Design of Universal Serial Bus for Low Cost Field Programmable Gate Array

Design of Universal Serial Bus for Low Cost Field Programmable Gate Array

Design of Universal Serial Bus for Low Cost Field Programmable Gate Array

V.Arun , ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,MLRIT , DUNDIGAL , HYDERABAD D.Laxma Reddy, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, MLRIT, DUNDIGAL, HYDERABAD

The objective of the paper is to develop a USB device core, comprising of a Transmitter and Receiver on FPGA integrated circuits using VHDL as the coding language. Higher speed and quality requests for communications between digital systems and devices introduced the need of developing a new standard to allow replacement of the traditional series and parallel interfaces, thus allowing not only an increased speed in data transfer, but also a chance to connect different data receivers and transmitters over one common structure, bus type. This would allow the development of a data communication system that would be simple to manage but also very efficient. The answer to this challenge, the well known USB standard has become, during the last years, the basic communication module for digital systems, replacing, with many advantages, the previous and traditional series and parallel communication interfaces. USB characteristics include low cost, easiness of use, and simple construction. Thus, USB standard must be considered as something to be used in any kind of device requiring data communication with other systems or devices.

1. The main reason why new interfaces don1t appear very often is that existing interfaces have the advantage of all of the peripherals that users don1t want to scrap. By choosing compatibility with the existing Centronics parallel interface and RS-232 serial-port interface, the developers of the original IBM PC sped up the design process and enabled users to connect to printers and modems already in the market. These interfaces proved serviceable for close to two decades. But as computers became more powerful and the number and kinds of peripherals Increased, the older interfaces became a bottleneck of slow communications with limited options for expansion. This is the situation that prompted the development of USB. There has been two versions of USB standards previously USB1.0 and USB1.1 (September 1998) these versions supported only two speeds Low and Full speed. April 2000 saw the release of USB 2.0 which added the option to use high speed.

3. All data on USB is encoded. The encoding format is called Non-Return to Zero Inverted (NRZI).

   Figure: Example of NRZI Encoding

   Instead of defining logic 0s and 1s as voltages, NRZI encoding defines logic 0 as a voltage change, and logic 1 as a voltage that remains the same. Figure 2.6 shows a example. Each logic 0 results in a change from the previous state. Each logic 1 result in no change in the voltages. The bits transmit least- significant-bit (LSB) first.

4. Unlike RS-232 or similar serial interfaces where the format of data being sent is not defined, USB is made up of several layers of protocols.

   Each USB transaction consists of a Token Packet (Header defining what it expects to follow), Optional Data Packet, (Containing the payload) Status Packet (Used to acknowledge transactions and to provide a means of error correction) USB is a host centric bus. The host initiates all transactions. The first packet, also called a token is generated by the host to describe what is to follow and whether the data transaction will be a read or write and what the devices address and designated endpoint is. The next packet is generally a data packet carrying the payload and is followed by a handshaking packet, reporting if the data or token was received successfully, or if the endpoint is stalled or not available to accept data.

5. Data on the USB bus is transmitted LSB bit first. USB packets consist of the following fields [7, 3] Sync: All packets must start with a sync field. The sync field is 8 bits long, which is used to synchronize the clock of the receiver with the transmitter. The last two bits indicate where the PID fields starts.

6. USB is designed to handle many types of peripherals with varying requirements for transfer rate, response time, and error correcting. There are four types of data transfers each handling different needs and a device can support the transfer types that is best suited for its purpose.

   The four transfer types are

   periodically. Other than control transfers, interrupt transfers are the only way that low-speed devices can transfer data. Keyboards and mice use interrupt transfers to send key press and mouse-movement data. Interrupt transfers can use any speed.

   guaranteed delivery time but no error correcting. Data that might use isochronous transfers includes audio or video to be played in real time. Isochronous is the only transfer type that doesnt support automatic re-transmitting of data received with errors, so occasional errors must be acceptable. Only full- and high-speed devices can do isochronous transfers.

7. Figure: State Machine Diagram of USB Transmitter The state diagram shown above depicts the

   operation of the State Machine Controller. The Transmitter State Machine Controller in the USB is responsible for the transmission of the appropriate packets, with their appropriate CRCs. The USB Transmitter transmits four kinds of packets. Each of the packets has different formats. The SYNC and PID fields are common in all the packets

   The block diagram shown below is that of the USB Transmitter. The inputs of the transmitter are Data, TxEna, Addr and PID Type. All the inputs go to the State Machine Controller, and the Register Array. TxEna signal initiates the state machine to start the transmission. The outputs of the state machine enable the respective fields of the packets to be transmitted. For example, if Sync Ena is the output, the SYNC field is transmitted from the

   Register Array. When the PID is to be transmitted, the PID type is checked, and is transmitted with its compliment. The PID determines the type of packet being transmitted. Thus, the packets are transmitted accordingly from the Register array.

   Figure : Transmitter Block Diagram

8. USB Rx receives a Token Packet which has 5 states:

   • Idle

   • PID

   • DevAddr

   • EndPtAddr

   • CRC-5

     State Diagram of Data Packet

     Figure: State Diagram of Data Packet

     USB Rx receives a data packet which has 4 states:

   • Idle

   • PID

   • DATA

   • CRC-16

   USB Receiver:

   Figure: USB Receiver Block Diagram

9. Programmable Devices are integrated circuits which can be programmed in house or on the field. The design and implementation of an application on these devices can be achieved with the help of software tools. Hardware descriptive languages such as Verilog and VHDL are widely used for this

   purpose. The codes written in these languages can also be synthesized using a third party Electronic Design and Automation tool (EDA) tool or the software tool provided by the vendor. With the help of these tools it is also possible to optimize the design for speed or space.

   Traditional gate arrays contain a number of building blocks or primitive cells etched on a single silicon substrate. The connections between cells are permanent and made later. These are non reprogrammable high-density devices containing about 5 millions gates. The FPGAs have similar structure to gate arrays however they have programmable elements.

   The programmable cell is called Logic Elemnt (LE) in case of Altera device and Configurable Logic Block (CLB) in Xilinx devices. FPGA use the Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor SRAM technology and are thus reset at power.

10. The results of the USB Transmitter and Receiver explained before are discussed here.

    Figure: Simulation Result of Transmitter.

    [8]Pavel Kubalik and Jiri Bucek: FPGA

    IMPLEMENTATION OF USB 1.1 DEVICE CORE 2003.

    www.beyondlogic.org/usbnutshell

    www.usb.org. www.xilinx.com

    AUTHORS BIOGRAPHY

    Mr.ARUN did B.Tech in

    Electronics and communication in

    JNTU Hyderabad , M.Tech in Embedded systems from, JNTU

    Hyderabad. His interested areas in

    Embedded systems and image processing.

    Figure: Simulation Result of Receiver.

In this paper a USB device core i.e., a Transmitter and Receiver performing the USB communication is designed. The design was done using VHDL as the coding language. The tool used was Xilinx ISE 10.1. The FPGA board used was Spartan 3E. The transmitter module could only be implemented on the FPGA.The receiver module was done up to synthesis level.

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   Mr. Laxma Reddy did B.Tech in Electronics and communication Engineering from Mother Theresa College of Engineering ,Affiliated to

   jntuh, Hyderabad and M.Tech in computer communications from RRS college of engineering and Technology, JNTU Hyderab d. His interested areas in communications and image processing.

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