Divination of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm by Deploying Ultrasonic Transducer Sensor

Divination of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm by Deploying Ultrasonic Transducer Sensor

A. K. Nivetha,[1] [1]Asst. Professor, Department of Biomedical Engineering,

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College, Perambalur.

Abstract – Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm(AAA) is a dilatation of aorta at the abdominal level, carrying a substantial risk of expansion, tearing or dissection within the aortic wall which is the life threatening complication. The most common location for an aortic aneurysm is the infrarenal segment where a diameter that exceeds 3cm.The factors associated with the development of AAA are aged people, coronary heart disease, high cholesterol level, hypertension, smoking etc., Often an AAA is diagnosed by using CT, MRI, PET etc., To get rid of the radiation exposure, AAA can be detected using ultrasonic transducer sensor. Currently, theaortic diameter is the only feature that is used to predict the risk of rupture.

Keywords: Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA),infrarenal segment, radiation exposure, ultrasonic transducer sensor

I.INTRODUCTION

The aorta is the largest artery in the body, carrying oxygenated blood from the heart and eventually to all parts of the body through systemic circulation. The abdominal portion of the aorta may become dilated, weakened, and place stress on the aortic wall. AAA is a disease that is often asymptomatic and has up to90% risk of mortality if the aneurysm ruptures. It originates just after the aortic valve connected to left side of the heart and extends through the entire chest and abdomen. The portion of the aorta that lies deep inside the abdomen, right in front of the spine is called the abdominal aorta. Overtime, artery walls may becomeweak and widen. The pressure of blood pumping through the aorta may then cause this weakarea to bulge outward, like a balloon (called an aneurysm). AAA is localized displacement of the abdominal aorta that is 50% larger than the proximal normal 2segment at healthy subject. The enlargement is induced by progressively decrease in the

Raja Rajeswari M, [2] Sindhumathi C,

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College, Perambalur.

elasticity of the wall of abdominal aorta due to acute inflammation. The degradation of aorta tissue does not include complete aorta, but only intermediate layer which become weaker and susceptible by stress produced by aortic wall. The aneurysm is usually in the form of the bulge produced by the blood pumped under heart pressure. An aneurysm on the wall may contain deposits of cholesterol, calcium, or small blood clots.

1. RELATED VIEW

   An aortic aneurysm develops when the wall of your aorta weakens and bulges outward. This can be life- threatening, especially if the aneurysm bursts. The two types of aortic aneurysm are Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm (TAA) and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)

   TYPES

   Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm

   TAA, which happens in the part of aorta in your chest. This can include the ascending aorta (the short stem of the cane), the aortic arch (the cane handle), the descending aorta (longer stem of the cane).

   Symptoms: Jaw pain, Back pain, Shortness of breathe

   Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

   AAA, which happens in the part of aorta in your abdomen. Symptoms: Severe pain in abdomen

2. PROPOSED SYSTEM

   Ultrasonic transducer sensor detects the diameter of the abdominal aorta to diagnose the range of aneurysm. It consists of transmitters, receivers and transceivers. By measuring the time and distance between sending a signal to the abdomen and receiving an echo from the abdomen can be calculated. The output will be digitally displayed in Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). The diagnosed report of AAA can be transmitted from one place to another place by using wireless transmission such as General Packet Radio Services (GPRS)/ Global System for Mobile communications.

   WIRELESS/ GPRS/GSM TRANSMISSION

   ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCER SENSOR

   CONTROL BOARD

   POWER SUPPLY

   DISPLAY (LCD DISPLAY)

   PC/LAPTOP/ MOBILE

   DESCRIPTION

   Fig. 1 Block Diagram

   CONTROL BOARD

   The PIC microcontroller PIC16f877a is one of the most

   We coded the program in the kit to find the distance between the transducer and the abdomen. In this transducer, Piezoelectric crystals are used for this conversion process.The power supply produces (0-5-12V) by using step-down transformer in the kit as shown in Fig.1.Arduino is the advanced version of embedded system. Display unit is connected to the Arduino kit used to display the diameter of abdominalaorta. The diagnosed report which is transmitted from one place to another can be viewed by either laptop or mobile.

3. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION POWERSUPPLY UNIT

   Power supply is the important part in an electronic circuit. A step-down transformer is used in this unit, which converts high voltage, low current power (primary side) into low voltage,high current power (secondary side).It is a multiple output transformer.It converts AC power into DC power by using rectifier.A rectifier diode (1N4007) is used as one-way check valve. This diode allows an electrical current to flow in only one direction, they are used to convert AC power into DC power. This diode is electrically compatible.

   renowned microcontroller. The main use of this controller is to burn the program easily for the measurement of abdominal aortic diameter. The time interval and distance values were already fixed in the controller to operate in an established manner. The coded program can be write-erase as many as possible based on our convenient. An EEPROM is also featured in it which makes it possible to store some of the information permanently like transmitter codes and receiver frequencies. The programmed PIC microcontroller is interfaced with the arduino board to control all the blocks as shown in Fig

   .1

   ULTRASONIC SENSOR

   HCSR04 arduino ultrasonic transducer sensor plays a vital role in this circuit. It is able to measure distances from 2cm to 400cm with an accuracy of about 3mm.It works on a principle similar to radar or sonar which evaluate the attributes of a target by interpreting the echoes from radio or sound waves respectively. It is a device that converts energy into ultrasound or sound waves above the normal range of human hearing. It generates sound waves in the ultrasonic range, of 40 kHz, by turning electrical energy into sound, then upon receiving the echo turn the sound waves into electrical energy which can be measured and displayed in Liquid Crystal Display (LCD).

   Fig. 2 Block Diagram of Ultrasonic Sensor

   HC-SR04 module has 4 pins:

   VCC 5V, +ive of the power supply TRIG Trigger Pin

   ECHO Echo Pin

   GND -ive of the power supply

   Ultrasonic sensor generate high frequency sound waves by the transmitter to the abdomen and evaluate the echo which is received back by the sensor from the aorta. Sensors calculate the time interval and distance between sending the signal and receiving the echo from an aortic wall. At the same time, it measures the diameter of an aorta.

   LCD DISPLAY

   Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is an Alphabetic Display it means that it can display Alphabets, Numbers as well as special symbols thus LCD is a user friendly Display device which can be used for displaying various messages unlike seven segment display which can display only numbers and some of the alphabets. The time and distance calculated from the sensor and to the abdomen were dislayed. The only disadvantage of LCD over seven segment display is that seven segment is robust display and can be visualized from a longer distance as compared to LCD. Here we have used 16 x 2 alphanumeric displays.

   WIRELESS GPRS/GSM TRANSMISSION

   The diameter of aorta which is displayed in Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) can be transmitted from one place to another with the help of wireless transmission such as GPRS/GSM. General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a wireless service channels can be used for the purpose of data transmission, but they only provide a maximum transmission speed of around 9.6 Kbps. Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) have several extra upgrades to cope with GPRS traffic. The transmitted diagnosed result of patient can be viewed by either personal computer, laptop or mobile.

4. RESULT & DISCUSSION

   The diameter of abdominal aorta is measured and the report is analyzed on its own, whether the range of abdominal aortic diameter is normal/ abnormal. It can be transferred from one clinician to other medical practitioner by using wireless transmission service.

5. CONCLUSION

   This project is intended to detect the aneurysm that occurs in abdominal aorta, without any radiationexposure. It is the simplest method and it can be handle without any medical practitioner.

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