e. 3728 N

      Consider uniformly distributed load on the shaft for the portion of .300 m

      = 3728/.300 = 12426 N/m

      Total force required to pull the tillage is 11369 N, acted by the power source through the shaft. Therefore, the force required to pull the each mouldboard is 11369 / 2 = 5685 N.

      Figure 2. free body diagram

      Reactions at Supports

      Taking moment about point C,

      Rd×0.280 + (12426 × 0.300) × 0.170 + 6731 = 0 RD = — 26,303 N

      Taking Moment about point D,

      Rc × 0.280 = 6731 + (12426 × 0.300) × 0.450 RC = — 30,031 N

      Shear Force Calculations Shear Forc at A = 0 N Shear Force at B

      Left of B = (12426 × 0.300) = 3728 N Right of B = (12426 × 0.300) = 3728 N

      Shear Force at C

      Left of C = (12426 × 0.300) = 3728 N

      Right of C = (12426 × 0.300) + 30031 = 26303 N

      Shear Force at D

      Left of D = (12426 × 0.300) + 30031 = 26303 N

      Right of D = (12426 × 0.300) + 30031 + (–26303) = 0 N

      Shear Force at E = 0 N

      Figure 3- shear force diagram

      Bending Moment Calculations Taking moment about all points MA = 0 N.m

      MB (Left of B) = (12426 × 0.300) × 0.150 = 559 N.m (Right of B) = (12426 × 0.300) × 0.170 — 6731 = –7290

      N.m

      MC = (12426 × 0.300) × 0.170 — 6731 = — 7365 N.m

      MD = (12426 × 0.300) × 0.45 — 6731 + (30031) × 0.280 = 0

      N.m

      ME = 0 N.m

      Figure 4- bending moment diagram

      The maximum bending moment found to be 7365 N.m = 7,365 × 103 N.mm

      The material of shaft is EN 8 i.e. SAE 1040 The diameter of existing shaft is 75mm

      .:. The yield strength in reverse bending is (Syt = 350 N/mm2) Consider the factor of safety for the shaft material is 2.

      Therefore the permissible bending stress in the shaft material is b

      b = Endurance limit or Strength / Factor of safety b = 350 / 2 = 175 N/mm2

      The actual bending stress b (N/mm2)

      b = Maximum Bending Moment (N.mm) / Section Modulus (mm3)

      b = 7,365 × 103 / ( × 753 / 32 )

      b = 178 N/mm2

      By Calculations it was found that,

      b = 178 N/mm2 > b = 175 N/mm2

      From above values it is observed that the bending moment is slightly more than yield strength.

   5. MODELING

      The modeling of various components had been done along with the assembly of two furrow reversible plough.

      1. Frame

      2. Shaft

      3. Housing

      A. Assembly

   6. CONCLUSION

From the above literature review the author had find out the various important parameters required for optimum design of shaft also from the above forces and analytical calculation of shaft it was found that the existing design is safe. The further modeling is done and impact forces could be calculated and analysis could be done to find the life of shaft.

REFERENCES

1. Anil R. Sahu, Dr. S. B. jaju, Prof. N. K. MandavgadeFem Analysis Of Tilting Mechanism Of Three Furrows reversible plough International journal of science and Technology Vol. 3 No. 5 may 2011, pp3960-3971, ISSN 0975-5462.

2. Ms.Pooja M. Raut, Dr. G. V. Thakre , Prof. R. D. Thakre ,Prof. U. D. Gulhane FEM ANALYSIS OF NINE TYNE MEDIUM DUTY CULTIVATORIORD Journal of Science & Technology E-ISSN: 2348-0831 Volume 1, Issue V (JULY-AUGUST 2014) PP 58-65.

3. A textbook on Elements of agricultural Engineering by Dr.Jagdishwar sahay P -237.

4. Sneha S.Wasu, Dr.A.R.Sahu, Prof. R.D.Thakare Prof. U. D. Gulhane Design, modelling and Analysis of two bottom reversible plough International engineering Journal for research and development E-ISSN No. 2349-0721 Vol.2 issue 4.

5. Siva Venkatachalam and Steven Y. Liang,(2007): Effects of Ploughing Forces and Friction Coefficient in Microscale Machining, by ASME, Vol. 129.

6. R.S. Khurmi and J.K. Gupta (2005) A Textbook of machine design

   S.Chand and co. Ltd

7. Machine design data book by B.D.Shivalkar page no- 39