Experimental Investigation on High Volume Fly Ash Concrete using Manufactured Sand

DOI : 10.17577/IJERTV5IS020463

Download Full-Text PDF Cite this Publication

Text Only Version

Experimental Investigation on High Volume Fly Ash Concrete using Manufactured Sand

Poonkuzhali. R

PG Student of Structural Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering,

St.Peters College of Engineering and Technology, Avadi , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Priya Rachel. P

Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,

St.Peters College of Engineering and Technology, Avadi, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract – Fly ash is one of the residues generated from thermal power plants. Fly Ash can be used as a low cost mineral admixture in concrete. Usage of High Volume Fly Ash (HVFA) in concrete has gained importance as it is one of the durable options and it provides resistance to all forms of deterioration. The addition of fly ash in cement resulted in great benefits such as reduction in heat of hydration, resistance to corrosion, sulphate attack, alkali-silica reaction, acid attack, reduction of cement consumption and decreased permeability. Due to the demand and scarcity of river sand, an alternative material such as Manufactured sand (M Sand) is used in concrete as fine aggregate. In this paper, M 40 grade is prepared with high volume fly ash in concrete with various proportions as a partial replacement of cement and M Sand is used 100% replacement as fine aggregates. In this paper, mechanical and durability properties of HVFAC are studied.

Keywords: High Volume Fly Ash Concrete, Fly Ash, M Sand, Mechanical and Durability Properties.

  1. INTRODUCTION

    The most suitable and widely used construction material is concrete and is composed of Portland cement, Aggregates and Water. The production of cement results in emission of carbon dioxide and at the same time the cost of production of cement is also increasing. The usage of waste materials or by product from the manufacturing industries can be used as a partial replacement of cement in concrete without any reduction on its desired strength. Fly Ash is one of the pozzolanic materials produced by burning coal in thermal power plants. It is also known as pulverised fuel ash, hopper ash; chimney ash constitutes about 80% of total ash generated in power plants. Instead of disposing this huge amount of fly ash in land, it can be effectively used as replacement in concrete. Cement, the second most important material in construction field had became a major contributor for the emission of greenhouse gases and thereby depleting the environmental factors. Many research and studies shows that in concrete fly ash can be replaced about 50-60% of cement. This type of concrete is known as High Volume Fly Ash Concrete and this concrete produces mixtures that show high workability, high ultimate strength, and high durability. Utilization of fly ash in concrete minimises the carbon dioxide emission problems to certain extent and also fly ash is less expensive compared to Portland cement. Now-a-days good sand is not readily available and these resources are also exhausting very rapidly. So it is a necessary to find some substitute to natural river sand. The

    artificial sand produced by proper machines can be a better substitute to river sand. The sand must be of proper gradation and such sand will have few voids and will be more economical. Demand for manufactured fine aggregates for making concrete is increasing day

    by day as river sand cannot meet the demands in construction. River sand is not graded properly and has excessive silt and organic impurities and these can affect the durability in concrete whereas manufactured sand has no silt or organic impurities.

    In this paper, an attempt has been made to use high volume fly ash and M Sand as fine aggregate in concrete. Various mechanical and durability properties of HVFA concrete have been studied for various percentages of fly ash in cement.

    Objectives of the project: The primary objective of this experimental work is to evaluate effective use of fly ash for achieving the desired needs,

    • To study the physical properties of materials used.

    • To prepare the design mix for M40 grade of concrete

    • To cast the concrete specimens of cubes, cylinders and beams with various percentages of fly ash in cement and 100% of M Sand as fine aggregates.

    • To study about the mechanical and durability properties of concrete.

  2. MATERIALS USED

    1. Cement

      Ordinary Portland Cement 53 grade was used in this investigation. As per IS 4031:1988 the cement was tested and its properties are given in Table I.

      TABLE I

      PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CEMENT

      S.No

      Properties

      Values

      1

      Specific Gravity

      3.15

      2

      Normal Consistency

      30%

      3

      Initial Setting Time

      30 min

      4

      Final Setting Time

      600 min

    2. Fine aggregate

      Manufactured Sand is used as fine aggregate for making the concrete specimens. Sand is tested as per IS 2386-1963 and it is confirmed as per IS 383-1970.Its properties are given in Table II.

      TABLE II

      PROPERTIES OF FINE AGGREGATE

      S.No

      Properties

      Values

      1

      Specific Gravity

      2.55

      2

      Water Absorption

      2.67%

      3

      Bulk Density

      1903.33 kg/m3

      4

      Fineness Modulus

      3.52

      5

      Grading Zone

      II

    3. Coarse aggregate

      The material retained on the test sieve 4.75 mm was termed as coarse aggregate. Locally available coarse aggregates of 12 mm and

      20 mm are used for making concrete specimens. Aggregates are tested as per IS 2386-1963 and it is confirmed as per IS 383-1970.Its properties are given in Table III.

  3. MIX DESIGN

    In this investigation, the mix proportions are designed as per IS 10262-1982 and IS 456-2000.The concrete mix of M40 grade is designed and the specimens are casted. The Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) was partially replaced with high volume fly ash in various proportions (i.e.) 0%, 30%, 40% and 50%.The stipulations for proportioning are given in Table IV and the mix variations are tabulated in Table V.

    TABLE IV STIPULATIONS FOR PROPORTIONING

    TABLE III

    PROPERTIES OF COARSE AGGREGATES

    S.No

    Properties

    1

    Specific Gravity

    2.73

    2.76

    2

    Water Absorption

    0.50 %

    0.33 %

    3

    Bulk Density

    1556.67

    kg/m3

    1612 kg/m3

    4

    Fineness Modulus

    2.42

    3.08

    5

    Grading Zone

    Graded

    Single sized

    S.No

    Properties

    1

    Specific Gravity

    2.73

    2.76

    2

    Water Absorption

    0.50 %

    0.33 %/p>

    3

    Bulk Density

    1556.67

    kg/m3

    1612 kg/m3

    4

    Fineness Modulus

    2.42

    3.08

    5

    Grading Zone

    Graded

    Single sized

    Values

    12 mm 20 mm

    1. Fly Ash

      Fly ash is one of the commonly known pozzolanic materials and it primarily comes from coal-fired electricity generating power plants. Two types of fly ash are Class C and Class F. In this study, Class F Fly Ash is used as a replacement material in cement. Specific gravity of fly ash is 2.14

    2. Water

      Water is an important constituent of concrete as it is necessary for the chemical reaction with cement. The water is required for preparation of mortar, mixing of cement concrete and also for curing the specimens. Locally available potable tap water is used in this investigation.

    3. Chemical admixture

    In this project, Master Rheobuild 1125- High range, retarding superplasticiser is used which complies with IS 9103-1999. The relative density of admixture is 1.22. This superplasticiser is composed of synthetic polymers specially designed to allow considerable reduction of mixing water. It is chloride free and it gives longer workability retention mainly for ready mix concrete.

    Stipulations

    Grade of cement

    M40

    Type of cement

    OPC

    Type of mineral admixture

    Fly Ash

    Nominal size of aggregates

    12 mm,20 mm

    Minimum cement content

    360 kg/m3

    Workability

    100 mm(slump)

    Exposure condition

    Very severe

    Method of concrete placing

    Hand

    Degree of supervision

    Good

    Stipulations

    Grade of cement

    M40

    Type of cement

    OPC

    Type of mineral admixture

    Fly Ash

    Nominal size of aggregates

    12 mm,20 mm

    Minimum cement content

    360 kg/m3

    Workability

    100 mm(slump)

    Exposure condition

    Very severe

    Method of concrete placing

    Hand

    Degree of supervision

    Good

    TABLE V

    MIX VARIATIONS (For 1 m3)

    Grade

    M40 Grade

    Mix No

    Mix 1

    (0 %)

    Mix 2

    (30%)

    Mix 3

    (40%)

    Mix 4

    (50%)

    OPC

    475

    335

    285

    240

    Fly Ash

    140

    190

    235

    Coarse aggregate- 20 mm

    673

    653

    646

    638

    Coarse aggregate- 12 mm

    443

    430

    425

    420

    Manufactured sand

    675

    654

    647

    636

    Total Water

    193

    193

    193

    193

    W/C ratio

    0.36

    0.36

    0.36

    0.36

  4. PREPARATION AND DETAILS OF SPECIMENS

    In this investigation, the physical properties of the materials are tested as per Indian Standards. The specimens are prepared and casted in the laboratory under controlled supervision. The specimens of cubes, cylinders and prisms/beams are casted for determining the mechanical and durability properties of concrete. The fresh concrete was tested for slump value and further the specimens are casted for other studies.12 cubes of 150 x 150 x 150 mm, 3 cylinders of 70 x

    150 mm, 3 cylinders of 150 x 300 mm, 2 cylinders of 100 x 200 mm and 3 beams of 100 x 100 x 500 mm were casted for each mix. After 24 hours of casting, the specimens were demoulded and it was placed in water curing until the period of test. The specimens are tested at 14, 28 and 56 days.

  5. RESULTS

    A. Compressive strength

    Compressive strength of concrete cubes are tested at 14, 28 and 56 days. The size of the specimens is 150 x 150 x 150 mm and three samples were tested for each mix at the age of testing. The compressive strength at 14 days are tabulated in Table VI and a graph is plotted as shown in Fig. 1.

    TABLE VI

    COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AT 14 DAYS

    S.No

    Specimens

    Compressive strength(N/mm2)

    1

    Control mix

    40.10

    2

    30 %

    37.83

    3

    40 %

    33.16

    4

    50 %

    24.06

    50

    40

    30

    20

    10

    0

    50

    40

    30

    20

    10

    0

    40.1

    40.1

    37.83

    37.83

    33.16

    33.16

    24.06

    24.06

    0% 30% 40% 50%

    % of fly ash replacement

    0% 30% 40% 50%

    % of fly ash replacement

    Compressive strength at 14 days

    Compressive strength at 14 days

    Fig.1 Compressive strength at 14 days (N/mm2)

  6. FURTHER SCOPE OD STUDY

The specimens will be tested for the various proportions of mix at 28 and 56 days. Mechanical characteristics such as compressive strength test at 28 and 56 days, split tensile test, flexural strength test and stress-strain behaviour will be tested at 56 days on the concrete specimens. Durability characteristics like water permeability test (WPT), rapid chloride penetration test (RCPT) and sorptivity test will be tested on the specimens at 56 days. These can be considered as the scope of further studies.

REFERENCES

  1. Abdullah Anwar., Sabih Ahmad., Syed Aqeel Ahmad., Juned Ahmad and Syed Mohd. Ashraf Husain., Investigating the Compressive Strength of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement with High Volume Fly Ash, International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Volume 4,No 6,pp.4162-4166, 2014.

  2. Aravindkumar.B.Harwalkar.,and S.S.Awanti., Laboratory Investigations on Behaviour of High Volume Fly Ash Concrete Composite Sections under Flexural Fatigue Loading, International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Volume 3, No. 12,pp .1050- 1055, 2013.

  3. Babu.S.V.V.K.,Experimental Investigation on High Performance Concrete with Partial Replacement of Cement by Fly Ash and Fully Replacement of Sand by Stone Dust, International Journal of Constructive Research in Civil Engineering, Volume 1, Issue 1, pp. 8- 13, 2015.

  4. Cengiz Duran Atis., Strength properties of high-volume fly ash roller compacted and workable concrete and influence of curing condition, Cement and Concrete Research 35, pp. 1112 1121, 2005.

  5. Elavenil.S., and Vijaya.B., Manufactured Sand, A Solution And An Alternative To River Sand And In Concrete Manufacturing, Journal of Engineering, Computers & Applied Sciences, Volume 2,Issue 2, pp . 20- 24, 2013.

  6. Ilangovana.R., Mahendrana.N., and Nagamanib.K., Strength And Durability Properties Of Concrete Containing Quarry Rock Dust As Fine Aggregate, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 5, pp. 20 -26, 2008.

  7. IS: 2386 (Part I) -1963, Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete, Part-I: Particle Size and Shape, Tenth Reprint March 1993, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

  8. IS: 2386 (Part III) -1963, Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete, Part III: Specific gravity, density Voids, the absorption and bulking, First Reprint March 1971, Bureau of Indian Standards, and New Delhi.

  9. IS: 383-1970. Specification for coarse and Fine Aggregates from natural sources for concrete. Bureau of Indian standards, New Delhi.

  10. IS 456 2000, Code of Practice for plain and reinforced concrete. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

  11. IS: 10262-1982. Recommended Guidelines for Concrete Mix Design, Fifth Reprint March- 1998, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

  12. IS: 516-1959, Indian Standard Code of Practice-methods of test for strength of concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.

  13. Joanna.P.S., Jessy Rooby., Angeline Prabhavathy., Preetha.R., and Sivathanu Pillai.C., Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Beams With 50 Percentage Fly Ash, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, Volume 4, Issue 2, pp. 36-48, 2013.

  14. Madhavi.T.,Swamy Raju.L., and Deepak Mathur.,Durability and Strength Properties of High Volume Fly Ash Concrete, Journal of Civil Engineering Research, Volume 4,Issue 2A,pp .7-11, 2014.

  15. Mini Soman., and Sobha.K., Strength and Behaviour of High Volume Fly Ash Concrete, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 3, Issue 5, pp.12416-12424, 2014.

  16. Nimitha. Vijayaraghavan., and A.S. Wayal., Effect of Manufactured Sand on Durability Properties of Concrete, American Journal of Engineering Research, Volume-02, Issue-12, pp-437-440, 2013.

  17. Nithyambigai.G., Partial Replacement of Manufactured Sand and Fly Ash in Concrete, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, Volume 5, Issue 6,pp. 166-170, 2015.

  18. Priyanka A. Jadhav., and Dilip K. Kulkarni., Effect of replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand on the properties of cement mortar, International Journal Of Civil And Structural Engineering, Volume 3, Issue 3, pp . 621-628, 2013.

  19. Preetha.R., Joanna.P.S., Jessy Rooby., and Sivathanu Pillai.C., Ductility Behaviour of reinforced high volume flyash concrete beams, International Journal Of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 4, Issue 5,pp.123-126, 2013.

  20. Rafat Siddique., Performance characteristics of high-volume Class F fly ash concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, pp.487- 493, 2004.

  21. Puneet Sharma., Navpreet Soni., Ankit., and Samdish Abrol., Behaviour Of High Volume Fly Ash In Concrete Beams, International Journal of Civil Engineering,Vol 1,Issue 1,pp.39-42, 2014.

  22. Putte Gowda B.S., Aswath M.U., and Muthu K.U., Experimental Investigation On Flexure Behaviour Of Fly Ash Concrete Beams, International Journal of Advanced Scientific and Technical Research, Issue 3, Volume 2,pp.184-199, 2013.

  23. Shirish V. Deo., and Arun D. Pofale., Parametric Study for Replacement of Sand by Fly Ash for Better Packing and Internal Curing, Open Journal of Civil Engineering,pp.118-130, 2015.

  24. Siddharth P Upadhyay., and JamnuM.A., Effect On Compressive Strength Of High Performance Concrete Incorporating Alccofine And Fly Ash, Journal Of International Academic Research For Multidisciplinary, Volume 2, Issue 2,pp. 125-130, 2014.

  25. Subramani.T., and Ramesh.K.S., Experimental Study On Partial Replacement Of Cement With Fly Ash And Complete Replacement Of Sand With M sand, International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management, Volume 4, Issue 5,pp.313-322, 2015.

  26. Swapnil B. Cholekar., and Subrahmanyam Raikar., Experimental Investigation On High Volume Fly Ash Concrete By Incorporating Foundry Sand As Fine Aggregate, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, Volume 2,Issue 3,pp.2013-2015, 2015.

  27. Vanita Aggarwal., S.M.Gupta., and S.N.Sachdeva., Concrete Durability Through High Volume Fly ash Concrete (HVFC) A Literature review, International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, Vol. 2(9), 2010, pp. 4473-4477, 2010.

  28. Visnu.V.,Karthikeyan.R.M., and Prince Arulraj., Experimental Investigation on High Performance Concrete with Partial Replacements of Fine Aggregate by M-Sand and Cement by Fly Ash, International Journal On Engineering Technology and Sciences, Volume 2, Issue 2,pp. 12-15, 2015.

Leave a Reply