Domain based Sentiment Analysis in Regional Language-Kannada

Domain based Sentiment Analysis in Regional Language-Kannada

Rohini V

(Mtech)

Dept.of CSE, Don Bosco Institute of Technology,VTU, Bengaluru-74.

Merin Thomas

Asst.Prof, Dept .of CSE, Don Bosco Institute of Technology,VTU, Bengaluru-74.

Dr. Latha .C. A Professor, Dept.of CSE, Global Academy of Technology,VTU,

Bengaluru-98.

Abstract Sentiment analysis (SA) is a research field under natural language processing which deals with the study of analyzing opinions or sentiments in the text. Sentiment analysis has gained its momentum by the increase of social networking sites and availability of huge online data. Data mining helps in extracting knowledge from the huge data. Sentiment analysis is incessant in prominent Languages like English .There is very few research work done in regional languages. This Paper focuses on domain based sentiment analysis in Regional language specific movies and also provide a comparison between analysis using direct Kannada dataset and machine translation in English.

Keywordsfeature extraction, opinion mining, term frequency formatting, decision trees.

1. INTRODUCTION

   In the current system, research works done in sentiment analysis for regional language such as Hindi, Bengali etc are very few compared to English language. These languages were analyzed by comparing lexicon words using part of speech tagging method. This represents emotions as adjectives pattern suffixed word. These semantic words are rated through machine learning approach. Machine learning includes algorithms such as rule based algorithm, maximum entropy etc. India being multi-linguistic nation sentiment analysis in English forms a drawback. For analyzing the documents or websites that are of particular regional language such as Kannada language, it required to have sentiment analysis by using datasets in Kannada. Websites like newskannada, prajavani, wedunia.com, and oneindianews have reviews in Kannada which has a higher preference than the common languages. Sentiment analysis in Kannada with English translation produces similar results with generic set of sentiment words but does not consider the domain of the text which is the feature of an entity called subjective in sentiment analysis. This approach of domain based sentiment analysis is proposed for Kannada language. The work aims in detecting opinion words respective to a particular domain of interest. This research concentrates in domain movie. The result is explored using decision tree classifier technique along with the sentiment scores of the opinion words from lexicon based approach.

2. SENTIMENT ANALYSIS

   Sentiment analysis is the task of identifying the orientation of opinion words in a text. Sentiment analysis can be of three levels: document level (such as blog), sentence level (such as comments) and word level. This paper deals with document level Sentiment analysis.

   Sentiment analysis can be classified into two approach lexicon based and machine learning. Lexicon based approach deals with comparing sentiment words with the seed words. Lexicon based has two branches Corpus and Dictionary based approach. Machine Learning is a field wherein the system learns from prior sample examples. Here hybrid methodology is implemented incorporating both lexicon and machine learning techniques.

3. LITERATURE SURVEY

   Sentiment Analysis based on lexicon approach provide sentiment score in the form of polarities. On occurrence of negation words in a text, simple Lexicon based approach reverses their polarities [1]. Sentiment analysis using Machine Learning approach produces results by either supervised or unsupervised methods. Supervised methods analyze the text by algorithm such as naïve-bayes, maximum entropy [2]. Unsupervised methods follow the point wise mutual information and patterns given by Turneys semantic Orientation method [3]. Lexicon based methods with sentiment polarity produce accurate results compared to bag of words approach. Features are the key attributes in Sentiment analysis, specifying opinions of a user on a particular feature [4]. Sentiment analysis in Hindi language is done using semantic method with a list of Hindi sentiment words and its polarities [5]. Survey of sentiment analysis algorithms in Kannada Language, it compares the algorithms using generic set of words, [6]. Domain based sentiment analysis is achieved by detecting aspects along with opinions for the respective aspects. [7]

   A. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

   PRE -PROCESSING

   POS TAGGING

   POS TAGGING

   FEATURE EXTRACTION

   FEATURE EXTRACTION

   SAMPLE DATA

   OPINION EXTRACTION

   SENTIMENT CLASSIFICATION

   Here is subject of text

   Input data is configured to feature, value pairs in the training data set and appended by the class label for the values. These are also known as attribute-value pairs in sentiment analysis.

   Feature extraction is anteceded by pre-processing and tagging.

   1. Pre-Processing

      Pre-processing implicates stop words removal. Words that do not deliver any meaning for the text are removed known as Tokenization. A list of about 50 stop words was included for tokenization. For example stop words in Kannada language are , , etc

      TRAINING DATA

      SENTIMENT CALCULATION

      COMPARE WITH MACHINE TRANSLATED LANGUAGE

      RESULT

   2. Part of speech tagging

      Each tokenized word is appended with a label known as tag by Part of Speech Tagger. The different type tags are namely: NN, JJ, RB etc for noun, adjective, adverb respectively. Kannada Text is tagged by the Kannada pos tagger by Siva Reddy [9]. For example given a text such as: movie is good in Kannada, on tagging it gives the following,

      _NN _JJ

   3. Feature Extraction

      Subjective words in a text are tagged as noun by pos tagger. These are the words that form key points for feature

      Figure 1: Architecture of Sentiment Analysis Using Decision Trees.

      Sentiment analysis follows the steps as shown above. Sample data is the test data that is to be analyzed by the sentiment classifier. Classification requires previously learned labeled data in a particular form Known as Trained data, which are attributes and its values along with target function called Class Label. Text is tokenized during pre- processing of test data and attaches tags to each tokenized words using part of speech taggers. These tagged words are identified as features or opinion words according to role in their text. Sentiment classifier (Decision tree classifier) with the training data classifies the test data into different classes as labeled in the test data and terminates with a rated review as the result of analysis.

      B. Dataset Collection

      Domain based Sentiment analysis is currently focused on reviews from websites dedicated to movies. Training dataset is framed by a collection of around 100 movie reviews from Kannada websites such as www.vijayakarnataka.com; www.prajvani.com etc. In Sentiment analysis reviews are labeled to classify them into classes

4. FEATURE AND OPINION WORDS EXTRACTION

   Features are the pivot of feature based. It also pivotal domain based sentiment analysis in elucidating the entity to which it belongs to. Features are integrant of an entity (domain). Features also known as aspect define the subject of a text. For example consider:

   extraction. In feature extraction subjects may be stated directly or indirectly in a text known as Explicit or Implicit feature extraction.Explicit Feature Extraction: The task of extracting subjective words directly available in text is known as Explicit feature extraction. For eg:

   Here the word feature of text

   Implicit Feature Extraction: The task of extracting subjective words mentioned indirectly in a text is known as Implicit feature extraction. For example

   Though the subject is about story of the movie, but the text mentions about the narration of the movie.

   Term Frequency (tf): Feature extraction is based on the term count or frequency number known as term frequency. Term Frequency classifies text (documents) into relevant and irrelevant terms.

   TF (t) = (Number of times term t appears in a document) / (Total number of terms in the document).

   Term Frequency is represented as tf (t, d), i.e. the number of times the term t occurs in a document d. Then raw frequency of t is denoted by ft,d then term frequency is

   tf (t, d) = ft,d – (1)

   where tf is the training frequency

   t is term whose frequency is to calculated

   d is the document

   ft,d is the raw frequency

   Inverse Document Frequency (IDF): This measures how important a term is. While computing TF, all terms are considered equally important. However it is known that certain terms, such as "is", "of", and "that", may appear a lot of times but have little importance. Thus we need to weigh down the frequent terms while scale up the rare ones, by computing the following:

   IDF(t) = log(Total number of documents / Number of documents with term t in it).

   – (2)

   where t is term whose frequency is to calculated

   d is the document that contains the term t

   D is the total number of document that contains the term t N is the total number of documents in the dataset

   Feature Selection: Feature extraction of a document is followed by the process of selecting features with threshold value greater than 0.1. Term frequencies with more than 10 documents are considered as features of the domain. Selected features are grouped into relevant features of the domain.

   1. Opinion Word Extraction

   Opinion mining or Sentiment analysis identifies and extracts opinion words in a text. These sentiment words relate the opinion of the viewer toward an entity of a movie domain. Similarly these describe opinion of users on a product or attitude of a speaker in politics. Opinion words are identified by part of speech tags, wherein these are suffixed or prefixed by JJ tag relating it as an adjective of the text. [10]

   Polarity of opinion words are used to analysis the sentiments of the text. Kannada sentiment words were manually collected and assigned polarities to each word. Certain sentiment words and its polarities are shown below:

   	3
   	4
   	-2
   	5
   	-4

   Table 1: Polarity of Kannada sentiment words

5. MACHINE TRANSLATION TO ENGLISH Machine translation of Kannada Language to the common

language English is performed using Google translator tool.

A. Feature Extraction

Pre-processing is initialized by Tokenization. Words that do not deliver any meaning for the text such as a, the, is known as stop words are removed. Each tokenized word is appended with a tag by Monty Part of speech tagger from natural language processing kit. The different types of tags are NN, JJ, RB etc, for noun, adjective, adverb respectively. For example, given a text such as: movie is good, on tagging, it gives: movie_NN good_JJ.

Features are subjective words in a text, tagged as noun by pos tagger. These words form the attribute of an entity and

thus the feature to be extracted. In feature extraction there are two types of extraction, explicit and implicit feature extraction. Explicit Feature Extraction: directly available attributes. e.g.: mobile price is too high. Implicit Feature Extraction: text that indirectly mentioned attribute. e.g.: mobile needs to be charged frequently

Term Frequency represented as tf (t, d), is the number of times the term t occurs in a document d denoted by ft,d . By computing Inverse Document Frequency, frequent terms are weighed down while rare ones are scaled up. Features are selected with threshold value greater than 0.1. Selected features are grouped, to form relevant features of the domain. Opinion words are identified by Part of Speech Tagging. Polarity of opinion words are used to analysis the sentiments of the text. Sentiment words and their polarities were collected from sentistrength.

The training data set consist of features, their values and the class label (positive or negative), here features are represented as F1, F2Fn under respective documents as shown below:

Table 2: Training data set

1. Decision Tree Classifier

   Decision trees classifier is powerful tool for classification It forms a tree like structure and represent rules, which can be understood by humans. Decision trees classify instances from the root of the tree, until a leaf node is reached. A decision tree follows divide and conquer method wherein it recursively partitions the instance space. Decision trees were invented by Ross Quinlan.

   In a decision tree, each internal node splits the instance space into two or more sub-spaces according to a certain discrete function of the input attributes values. The instance space is partitioned according to the attributes value. In the case of numeic attributes, the condition refers to a range. Each leaf is assigned to one class representing the most appropriate target value. Each node is labeled with the attribute it tests, and its branches are labeled with its corresponding values.

   In decision tree learning, ID3 alogrithm is used to generate a decision tree from a training dataset.The Decision tree is as shown below where each nodes are features of the entity and leaf nodes are of class pos/neg are represented as Y/N in this graph.

   Figure 2: Decision tree Hierarchy (F1,F2Fn are features). Algorithm: Decision tree-Classifier algorithm for Kannada ID3 (Examples, Target_attribute, Attributes)

   Examples are the training examples. Target_attribute is

   the attribute whose value is to be predicted by the tree. Attributes is a list of other attributes that may be tested by the learned decision tree.

   1. Create a Root node for the tree

   2. If Examples are positive, Return single-node tree, with label=+

   3. If Examples are negative, Return single node tree, with label=-

   4. If Attribute is empty, return the single-node tree Root, with label = most Target_attribute in Examples

   5. Otherwise Begin

   6. A the attribute from Attributes that classifies Examples

   7. The decision attribute for Root A

   8. For each possible value vi , of A

      Add a new branch below Root, corresponding to test A= vi Let Examples vi be the subset that have value vi for A

      If Examples vi is empty

      Then below this branch add node with label = most common value of Target_attribute in Examples

      Else below this new branch add the subtree

      ID3 (Examples vi , Target_attribute, Attributes-[A]})

      End Return Root

      The above algorithm is the ID3(Iterative Dichotomiser 3) algorithm used for buiding decision tree in sentiemtn analysis and this algorithm is developed in Python for the sentiemtent analysis

      Decision tree induction is closely related to rule induction. Each path from the root of a decision tree to one of its leaves can be transformed into a rule simply by conjoining the tests along the path to form the antecedent part, and taking the leafs class prediction as the class value. The resulting rule set can then be simplified to improve its comprehensibility to a human user. Each internal node denotes a test on an feature, each branch denotes the outcome of a test, and each leaf node holds a class label.[8]

      Feature with highest information gain is considered as splitting node or root node for the formation of decision tree and feature values form the branches of the node. Each time gain is calculated to build decision tree for training data set.Splitting node or the root node is calculated though information gain as shown below for each feature in data training set.

      Gain (S, A) = Entropy (S) Entropy (S, A) – (3)

      The target attribute can take on different values, Let pi be the proportion of S belonging to class i then entropy of S is defined as:

      Entropy(S) = i=1 pi (I) log2 pi (I) – (4)

      Entropy(S, A) = ((|Sv| / |S|) * Entropy (Sv)) – (5)

      where values (A) is set of all possible values for attribute A Sv is the subset of S for which attribute A has values.

2. Comparison

Sentiment analysis of kannada text and machine translated english language produces the following output as shown below:

Table 3: Comparison Kannada and English text sentiment analysis

Table 4: Results

CONCLUSION

Sentiment analysis using Semantic method with opinion Lexicons helps in extracting subjective word called aspect which defines attribute of the particular entity (domain) of the text. There are many approaches to classify the features and opinion in English language compared to Indian regional languages. Features based opinion mining is a challenging task in Kannada language and there are few tools available such as Training data set specific to a domain, part of speech Tagger.

Certain words in Kannada like ,

, , on

machine translation produced ambiguous text, which forms one of the major causes of improper results. Thus analyzing test data in regional language gives better accurate results compared to Machine Translated English Language.

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