Effect of Solarization with Different Thickness of Polyethylene and Organic Fertilizer on Canola (Brassica Napus L.) Yield and Yield Components, Weeds, Soil and Fungi Densities

Effect of Solarization with Different Thickness of Polyethylene and Organic Fertilizer on Canola (Brassica Napus L.) Yield and Yield Components, Weeds, Soil and Fungi Densities

Effect of Solarization with Different Thickness of Polyethylene and Organic Fertilizer on Canola (Brassica Napus L.) Yield and Yield Components, Weeds, Soil and Fungi Densities

Abdullatif A. Neamatallah

Environment Department, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture,

King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Abstract:- The present research work studied the effects of soil solarization with different thicknesses of polyethylene films 100µ, 250µ, 500µ amended with soil covering with mixtures of plant residues (Cabbage and Canola), and (municipal wastewater sludge + chicken manure, municipal wastewater sludge + sheep manure and municipal wastewater sludge + cow manure) on canola (Brassica napus L.) growth parameters and seed protein and oil content. The study was carried out during 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 seasons in Hada Al-Sham Agricultural Research Station of King Abdulaziz University. The results of the study showed that covering the soil with transparent polyethylene thickness of 100 microns increased canola growth components and increased seed protein and oil content compared to the other polyethylene thicknesses, and also chicken manure positively improved and enhanced all these canola plant growth parameters and its seed protein and oil content compared with other organic fertilizers. Generally, soil solarization amended with or without plant residues or organic manures improved and increased canola plat growth parameters and its seed quality.

Key words: Canola, solarization, organic fertilizers, plant residue.

manure. Composted chicken manure (CCM) gave the highest potato yield compared to FYM in India, which was due to higher availability of soil nutrients and uptake by the crop enhanced by chicken manure (Amanullah et al., 2007c). Chicken manure fertilization at rate of 20 t ha- 1 (Zamil et al., 2004). Okra plants total carbohydrate, protein and ascorbic acid increased and crude fiber content decreased under application of +50 kg N as chicken manure (Saleha, 1992). Solarization increases both temperature and soil moisture which in their turn influence the rate of mineralization of soil organic matter, (Akhtar and Malik, 2000; Thuriès et al., 2000; Gelsomino et al., 2006), and ultimately enhancing plant growth (Chen et al., 2000). On the other hand, Assaf et al. 2006 said that long-term use of solarization supplemented with high doses of organic matter will have negative effects on both plant growth and beneficial soil biota populations, and (Gamliel et al., 2000) mentioned that plant growth under soil solarization can be reduced if the crop is planted before the organic material has been fully degraded. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of

INTRODUCTION

Soil solarization is used all over the world as means and method for controlling weed growth and adjusting soil conditions for best crop and vegetable productions. It aids solar heating of the soil due to covering with transparent polyethylene sheets. This leads to killing and eradication of the soil borne pests (Katan et al., 2000). Soil solarization is a method used for eradication of wide range of soil-borne pathogens, nematodes, and weed seed and seedlings as a result the high soil temperature initiated by covering of soil with transparent polyethylene sheets. Due to solarization also soil structure improves and soil content of soluble nutrients, dissolved organic matter, and inorganic nitrogen forms increase, and cations become more available (Addabbo et al., 201). Katan 1987; Stapleton and DeVay 1995; Stapleton, 2000 found an increase in concentration of soluble mineral nutrients in solarized soil which might have been due to the death and degradation of soil microbiota killed by the heat treatment. Fertilizing rice with chicken manure attained the highest grain yields under lowland conditions compared to farm wastes and green manures, (Budhar et al., 1991) indicating the superiority of poultry

polyethylene mulching (solarization), amended with plant

residues and organic fertilizers on canola growth parameters and its seeds qualities under arid land conditions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Experimental Design

The design in this experiment is split split plot design with 4 replications. The transparent polyethylene film thicknesses (100, 250 and 500 micrometer and control without any cover) represented the main plots, and Cabbage and Canola plant residues represented the sub plots, while the combinations of the municipal wastewater sludge with the animal manures (MMW) (sludge + chicken manure, sludge + sheep manure and sludge + cow manure) is representing the sub-sub plot treatments. The plot size is 2 X 3.2 m. Soil solarization was achieved during the period of 1st July to 31th August. The experimental field was tilled using moldboard plow then harrowed with the disk harrows, and leveled.

Preparation of seedlings and planting of canola:

Canola (Brassica napus L.) Pactool cultivar seedlings were prepared in the nursery and seedlings were sawn in the field in 15 and 20 November in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.

Fertilizer Application

After solarization the land was fertilized with 500 kg/ha 20- 20-20 (N-P-K) applied at four equal doses in 15 days intervals during the growth period. Seedlings were planted in rows 40 cm between each 2 rows and 20 cm between each 2 row hills.

Irrigation

The drip irrigation system was applied for irrigation of the cultivated crop, where a program of irrigation scheduling based on crop water requirements was followed after plant transplantation. The field experiment was irrigated till saturation before planting canola seedlings.

Collection of data

Plant height, spike length, and number of grains per spike were recorded from ten randomly selected plants from each plot. Total number of spikes was measured in 1 m2 in each plot.

Protein content (%) was measured using Kjeltec Auto 1030 Analyzer after treated with sulfuric acid and protein content was calculated according the following equation protein % = N% * 6.25 according to A.O.A.C. (2000).

Statistical Analysis

Data of canola growth components and seed protein and oil content was statistically analyzed using analysis of variance based to El-Nakhlawy (2010) applying SAS program (2006), and means were determined using LSD test according to El-

Nakhlawy (2010).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Analysis of variance and mean comparisons of the studied traits.

Canola Traits Analysis of variance

The results of the effects of solarization amended with plant residue, organic fertilizers and their interactions are presented:

Plant height:

The mean square significance test showed that solarization and the organic fertilizers significantly affected plant height at P 0.01, while the plant residue showed no significant effects on canola plant height, also there are no significant differences were detected between different plant residues, and also in interactions between different treatments (table 1).

Flowering date:

Analysis of variance (table 1) show significant differences between solarization treatments and also the amended organic fertilizers on flowering date of canola plants, but no significant differences were detected between different plant residues, and also in interactions between treatments on flowering date of the plant.

Table (1). Analysis of variance for lant height (cm) and flowering date (day) of canola under the effects of solarization, plant residue, organic fertilizers and their interactions during 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 seasons.

Source of Variation	DF	Plant height (cm)		flowering date (day)
		2015/2016	2016/2017	2015/2016	2016/2017
Replication	3	NS	NS	NS	NS
Solarization A	3	4740.82**	4894.8**	5401.87**	8641.4**
error	9	196.35	100.47	26.35	28.54
Plant residue B	1	NS	NS	NS	NS
A*B	3	NS	NS	NS	NS
Error	12
Organic fertilizer C	2	2127.13**	789.56**	195.96**	246.79**
A*C	6	NS	NS	NS	NS
B*C	2	NS	NS	NS	NS
A*B*C	6	NS	NS	NS	NS
Error	48

NS: Not significant at P0.05

: **significant at P0.01

Number of branches per plant

Data of table (2) of analysis of variance of branch numbers per plant under the effects of the different treatments showed significance effects of solarization and the organic fertilizers at P 0.01 on number of branches/plant. No significant effects were shown between plant residue and also in interaction between treatments.

Number of fruits per plant:

Analysis of variance (Table 2) results illustrated significant differences between solarization and organic fertilizers treatments on number of fruits/plant at P 0.01, with no significant effect of plant residue and interaction between treatments on fruits/plant in both seasons.

Table (2). Analysis of variance of number of branches/plant and number of fruits/plant of canola under the effect of type of solarization, plant residue, organic fertilizers and their interactions during 2015/2016 and 2016/2017seasons.

Source of Variation	DF	Number of branches/plant		Number of fruits/plant
		2015/2016	2016/2017	2015/2016	2016/2017
Replication	3	NS	NS	NS	NS
Solarization A	3	62.15**	52.24**	22711.87**	24422.4**
error	9	196.35	100.47	26.35	28.54
Plant residue B	1	NS	NS	NS	NS
A*B	3	NS	NS	NS	NS
Error	12
Organic fertilizer C	2	18.34**	35.48**	10127.2**	48976.7**
A*C	6	NS	NS	NS	NS
B*C	2	NS	NS	NS	NS
A*B*C	6	NS	NS	NS	NS
Error	48

NS: Not significant at P0.05 ** : significant at P0.01

Comparison of the means Plant height:

Effect of soil solarization:

As shown in Table (3) mulching Covering the soil with 100 polyethylene thickness gave the tallest canola plants 153.20 cm and 145.62, in both seasons respectively compared with other thicknesses and control, and plant height decrease gradually with increase in polyethylene thickness gave. All polyethylene thickness treatments significantly dominated the control giving higher plant heights in both seasons. Effect of solarization in giving taller canola plants than uncovered soil may be due to the decrease in weed density and biomass under effect of soil covering thus increase plant height as was also reported by (Habeebrrahman and Hosmani , 1996; Biradar and Hosamani, 1997; Sudha et al., 1997; Arora and Yaduraju, 1998; Chase et al., 1998; Defilippi et al., 1998; Patel and Patel, 1998. Campiglia et al., 1998; Sunbol and Al- Solaimani 1999 a, b; Al-Solaimani and sunbol 2000 a,b.). And also might be due to increase in concentration of nutrients released in the solarized soil compared to unsolarized soil (Zayed et al., 2013).

Effect of Plant residue:

Means plant height range between 129.9-136.5 cm in the 2 seasons with no significant differences between cabbage and canola plant residue Table (3).

Effect of organic fertilizers:

Data of Table (3) showed that chicken manure organic fertilizer produced significantly the tallest plant in both seasons, where the plant height were 144.48 cm and 135.68 cm, respectively, followed by sheep manure and cow manure

with significant differences. The obtained results might be due to the acidic reaction and high N content of the chicken manure which is reflected in enhancing cell enlargement and division thus increasing plant height compared to the other organic fertilizers.

Flowering date:

Effect of soil solarization:

Covering soil with polyethylene 100 in thickness significantly delayed canola plant flowering date in both seasons compared with the other treatments. By increasing polyethylene thickness from 100 to 250 and 500 flowering dates were delayed by around 21 and 8 days compared to control (Table 3).

Effect of Plant residue:

No significant differences between cabbage and canola plant residue treatments on flowering date of canola plant in both seasons (Table 3), but flowering date delayed around 15 days in the 2nd season due to effects of environment conditions.

Effect of organic fertilizers

Flowering date (table 3) was the longest under chicken manure fertilization in both seasons with means of 59.66 and

75.02 days respectively compared to cow and sheep manure. Cow manure produced the shortest time to flowering with means of 54.72 and 68.43 days in the 2 seasons respectively. These results might be due to the differences between the 3 manures in their nutrients and pH as suggested by (Hemmat et al., 2010 b; Marzouk and Kassem, 2011).

Table (3). Means of canola plant height (cm) and flowering date (day) under the effects of solarization, plant residue and organic fertilizer during 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 seasons.

Treatments	Plant height (cm)		Flowering date (day)
	2015/2016	2016/2017	2015/2016	2016/2017
Type of solarization ( polyethylene thickness)
100	153.2 a	14.6 a	75.35 a	94.2 a
250	139.7 b	138 b	62.45 b	78.5 b
500	133. c	124.6 c	49.4 c	63.5 c
Control	119.3 d	113.3 d	41.12 d	50.4 d

Plant residues
Cabbage	136.4 a	130.9 a	57.49 a	72.4 a
Canola	136.5 a	129.9 a	56.8 a	70.9 a
Organic fertilizers
Chicken manure+sludge	144.4 a	135.6 a	59.6 a	75.2 a
Cow manure+sludge	136.7 b	129.8 b	56.9 b	71.6 b
Sheep manure+ sludge	128.1 c	125.8 c	54.7 c	68.4 c

Number of branches per plant:

Effect of soil solarization:

As shown in Table (4) the 100 polyethylene thickness produced the highest number of branches/plant in both seasons giving 22.96 and 21.28, respectively, followed by 250 and 500 with significant differences between them and the lowest number of branches/plant was in control treatment 8.07 and 6.72 respectively in the 2 seasons. Soil solarization might have enhanced and increased the concentration of nutrients in the soil as was indicated by Stapleon et al., 1985; Adetunji, 1994; Arora,1998 ; Arora and Yaduraju, 1998; Al-Solaimani et al., 2006, and also due to decrease in weed, fungi and bacteria populations in the soil thus benefiting and increasing plants growth, and this is incorporated with the results of (Habeebrrahman and Hosmani , 1996; Biradar and Hosamani, 1997; Sudha et al., 1997; Arora and Yaduraju, 1998; Campiglia et al., 1998; Chase et al., 1998; Defilippi et al., 1998; Patel and Patel, 1998 ; Simmons et al., 2013).

Effect of Plant residue:

Number of branches/plant was not significantly cabbage and canola Plant residue treatments in both seasons. Branches number /plant reached 9 and 8 in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively, (Table 4).

Effect of organic fertilizers:

The means (Table 4) revealed that chicken manure produced significantly the highest number of branches per plant in both seasons, with 21.72 and 9.23 branches, respectively compared to cow and sheep manure which attained the

lowest no. of branches/plant 9.10 and 8.17 in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively

Number of fruits per plant: Effect of soil solarization:

100 polyethylene thickness mulching produced the highest number of fruits per plant in both seasons 623.64 and 606.4 followed in a gradual decrease by 360 , 500 and the lowest was the control treatment with only 397.8 and 372.39 flowers / plant in the 1st and 2nd seasons. No significant differences were showed between the 360 and 500 in each seaso (table 4)..

Effect of Plant residue:

No significant differences in no. fruits/plant between cabbage and canola Plant residue treatments in both seasons (Table 4). No. fruits/plant ranged from 507.91 489.62 under cabbage residue in the 2 seasons respectively but under the canola residue ranged from 482.42 to 471.03 in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.

Effect of organic fertilizers:

The highest means of no. fruits/plants were under the effect of chicken manure in both seasons (550.66 and 520.18, respectively), followed by sheep manure (496.89 and 478.81 in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively) while the lowest no. fruits/plants were produced under the cow manure and ranged between 437.94 and 441.98 in both seasons, , respectively.

Table (4), Means of no. of branches/plant and no. of fruits/plant of canola under the effects of solarization, plant residue and organic fertilizer during 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 seasons.

Treatments	No. of branches/plant		No. of fruits/plant
	2015/2016	2016/2017	2015/2016	2016/2017
Type of solarization ( polyethylene thickness)
100	11.95 a	10.18 a	623.6 a	606.4 a
250	9.96 b	7.93 b	510.6 b	508.7 b
500	9.45 b	7.58 b	448.5 ab	433.7 c
Control	8.07 c	7.73 c	397.8 c	372.3 d
Plant residues
Cabbage	9.98 a	8.15 a	507.9 a	489.6 a
Canola	9.74 a	8.0 a	482.1 a	471.0 a
Organic fertilizers
Chicken manure+sludge	10,6 a	9.1 a	550.6 a	520.1 a
Cow manure+sludge	9.87 b	7.1 b	496.8 b	478.8 b
Sheep manure+ sludge	9.1 c	8.1 c	437.9 c	441.9 c

Means followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different according to LSD at P0.05

Seed weight per plant:

Effect of soil solarization:

The obtained results (Table 5) the 100 polyethylene thickness produced significantly the highest seed weight / plant in both seasons, (41.73 g and 38.2 g in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively) compared to the other polyethylene thickness treatments. The lowest seed weight/plant was under no solarization (control) with 24.20g and 21.97g /plant in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.

ffect of Plant residue:

No significant differences between cabbage and canola plant residue treatments both seasons on canola seed weight/plant. Seed weight/plant was 27 g/plant in the 1st season and 25 g/plant in the 2nd season as shown in (table 5).

Effect of organic fertilizers:

Chicken manure produced significantly the highest seed weight/plant in both seasons, with 39.95 g and 37.32g, respectively followed by the sheep then cow manures. No significant differences between sheep and cow manure treatments in the 1st season. The lowest seed weight/plant was 22.56 g under cow manure application in the 2nd season (table4). The obtained results of the domination of the 100 polyethylene thickness and the chicken manure over the other polyethylene or control treatments and the other organic fertilizers for seed weight/plant production may be due to the higher temperature under the 100 polyethylene solarization which act on reduction of weed and soil pests populations more than the other thickness, organic manure treatments and control. And the domination of chicken manure in giving the highest seed weight/plant agrees with results obtained by (Klein et al., 2012, Sunboul and Al-Solaimani, 1999, and Simmons et al., 2013, 2014, Smith, 1997, Hemmat et al., 2010 a, Mauromicale et al., 2011 and Hamooh, 2014) who acknowledged that chicken manure had less PH and more nutrients than the other organic fertilizers.

Seed Quality

Seed Protein content: Effect of soil solarization:

Significant differences were shown between the 4 soil solarization treatments in both seasons. The highest seed protein content were 30.63 % and 31.08 % under the 100

polyethelen in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively compared to the other soil covering treatments. No significant ifferences between Protein (%) under the 500 and control in the 2nd season. The lowest seed protein content was 23.18% under no solarization in the 2nd season (Table 5).

Effect of Plant residue:

There was no significant difference between cabbage and canola plant residue treatments in both seasons (Table 5). The protein (%) ranged from 26.90% to 26.19%.

Effect of organic fertilizers:

The results in table (5) showed significant differences between the 3 different organic manures in both seasons, with chicken manure giving the highest seed protein percentage ranged between 28.46 % and 32.15 % in the 2 seasons, respectively. The lowest protein content (%) was 21.23% under sheep manure treatment in the 2nd season.

Seed Oil content:

Effect of soil solarization:

100 polyethylene thickness mulching produced plants with the highest oil (%) in both seasons, with means of 34.48 % and 33.11 %, respectively (table 5 with no significant differences between oil content under the 3 polyethylene thickness treatments, and also, between the control and 250 and 500 polyethylene thickness in oil content in both seasons.

Effect of Plant residue:

No significant differences in oil (%) between the cabbage and canola Plant residue treatments in both seasons (Table 5). Oil content (%) ranged between 31.62% to 30.64% under cabbage residue in the 1st season and the 2nd season, respectively.

Effect of organic fertilizers:

The highest oil (%) in 1st and 2nd seasons (35.08 % and

33.92 %, respectively) were obtained by fertilizing with chicken manure. The lowest oil (%) were 27.75% and 28.09% obtained from the seeds of canola plants grown in soil fertilized with cow manure in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively as shown in Table (5).

Table (5). Means of canola seed protein content (%) and oil content (%) under the effects solarization, plant residue and organic fertilizer during 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 seasons

Treatments	Protein content (%)		Oil content (%)		Seed weight/plant
	2015/2016	2016/2017	2015/2016	2016/2017	2015/2016	2016/2017
Type of solarization ( polyethylene thickness)
100	30.6 a	31.0 a	34.4 a	33.1 a	30.62 a	28.12 a
250	27.6 b	27.3 b	34.2 ab	31.2 ab	29.73 a	26.23 ab
500	25.3 c	23.9 c	31.1 ab	30.1 ab	25.17 b	23.31 bc
Control	23.7 d	23.2 d	28.9 b	28.6 b	24.2 b	21.97 c
Plant residue
Cabbage	26.6 a	26.6 a	31.6 a	30.6 a	27.31 a	25.78 a
Canola	26.9 a	26.1 a	31.2 a	30.9 a	27.55 a	24.03 a
Organic fertilizers
Chicken manure+sludge	28.4 a	32.1 a	35 a	33.9 a	29.94 a	27.21 a
Cow manure+sludge	25.4 b	25.8 b	31.5 b	30 3 b	26.68 b	24.95 b
Sheep manure+ sludge	25.4 b	21.2 c	27.7 c	28.0 c	25.67 c	22.56 c

Means followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different according to LSD at P0.05

The domination of 100 polyethylene treatment may be due to allowance of more light reaching the plants, initiation of more plant nutrients in the soil and eradication of weed growth at magnitudes more than that of the other thicknesses. On other hand the superiority of chicken manure compared to the other organic manures in all these studied parameters is due to the high nutritional values of chicken manure. Chicken manure is the feces of chickens used as an organic fertilizer, especially for soil low in nitrogen as said by, and it has the highest amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (Telkamp, 2015). Amanullah et al. 2010 pointed out that chicken manure in addition to high content of N, P, K, it also contains micro-nutrients at considerable amount. And thus it enhances the physical and chemical properties of the soil, increases the moisture holding capacity of the soil and improves lateral water movement, and improves soil retention and uptake of plant nutrients. All these are favorable conditions for good crop production.

CONCLUSION

Soil solarization by covering soil with different transparent polyethylene differ in thicknesses amended or not amended with cabbage and canola residues, and with or without organic manures (chicken manure + sludge, cow manure + sludge, sheep manure + sludge) significantly enhanced and increased growth parameters of canola plant and its seed protein and oil contents compared to control treatments. These treatments significantly increased canola plant height reduced canola plant flowering date, increased number of branches per plant, number of fruits per plant, seed weight per plant and also improved and enhanced canola seed protein and oil content. Soil solarization with transparent polyethylene 100µ thickness, and amending with chicken manure is recommended in growing canola plants.

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