Effect of Treated Effluent Irrigation on Yield and Biominerals of Banana

Effect of Treated Effluent Irrigation on Yield and Biominerals of Banana

C. Prabakaran

Agricultural Research Station Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Thirupathisaram -629901

Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract- To assess the effect of treated paper board mill effluent irrigation on yield and biofortification of banana a field trial was conducted during 2002- 2003in Mettupalayam taluk of Coimbatore District where ITC Paper board mill effluents were treated and irrigated for agricultural crops. Split plot design was adopted and replicated twice. Main plot treatments consisted of irrigations treatments and amendments were added in subplots. Treated board mill effluent after filtration was fertigated through drip irrigation with 75 and 50 per cent NK for banana while basin irrigation was done with 100 and 75 per cent NK. Surface irrigation with river water along with 100 per cent NK (farmers practice) was used as control for comparison. In the subplots amendments viz., fly ash, biocompost, fly ash + biocompost + green manure were applied. Banana variety Robusta was raised and observations were recorded on biofortificationof banana fruits with mineral constituents and vitamins. The result indicated that fruit mineral constituents viz., Ca and Fe increased due to effluent irrigation sources and it was maximum under basin irrigation of treated board mill effluent with 100 per cent NK whereas Cu and Zn were increased under effluent fertigation with 75 per cent NK. Similarly, mineral constituents and vitamins were increased due to the application of fly ash + biocompost + green manure over fly ash alone.

Key words:Fertigation, treated board mill effluent, biofortification

1. INTRODUCTION

   Industrialization is believed to cause inevitable problem of pollution of water, soil and air. Pulp and paper industries use large volume of water, the bulk of which is released as effluent requiring proper treatment and disposal. Since, these effluent fall in borderline as saline water, they can be considered as potential source for irrigation (Gomathi and Oblisami, 1992) [1]. Trickle irrigation has the greatest potential in increasing yields of crops with significant savings in water and nutrients as compared to other conventional methods (Mohamedharoon, 1991) [2]. Brackish water could effectively be used in drip irrigation. When brackish water is applied frequently under drip irrigation the salinity and sodicity of the soil especially in the root zone of the crop is maintained at low level. Fertigation is a technique that combines irrigation with fertilization through any micro irrigation system especially through drip irrigation. Fertigation could bring an accurate control of water and nutrients in the immediate vicinity of the root system. Slow and frequent watering eliminates wide fluctuation of soil moisture under drip irrigation resulting in better growth and yield (Baryosef, 1999) [3]. Among the fruit crops, banana is well known for its high water requirement, high evaporative demand, high transpiration, shallow root system, poor ability to draw water from soil beneath field capacity and high sensitivity to soil water deficiency. Thus, it requires liberal supplies of irrigation water throughout its life cycle, emphasizing the importance of correct irrigation scheduling. Fertigation has been proved to be of great success in banana in terms of water and labour saving with increased water use efficiency culminating in early cropping and heavy yield (Santhanabosu et al., 1995) [4] and it is an environmentally safer technology which prevents ground water contamination (Mahalakshmi et al., 2002) [5]. Prabakaran (2017) [6] reported the ground water quality was safe due to effluent drip fertigation.Dietary constituent of over two thirds of world population lack one or more essential mineral elements like Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu etc., The literature regarding biofortification of banana fruits due to effluent fertigation is meagre. Hence this study was proposed.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

   The investigation on the effect of fertigation of treated paperboard mill effluent and solid amendments on biofortification and yield of banana besides improving soil characteristics, crop growth, quality of crop produce and ground water qualitywere carried out at the Bipco paper board industries Pvt. Ltd, Mettupalayam taluk of Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu (India). The experiment was conducted in split plot design with two replications and banana (Robusta) was selected as test crop. The treatments were assigned in main plots and sub plots. Irrigation treatments were assigned in main plot that consisted of seven treatments (I1 Farmers practice as control (Surface Irrigation with river water (RW)+ 100% NK), I2 RW + Drip irrigation (DI) + 75% NK thro fertigation, I3 RW + DI + 50% NK thro fertigation, I4 Treated effluent (TE) +Basin irrigation (BI)+100% NK thro soil application I5 – TE + BI + 75% NK thro soil application, I6 – TE + DI + 75% NK thro fertigation, I7 – TE + DI + 50% NK thro fertigation). Amendments were applied in sub-plot. Three types of amendments were applied in the soil (A1- Fly ash @ 6 t ha1, A2 – Biocompost@ 5 t ha -1 , A3- Fly ash @ 6 t ha 1 + Biocompost @ 5 t ha 1 + Green manure @ 6.25 t ha-1 recommended 100% NPK is 110: 35:330 g of NPK plant 1 y-1 ). The drip system was installed as described by Udayasoorian and Prabakaran [7], 2010. The entire P was applied through single super phosphate as basal dressing in the pit before planting the suckers uniformly for all the treatments. The experimental area was irrigated with river water obtained from River Bhavani and treated paperboard mill effluent from Bipco according to the treatments. The treated effluent

   was neutral in reaction with high salinity, contained appreciable amounts of nutrient cations viz., Na, Ca, Mg and anions viz., Cl, SO4 and HCO3 with less sodium hazard (SAR <10). The percent sodium was well below the tolerance limit of 60 and the parameters recorded were well within the range of permissible limit prescribed by the Tamil Nadu State Pollution Control Board norms (TNSPCB). The effluent was rich in microbial load with the dominance of bacteria over fungi and actinomycetes.

   The drip system consisted mainly of control head system (filter, dosatron) and distribution network system (main, sub- main, lateral and dripper). The equipment used for fertigation i.e., for injection of fertilizer solution into the drip system was dosatron (doser pump). The fertilizer stock solution was sucked from the tank installed below the dosatron by a suction tube of

   1. m long. The injection rate was regulated by adjusting the graduated scale provided in the injector body of the dosatron. The unit was connected to the main water line on a bypass 20 mm PVC pipe fitted with 50 mm ball valve in the upstream and a non- return valve in the downstream. A 63 mm ball valve was provided in the main PVC which was closed, allowed water to flow through the dosatron to create vacuum. Fully matures fruit samples were collected at harvest and analysed for mineral constituents ascorbic acid and carotene as per standard procedures.

      The data on the observation recorded and the characters studied were statistically analyzed by the procedure described by Gomez and Gomez (1984) using AGRES software. Wherever the results are significant, the critical difference at 5 per cent level was presented

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

   Ca and Fe are an important component of a healthy diet and a mineral necessary for life..The changes on Ca and Fe content of the banana fruits ranged from 18 t 58 and 1.3 to 4.2 mg 100 g-1 pulp, respectively (Table 1). Higher Ca content was recorded due to basin irrigation of effluent with 100 and 75 per cent NK (I4 , I5), whereas lower Ca content was recorded due to farmers practice (I1). The Ca content was not significantly influenced due to amendments.

   Table 1. Effect of effluent irrigation and amendments on Ca, (mg 100 g1 pulp) content of fruits

   Irrigation(I)/ Amendments(A)	A1	A2	A3	Mean
   I1	24.0	18.0	22.0	21.3
   I2	28.0	26.0	26.0	26.7
   I3	29.0	26.0	33.0	29.3
   I4	58.0	49.0	50.0	52.3
   I5	56.0	50.0	51.0	52.3
   I6	33.0	32.0	35.0	33.3
   I7	31.0	32.0	36.0	33.5
   Mean	37.0	33.3	36.1	35.5
   	I	A	I at A	A at I
   SEd	2.9	2.0	5.2	5.3
   CD (0.05)	7.2	NS	NS	NS

   Table 2. Effect of effluent irrigation and amendments on Fe (mg 100 g1 pulp) content of fruits

   Irrigation(I)/ Amendments(A)	A1	A2	A3	Mean
   I1	1.80	1.30	1.60	1.57
   I2	2.00	1.90	1.90	1.93
   I3	2.10	1.90	2.40	2.13
   I4	4.20	3.60	3.70	3.83
   I5	4.20	3.70	3.30	3.73
   I6	2.40	2.40	2.50	2.43
   I7	2.30	2.30	2.60	2.40
   Mean	2.71	2.44	2.57	2.58
   	I	A	I at A	A at I
   SEd	0.13	0.07	0.2	0.19
   CD (0.05)	0.32	0.16	0.5	0.42

   Higher Fe content was recorded due to basin irrigation of effluent with 100 per cent NK (I4). Among the amendments, addition of fly ash (A1) increased the Fe content (Table 2).

   Table 3. Effect of effluent irrigation and amendments on Mn (mg 100 g 1 pulp) of fruits

   Irrigation(I)/ Amendments(A)	A1	A2	A3	Mean
   I1	4.20	4.10	4.40	4.23
   I2	4.30	4.10	4.50	4.30
   I3	4.30	4.20	4.50	4.33
   I4	3.60	3.50	3.80	3.63
   I5	3.50	3.40	3.30	3.40
   I6	4.30	4.20	4.50	4.33
   I7	4.40	4.30	4.50	4.40
   Mean	4.09	3.97	4.21	4.09
   	I	A	I at A	A at I
   SEd	0.41	0.11	0.29	0.29
   CD (0.05)	NS	NS	NS	NS

   Manganese is an important metal for human health, being absolutely necessary for development, metabolism, and the antioxidant system. The Mn content of the fruits varied from 3.4 to 4.5 mg 100 g-1 pulp (Table 3). There was no significant difference observed in Mn content due to fertigation treatments, amendments and interaction effects.

   Table 4. Effect of effluent irrigation and amendments on Cu (mg 100 g 1 pulp) content of fruits

   Irrigation(I)/Amendments(A)	A1	A2	A3	Mean
   I1	0.42	0.41	0.44	0.42
   I2	0.41	0.40	0.46	0.42
   I3	0.4	0.38	0.46	0.41
   I4	0.41	0.36	0.39	0.39
   I5	0.41	0.36	0.34	0.37
   I6	0.46	0.43	0.47	0.45
   I7	0.44	0.40	0.46	0.43
   Mean	0.42	0.39	0.43	0.41
   	I	A	I at A	A at I
   SEd	0.01	0.01	0.03	0.03
   CD (0.05)	0.04	0.02	NS	NS

   The Cu content of the fruits varied from 0.34 to 0.47 mg 100 g-1 pulp, respectively (Table 4). The Cu content of the fruit was increased due to effluent fertigation with 75 per cent NK (I7), whereas it was decreased due to basin irrigation of effluent with 75 per cent NK (I5). Among the amendments, addition of fly ash + compost + green manure (A3) increased the Cu content, while incorporation of biocompost(A2) reduced it.

   Table 5. Effect of effluent irrigation and amendments on Zn (mg 100 g 1 pulp) content of fruits

   Irrigation (I)/ Amendments (A)	A1	A2	A3	Mean
   I1	0.36	0.36	0.46	0.39
   I2	0.32	0.30	0.40	0.34
   I3	0.30	0.30	0.38	0.33
   I4	0.36	0.38	0.46	0.40
   I5	0.38	0.36	0.48	0.39
   I6	0.39	0.41	0.48	0.43
   I7	0.38	0.38	0.46	0.41
   				0.38
   Mean	0.36	0.35	0.44
   	I	A	I t A	A at I
   SEd	0.01	0.01	0.03	0.03
   CD (0.05)	0.04	0.02	NS	NS

   Zinc is an essential trace element for humans and other animals.Nearly two billion people in the developing world are deficient in zinc. In children it causes an increase in infection and diarrhea, contributing to the death of about 800,000 children worldwide per year. The World Health Organization advocates zinc supplementation for severe malnutrition and diarrhea.. In this present study. The Zn content of the fruits varied from 0.30 to 0.48 mg 100 g-1 pulp, respectively (Table 5). Among the irrigation treatments, Zn content of the fruits were increased due to effluent fertigation with 75 per cent NK (I6) and among the amendments, Zn content of the fruit was increased due to addition of fly ash + compost + green manure(A3). Interaction effects between irrigation and amendment on Zn were not significant.

   Table 6. Effect of effluent irrigation and amendments on ascorbic acid (mg 100 g 1 of pulp) content of banana fruits

   Irrigation(I) /Amendments(A)	A1	A2	A3	Mean
   I1	7.91	7.61	8.22	7.91
   I2	8.89	8.43	9.37	8.90
   I3	8.78	8.33	9.24	8.79
   I4	5.74	5.56	5.91	5.74
   I5	5.66	5.49	5.83	5.47
   I6	9.40	8.87	9.92	9.40
   I7	9.14	8.64	9.63	9.13
   	7.93	7.56	8.30
   	I	A	I at A	A at I
   SEd	0.37	0.22	0.61	0.59
   CD (0.05)	0.90	0.48	NS	NS

   Lack of vitamin C may cause scurvy, which may eventually lead to death. In this present study, ascorbic acid content of banana fruits ranged from 7.61 to 9.91 mg 100g-1 of fruits (Table 6). Effluent fertigation with 75% NK (I6) increased ascorbic acid content of banana fruits. Among the amendments tried combined application of fly ash + biocompost + green manure (A3) recorded higher ascorbic acid content.

   Table 7. Effect of effluent irrigation and amendments on carotene content (Retinol equivalent (RE) µg/100 g) of banana fruits

   Irrigation(I) /Amendments(A)	A1	A2	A3	Mean
   I1	81	78	84	81
   I2	59	57	60	59
   I3	58	56	60	58
   I4	91	86	96	91
   I5	90	85	94	90
   I6	96	91	101	96
   I7	93	88	98	93
   Mean	81	77	85	81
   	I	A	I at A	A at I
   SEd	3.81	2.22	6.13	5.96
   CD (0.05)	8.15	4.75	13.5	12.75

   The study revealed that carotene content of banana fruits ranged from 78- 101 (RE) µg 100g-1 (Table 7). Irrigation with effluent fertigation with 75 per cent NK (I6) recorded higher carotene content of banana fruits. Among the amendments application of green manure along with fly ash and biocompost (A3) recorded higher values.

   Table 8. Effect of effluent irrigation and amendments on fruit yield (t ha-1)

   Irrigation(I)/Amendments(A)	Yield
   	A1	A2	A3	Mean
   I1	68	61	76	68
   I2	116	103	129	116
   I3	113	101	126	113
   I4	51	45	56	51
   I5	48	43	48	47
   I6	130	116	144	130
   I7	123	109	136	123
   Mean	93	83	102
   	I	A	I at A	A at I
   SEd	5.7	3.0	8.6	7.9
   CD (0.05)	14.1	6.4	NS	NS

   Fertigation treatments (I6, I7, I2, I3) recorded higher yield than basin irrigation treatments (I4, I5) and farmers practice (I1). The amendments also had significant effect on the yield of banana. The yield obtained from the field trial varied from 43 to 144 t ha-1 (Table 8). The yield was increased (130 tha-1) due to effluent fertigation with 75 per cent NK (I6), followed by I7 (123 t ha-1), whereas it was less due to basin irrigation of effluent with 75 per cent NK (I5). Among the amendments, addition of fly ash + compost + green manure (A3) increased the yield, while incorporation of biocompost (A2)reduced it. Interaction between irrigation (fertigation) and amendments was not effective in producing significant differences in banana yield. However, the highest yield (144 t ha-1 ) was recorded due to fertigation of effluent with 75 per cent NK with incorporation of fly ash + compost + green manure (I6A3) , while the lowest yield (43 tha-1) was recorded due to basin irrigation of effluent with 100 per cent NK with compost (I4 A2).

4. CONCLUSION

   The mineral contents viz., Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and vitamins (ascorbic acid and carotene) were higher due to fertigation of effluent with 75 per cent NK. Similarly among the amendments, application of fly ash + biocompost + green manure increased the mineral contents. This might be due to fertigation effect and supply of minerals constantly by the effluent might have increased mineral content. The study indicated that the treated paper board mill effluent can be used for drip fertigation without losing minerals, vitamins and yield of banana fruits.

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

   Necessary materials provided by the ITC company for conducting the experiment is highly acknowledged.

6. REFERENCES

1. Gomathi, V. and G. Oblisami. 1992. Effect of pulp and paper mill effluent on germination of tree crops. Indian J. Environ. Hlth., 34: 326-328.

2. Mohamedharoon, P. 1991. Effect of trickle irrigation and fertigation on soil properties and nutrientuptake by tomato. Ph.D. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agric. Univ., Coimbatore.

3. Baryosef, B. 1999. Advances in fertigation. Adv. Agron., 65: 1-77.

4. Santhanabosu, S., V. Rajakrishnamurthy, V.K. Duraisamy and A. Rajagopal. 1995. Studies on the strategy of drip irrigation to banana. Madras Agric. J.,82 (1): 44-45.

5. Mahalakshmi, M., N. Kumar and K. Soorianatha Sundaram. 2002. Fertigation prevents ground water contamination and improves fertilizer use efficiency In: Proc. Nat Sem. On strategies on environment management, FC&RI, Mettupalayam, pp.3-4.

6. Prabakaran, C. 2017. Fertigation and ground water quality with treated waste water effluent. Innovations and challenges in Micro irrigation, Vol.3.Performance and evaluation of micro irrigation management.: PP.151-174.

7. Udayasoorian, C and C.Prabakaran. 2010. Effect of fertigation on leaf proline. Soluble protein and enzymatic activity of banana. EJEAFChe. 9(8):1404-1414