DOI : 10.17577/IJERTV8IS010012
- Open Access
- Total Downloads : 5
- Authors : Ajabuego O. G., Uzoechi L. O.
- Paper ID : IJERTV8IS010012
- Volume & Issue : Volume 08, Issue 01 (January – 2019)
- Published (First Online): 17-01-2019
- ISSN (Online) : 2278-0181
- Publisher Name : IJERT
- License:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Distributed Generation Placement in Port Harcourt Network using Nodal Analysis
Ajabuego O. G.1
Electrical Engineering Department, University of Port Harcourt,
Port Harcourt, Rivers state, Nigeria
Uzoechi L. O.2
Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Department, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Nigeria
Abstract
:- This paper shows the placement of Distributed Generation (DG) and its impact in Port Harcourt Network. This is to counter the problem of instability and losses in the Network. The method considered for the proper placement of the DGs is the nodal analysis method. This method shows the weakest bus in the Network which is more advisable for placing the DGs. After the placement of a DG, another analysis is done to ascertain where the next DG should be placed considering that recently 13 completed DGs (ten 25MW and three 30MW) have been installed in Port Harcourt. The result gotten after simulating with MATLAB
7.9 software shows a progressive reduction in the voltage violations, real and reactive power losses down to when there is no voltage violated when 13 DGs are placed. The only difference is a slight increase in the real and reactive power losses from 12 to 13 DGs installations. From the result it can be concluded that proper placement of the DGs will effect a balance in the instability of the Port Harcourt Network.
Keyword: Distributed Generation, Voltage Stability, Nodal analysis, Port Harcourt, Eigenvalue
I INTRODUCTION
Nigeria being a country with a very high population have not been able to stabilize its power system due to minimal generation supply. A recent statistics on use of generating sets in the country released by the Director-General of Centre for Management Development, Dr. Kabir Usman, revealed that about 60 million Nigerians spent N1.6 trillion on generators annually. The endemic power crisis came as a result of the inability of the existing plants to meet the ever increasing demand. The supply-demand gulf exist because of myriads of reasons: obsolete and dilapidated plants with 36% of installed capacity being over 20 years old; 48% are over 15 years old and 80% are over 10 years old [1]. Other factors include lack of and poor maintenance of existing plants and poor managerial efficiency. Though the country have hopes of installing more generating stations as time progresses using its natural resources, so many suggestions gave been given on a shorter solution using Distributed Generations (DGs). This is due to its limited complexity in installation or integration into a particular section of the Network, loss reduction, availability, etc.
Replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy is the ultimate goal, but because they currently account for 80 percent of global energy demand, it is not yet possible to do so and sustain even a basic standard of living. Indeed, although the volume of renewable energy is increasing at
an enormous rate, it is still outstripped by rising energy demand [2].Though DGs will give a better and fast solution to better performance of the Network, it has its own limitations, which is more seen when the DGs are improperly placed. Improper placement of the DGs can result to so much losses in the system, voltage instability and investment wastage. These problems call for proper attention to the methods used to place the DGs in the Network to counter the problem faced in DG installation. Various methods have been proposed to counter most of this problem of DG installation, though more method are been proposed. For this paper, the method considered is the eigen value method. This method is considered more advantageous than the other methods due to its less complexity in deciding the best position to place the DGs considering the properties of the Buses. The method decides which Bus is more affected and the Bus which contributes more to its instability, which is considered as the weakest Bus.
II LITERATURE REVIEW
Several papers reported on different techniques for DG allocation in radial distribution systems using probabilistic techniques [3], [4] However, because of the characteristics and constraints of mesh networks, it would be difficult to implement certain optimization strategies for DG allocation. Therefore, a probabilistic approach is proposed based on the relationship between customer demand and DG parameters (type, size, and location) [5], [6]. In the 1990s the voltage stability problem became an interesting topic for transmission networks and was extensively studied [7], [8]. Recently, with the advent of new DG technology, voltage stability studies have been extended to distribution networks [9]. In this paper the long-term voltage stability will be considered to reveal the systems ability to maintain steady voltage profiles following small disturbances experienced through continuous variations in load [10], [11].
III PORT HARCOURT NETWORK
There are two numbers of transmission load centers in Port Hacourt complex (Port Harcourt mains and town) with a total installed capacity of 222.5MVA while the total peak loads are 106.5MW (day) and 127.7MW (night) respectively. These were obtained under system/generation limitations. Total availability from the independent power producers (IPP) or distributed generation averages 60MW daily that is supplied to Port Harcourt metropolis. This
distributed generation (IPP) includes Omoku and Trans- Amadi and Eleme. They all have their challenges to overcome. Outside the generation limitations transmission constraint, and distribution inadequacies; the actual load demand should be in the vicinity of 361.9MW. There is presently, a gap of about 233.9MW, which must be bridged.
In Port Harcourt metropolis, the installation distribution capacity is 444.5MVA on 33kV which translates to 355.6MW at operating power factor (PF) of 0.8. Of course, the 33kV and 11kV distribution networks have not yet attained a state of perfection.
-
DG Sizing and Placement
The two major factors considered in placing DGs in a network are the percentage DG level and the percentage dispersion of the DGs in the network. The percentage DG level accounts for the amount of DG against the power demand,
% = × 100% (1)
where PDG is the power supply from the DG unit while Pload is the load demand of the area considered. For this thesis, the penetration level of the DGs was assumed to be total of 280MW which cannot be considered in percentage due to the supply from the grid and also no varying DG level considered.
The percentage dispersion of DGs accounts for how DGs are spread among buses depending on the number of buses or nodes.
-
Scenario 2: One DG is placed in one bus units and is connected to a single bus for all buses.
-
Scenario 3: all DGs are shared to two buses (135MW and 145MW) and are connected to different buses and the best is selected base on the voltage profile, losses and loading parameter
-
Scenario 4: all DGs are shared to three buses (100MW, 100MW and 80MW) and are connected to different buses and the best is selected base on the voltage profile, losses and loading parameter.
-
Scenario 5: all DGs are shared to four buses (75MW, 75MW, 75MW and 55MW) and are connected to different buses and the best is selected base on the voltage profile, losses and loading parameter.
-
Scenario 6: all DGs are shared to five buses (60MW, 60MW, 60MW, 50MW and 50MW) and are connected to different buses and the best is selected base on the voltage rofile, losses and loading parameter.
-
Scenario 7: all DGs are shared to six buses (50MW, 50MW, 50MW, 50MW, 50MW and 30MW) and are
connected to different buses and the best is selected base on the voltage profile, losses and loading parameter..
-
Scenario 8: all DGs are shared to seven buses (four 50MW, one 30MW and two 25MW) and are connected to different buses and the best is selected base on the voltage profile, losses and loading parameter.
-
Scenario 9: all DGs are shared to eight buses (three 50MW, one 30MW and four 25MW) and are connected to different buses and the best is selected base on the voltage profile, losses and loading parameter.
-
Scenario 10: all DGs are shared to nine buses (two 50MW, one 30MW and six 25MW) and are connected
% =
× 100% (2)
to different buses and the best is selected base on the voltage profile, losses and loading parameter.
This is to say that when we have 100% dispersion means that all the DGs are attached to all buses. This scenario is applicable when only DGs are used to power the network and also for a smaller networks. For this thesis, it was assumed that due to the large bus network considered, the number of maximum bus attachment is only thirteen (13) buses or nodes as at against sixty nine (69) buses or nodes which is about 18.84% dispersion network. This is done to match the available DGs that can be achieved in Port Harcourt.
After the candidate buses are selected, allocating DG units within the system requires investigation in terms of DG resources and their uncertainties. It also requires modeling the types of load and their criticality at each bus. In addition, placing the DG units in the most sensitive buses might violate the voltage limits or the capacity of the feeders, depending on the size of the DG units and the load demand of the system. Accordingly, this section proposes a method to place DG units with an objective of improving the voltage stability of the system. This study is demonstrated in fourteen scenarios;
a Scenario 1: The reference scenario, in which no DG units are connected to the system (base case).
-
Scenario 11: all DGs are shared to ten buses (one 50MW, one 30MW and eight 25MW) and are connected to different buses and the best is selected base on the voltage profile, losses and loading parameter.
-
Scenario 12: all DGs are shared to eleven buses (one 30MW and ten 25MW) and are connected to different buses and the best is selected base on the voltage profile, losses and loading parameter.
-
Scenario 13: all DGs are shared to twelve buses (ten 25MW, one 20MW and one 10MW) and are connected to different buses and the best is selected base on the voltage profile, losses and loading parameter.
-
Scenario 14: all DGs are shared to thirteen buses (ten 25MW and three 10MW) and are connected to different buses and the best is selected base on the voltage profile, losses and loading parameter
-
-
Modal analysis
Modal analysis determines how sensitive the buses to stability under a disturbance by computing the Eigen values and associated Eigenvectors of the reduced Jacobean matrix gotten from load flow. This analysis was also necessary to decide where the next DG should be placed. The lowest JR indicates the bus that is more pruned
to voltage instability. Negative real JR at any load point indicates that the system is unstable. Stability is ascertained
Voltage Magnitude Profile
1
when all the real JR
are positive.
=
(3)
0.9
0.8
The reduced jacobian matrix represents a linearized relationship between the increment changes in bus voltage (V) and the changes in reactive power (Q). The load bus which participate more to contribute instability is of utmost importance and can be expressed as
0.7
V [p.u.]
V [p.u.]
0.6
0.5
0.4
=
(4)
0.3
Where, i = ithright column vector i= ith row left eigenvector i = itheigenvalue
IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results for the load flow and eigenvalue analysis was
0.2
0.1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Bus #
Fig. 2: Voltage profile with Single DG
Voltage Magnitude Profile
gotten using MATLAB 7.9 software showing the voltage profile, real and reactive power losses and weakest Bus.
Number of DGs
Voltage violation
Real power losses
Reactive power losses
Weakest Bus
No DG
66
0.24811
3.4278
31
1
65
0.2021
3.0234
64
2
60
0.19871
2.914
59
3
54
0.18658
2.6627
19
4
50
0.15049
2.0678
12
5
37
0.12916
1.7143
11
6
25
0.10667
1.3618
13
7
15
0.0819
1.0411
14
8
9
0.06445
0.80931
3
9
8
0.06165
0.75862
8
10
4
0.05706
0.66731
25
11
2
0.0482
0.51023
34
12
1
0.0432
0.50939
63
13
0
0.0448
0.58054
46
Number of DGs
Voltage violation
Real power losses
Reactive power losses
Weakest Bus
No DG
66
0.24811
3.4278
31
1
65
0.2021
3.0234
64
2
60
0.19871
2.914
59
3
54
0.18658
2.6627
19
4
50
0.15049
2.0678
12
5
37
0.12916
1.7143
11
6
25
0.10667
1.3618
13
7
15
0.0819
1.0411
14
8
9
0.06445
0.80931
3
9
8
0.06165
0.75862
8
10
4
0.05706
0.66731
25
11
2
0.0482
0.51023
34
12
1
0.0432
0.50939
63
13
0
0.0448
0.58054
46
Table 1: Voltage stability analysis results
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
V [p.u.]
V [p.u.]
0.6
0.5
0.40.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Bus #
Fig. 3: Voltage profile with 2 DGs
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
V [p.u.]
V [p.u.]
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Voltage Magnitude Profile
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
V [p.u.]
V [p.u.]
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Voltage Magnitude Profile
Bus #
Fig. 1: Voltage profile without DG
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Bus #
Fig. 4: Voltage profile with 3 DGs
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
V [p.u.]
V [p.u.]
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Voltage Magnitude Profile
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Bus #
Fig. 5: Voltage profile with 4 DGs
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
V [p.u.]
V [p.u.]
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1
0.9
Voltage Magnitude Profile
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Bus #
Fig. 8: Voltage profile with 7 DGs
Voltage Magnitude Profile
1
0.9
0.8
Voltage Magnitude Profile
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.7
V [p.u.]
V [p.u.]
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Bus #
Fig. 6: Voltage profile with 5 DGs
Voltage Magnitude Profile
0.5
V [p.u.]
V [p.u.]
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1
0.9
0.8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Bus #
Fig. 9: Voltage profile with 8 DGs
Voltage Magnitude Profile
0.9 0.7
0.8
0.7
V [p.u.]
V [p.u.]
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Bus #
Fig. 7: Voltage profile with 6 DGs
0.6
V [p.u.]
V [p.u.]
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Bus #
Fig. 10: Voltage profile with 9 DGs
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
V [p.u.]
V [p.u.]
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Voltage Magnitude Profile
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
V [p.u.]
V [p.u.]
0.6
0.5
0.4
Voltage Magnitude Profile
0
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
V [p.u.]
V [p.u.]
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
V [p.u.]
V [p.u.]
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Bus #
Fig. 11: Voltage profile with 10 DGs
Voltage Magnitude Profile
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Bus #
Fig. 12: Voltage profile with 11 DGs
Voltage Magnitude Profile
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Bus #
Fig. 14: Voltage profile with 13 DGs
V RESULT DISCUSSION
From the result gotten, it is clear that there is so much voltage violations (i.e. 66 Buses) when no DG was added. Also, so much losses were incurred of about 2.14811pu real power loss and 3.4278pu for reactive power loss when DG was not added as seen in Table 1. At the inclusion of DGs, base on the available DGs, a drastic reduction in the voltage violation as seen in Figures 1-13, real and reactive power losses. There was no voltage violated at the inclusion of 13 DGs with total size of 230MW. The best real and reactive power loss is seen at the introduction of
12 DGs (i.e. 0.0432pu real power loss and 0.50939pu reactive power loss), which gave 97.99% improvement for real power loss, 85.13 improvement for reactive power loss and 100% improvement for voltage violation as at when DG was not added.
VI CONCLUSION
The research thoroughly investigates the placement of DGs in the Port Harcourt Network. The DG placements considered in this work have proven to be one of the best method to use in allocating DGs to a Network. From the simulation, DG can easily be attached to the weakest Bus for optimal performance. This is seen in the drastic improvement in the voltage profile, real and reactive power losses. The voltage profile as compared to when DG was
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Bus #
Fig. 13: Voltage profile with 12 DGs
not added gave 100% improvement for the best performance attaining stability with no voltage violation when 13 DGs were added
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