Extraction of The Parameters of A Photovoltaic Solar Cell by A Metaheuristic Method Associated With The Lambert-W Function

Extraction of The Parameters of A Photovoltaic Solar Cell by A Metaheuristic Method Associated With The Lambert-W Function

Steve NGOFFE PERABI

Higher Teachers' College of Bertoua University of Bertoua Bertoua, Cameroon

Pierre KENFACK

Department of Electrical and Power Engineering Higher Teachers' Training College (HTTC) Buea, Cameroon

Abraham DANDOUSSOU Department of Electrical and Power Engineering

Higher Teachers' Training College (HTTC) Buea, Cameroon

Francelin Edgar NDI Technology and Applied Sciences Laboratory

University of Douala

Douala, Cameroon

Nicaire NDONGMO FOTSA Technology and Applied Sciences Laboratory

University of Douala Douala, Cameroon

Aristide TOLOK

Higher Teachers' Training College of Ebolowa University of Ebolowa

Ebolowa, Cameroon

Grégoire ABESSOLO ONDOUA Ecosystems and Fisheries Resources Laboratory

University of Douala Douala, Cameroon

Salomé NDJAKOMO ESSIANE

Cameroonian Association for Research and Innovation in Energy and Environmental Technology (ACRITE) University of Ebolowa

Ebolowa, Cameroon

Abstract The design of a PV system involves establishing a PV model that faithfully and accurately reproduces the actual behaviour of the system under various conditions. The accuracy of this model is proportional to the parameters extracted by optimization methods, generally metaheuristic methods. Referring to the literature, we have identified two methods for calculating the estimated current based on the objective function. The first step was to determine the most efficient method for calculating the estimated current, with a view to obtaining the most consistent and accurate solutions. The algorithms used were Monarch Butterfly Optimization and Social Spider Optimization. Experimental data from the RTC France solar cell were used in this case study. The main results show that the iterative method based on the Lambert function for calculating the estimated current in the objective function provides more accurate and precise solutions than the approximate method using the measured current to determine the estimated current. What's more, the Monarch Butterfly Optimization algorithm provides more accurate solutions than many other methods in the literature.

Keywords Extraction, Parameters, Metaheuristic method, Lambert W

1. INTRODUCTION

   The unrestrained race of man towards the development of infrastructure, allowing the improvement of his standard of living, pushed this last one to develop a diagram of energy production that mainly leaned on fossil fuels [1]. It is estimated that more than 71% of the world's electricity production is based on fossil fuels [2]. This pattern of production, if it is maintained, will inexorably lead to numerous consequences for both humans and the environment [3]. Many organizations, in accordance with the climate protocol, have opted to migrate to renewable energies. These have many advantages, including reduced pollution, environmental friendliness, and the infinite availability of the primary source [4, 5]. Among the renewable sources, we can mention wind, water, biomass, and the sun. This last one is one of the most accessible renewable energy sources on the globe [6]. With a rapidly increasing growth rate, the energy production of solar photovoltaic (PV) installations in recent years has risen from 89.5 GW in 2012 to over 800 GW today [7]. There are many areas of application for this form of energy. These include telecommunications [8], the military [9], and increasingly the automotive sector [10, 11].

   Nevertheless, this production scheme is more sensitive to external factors [12]. In order to efficiently and accurately predict electricity production from solar PV modules while optimizing and controlling photovoltaic systems, mathematical models have been developed [13]. Among others, we can mention the single-diode model, the double- diode model, and, more recently, the three-diode model for industrial configurations [14]. These models are characterized

   by parameters that must be accurately estimated. Obtaining these different parameters remains a crucial and primary problem. This is due to the transcendence of the current- voltage characteristic equation, which makes it difficult to solve because it leads to an optimization problem. In the literature, several methods have been identified for the extraction of the best parameters of a PV cell or module. The application of these methods shows that the accuracy obtained from the results is different from one method to another [15].

   Analytical methods are the most commonly used methods to extract the parameters of a PV module. The advantages of this method are the speed of calculation and the relative accuracy of the results, as only one analytical equation is needed to obtain the solution of a parameter [16]. However, despite the popularity of this method, it is not always easy to apply because it requires many data points on the curve, which makes the calculation more complex [17]. They are effective for some PV module models under standard test conditions (STC) as well as under other environmental conditions. Batzelis et al [18] have expressed the voltage as a function of current using Lambert's W function. Therefore, this method combines the versatility and accuracy provided by the single- diode model with a faster and more robust execution. Bai et al [19] proposed a new method consisting of a piecemeal adjustment combined with the four-parameter model to simplify the calculation procedures to obtain the five parameters. Femia et al [20] proposed a method to analytically calculate the series resistance Rs and the parallel resistance RSh using Lambert's W function. This method explicitly expresses the output current of the PV module as a function of the voltage, and shows good performance. Metaheuristics or intelligent methods using artificial intelligence techniques are increasingly used to estimate PV module parameters because of their reliability and performance. These numerical methods with curve-fitting techniques are better than analytical methods. The algorithms of these methods provide accurate results by evaluating all points of the current-voltage curve [21]. These global optimization methods do not impose any restrictions on the problem formulation and have the ability to solve various complex problems [13]. Many works are based on some of the evolutionary algorithms. Harrag et al [22] use the genetic algorithm (GA) to extract the parameters of a PV cell subjected to varying temperature conditions. Allam et al [23] proposed the Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA), which has the quality of quickly converging to the optimal solution of single and dual diode PV module parameters. This method is simple, highly efficient, and outperforms GA methods. Muhsen et al [24] estimate the parameters with the Differential Evolution with Adaptive Mutation (DEAM) algorithm. This algorithm uses the notion of attraction- repulsion to improve on the original differential evolution (DE) mutation operation, a method that provides high

   accuracy, fast convergence, and optimally fitted control parameters. Jordehi et al [25] use a hybrid variant of the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to extract the parameters of a PV solar cell. This method has high sensitivity to the initial parameters. Abd Elaziz et al [26] use a variant of the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) for the extraction of the intrinsic parameters of a PV solar cell. This method has been shown to be efficient in estimating the parameters of a PV cell, bt its limitations are its sensitivity to the starting parameters and a relatively long computation time. Ayang et al [27] and [28], use the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) and least squares estimator (LSE) to extract the parameters of the single diode PV module under standard test conditions. Ndongmo et al [29] use the bald eagle algorithm (BES) for the estimation of the internal parameters of a PV cell. This method shows its accuracy in parameter estimation, but the method is very sensitive to the initial parameters. Ndi et al [30] proposed the equilibrium optimizer algorithm to estimate the parameters of a photovoltaic solar cell. This method has shown its effectiveness in solving this type of problem. However, it is very sensitive to the initial parameters.

   Evaluating the performance of metaheuristic optimization algorithms relies on a number of factors. One of the most widely used factors is the root mean square error. This is the difference between the measured current and the estimated current [31]. According to the literature, this error can be evaluated using either an iterative method (using numerical resources to solve the nonlinear equation of the cell model with the extracted parameters), or an approximate method (the measured current and the extracted parameters are used to calculate the estimated current) [32].

   In this manuscript, both methods of calculating the estimated current are employed with new optimization algorithms. The aim is to determine the most accurate method for providing a reliable and precise PV model. Here, we propose two estimation methods, to extract the parameters of the single-diode model (SDM) and the double-diode model (DDM). These methods are the Social Spider Optimization (SSO) method and the Monarch Butterfly Optimization (MBO) method. We test the proposed work on a well-known dataset, the R.T.C. France commercial solar cell dataset, and then compare the proposed methods with selected algorithms to verify their effectiveness. The results of the proposed

   accurate whatever the proposed algorithm.

   • Two new optimization algorithms (SSO and MBO) have been used to identify SDM and DDM parameters based on experimental data sets measured under different environmental conditions.

   • A comparison between the RMSE obtained by the optimizers and the RMSE calculated on the basis of the Lambert function was reported as evidence of the accuracy of the identification.

   • Finally, a comparison is made with existing literature in order to position our work in relation to what already exists.

     This article is organized as follows: First, we present the generalities concerning the modelling of a PV solar cell. Then, a second time, we will focus on the extraction method used. We will present the results of this method, and then we will finish with a conclusion.

2. MODELLING OF A PV SOLAR CELL

   In the literature, the single-diode model is the simplest and most widely used model. This is justified by its precision in the parameters obtained, its speed in execution, and especially its simplicity in the implementation of its structure [33]. The equivalent electrical diagram is given in Fig. 1.

   Fig. 1: Single Diode Model

   By applying Kirchhoff's theorem to this circuit, we can establish the expression of the current I of the PV solar cell as a function of the voltage V, which is given by equation (1):

   algorithms have been validated by Lambert equations for SDM and DDM.

   = 0 (

   (+ )

   1)

   ( + )

   The main contributions of this paper are presented as

   follows:

   • A comparison between the proposed methodologies for calculating the estimated current is established to determine which is the most robust, reliable, and

     Where Iph is the photo current, I0 is the saturation current of the diode, n is the ideality factor, K is the Boltzmann constant, q is the charge of the electron, T is the temperature of the module, RS is the serial resistance, and RSh is the shunt resistance.

     This model has five unknown parameters, namely: the photo current (Iph), the saturation current of the diode (I0), the shunt resistance (RSh), the series resistance (RS), and the ideality factor of the diode (n). These last ones, chosen in an optimal way, allow, in addition to efficiently predicting production, to successfully adapt to a certain extent to the experimental data. However, studies have shown that this model inherently neglects the recombination current losses in the depletion region of the junction diode, resulting in a deterioration of accuracy at low irradiances [34]. Taking into account this loss, especially in open circuits, leads to a more accurate solution [35]. Thus, the double-diode model, as shown in Fig. 2, uses one diode as a rectifier while the other

     addresses the loss due to the recombination current [30].

     is necessary to have a data set. The objective function allows you to check if the result produced by a set of parameters is close to the required values provided in the data set. The minimization of the root mean square error (RMSE) is the objective function par excellence. Here, the objective is to minimize the difference between the measured and estimated currents. The optimization techniques are based on the principle of identifying the best vector X that minimizes the objective function [14].

     Thus, the expression of the objective function (Obj1) is given by equation (3):

     1 2

     1 = (

     (, ,( , , )) )

     Where:

     =1

     • N is the number of points measured.

     • , is the current measured.

   Fig. 2: Double Diode Model

   By applying Kirchhoff's theorem to this circuit, we can establish the expression of the current I of the PV solar cell as a function of the voltage V, which is given by the equation (2):

   • , is the voltage measured.

   • ,() is the current estimated by the

     metaheuristic method with the equation (1) for the

     SDM and the equation (2) for the DDM.

   • X is the intrinsic parameter obtained with the metaheuristic method.

   However, this mathematical expression of the mean

   = 01 (

   (+ )

   1 1) 02 (

   (+ )

   2 1)

   square error is not correct. The expression of the estimated current is a function of the measured current and voltage.

   ( + )

   Thus, the result given by equation (3) will not reflect the real value of the error. Thus, the proposed iterative procedure for calculating the estimated current for a single-diode model can

   This model requires the knowledge of seven unknown parameters, namely: the photo current (Iph), the saturation current of diode 1 (I01), the saturation current of diode 2 (I02), the shunt resistance (RSh), the series resistance (RS), the ideality factor of diode 1 (n1), and the ideality factor of diode 2 (n2). The Double-diode model, compared to the one-diode

   be formulated by the Lambert-W equation [36, 37]:

   = ()

   With

   model, significantly improves the accuracy of the PV system

   + 0

   [13]. Nevertheless, it presents additional computations and complexity in the intrinsic parameters.

   =

   1 +

   (0

   () ((

   ) (

   1 +

   ))

3. OBJECTIVE FUNCTION CALCULATION

   Each equation of the above-mentioned electrical models

   Where

   =

   can be treated as an optimization problem. For this purpose, it

   Based on equation (4), the expression for the estimated

   current given by equation (1) can be rewritten as follows:

   ( 1 +

   )

4. OPTIMIZATION METHODS

   + 0

   =

   1 +

   In this section, we will present the metaheuristic optimization methods used in the rest of our work.

   The proposed iterative procedure, based on the Lambert

   W function, for computing the estimated current for a double- diode model can be formulated as follows [36].

   1. Monarch Butterfly Optimization

      Where

      1

      = + ()

      = ()

      =

      + 01 + 02

      Feng et al. [38] proposed a new optimization approach based on swarm intelligence in 2015. Monarch Butterfly Optimization (MBO) is inspired by the migration behaviour of monarch butterflies from one continent to another, i.e., monarch butterfly optimization (MBO). Fig. 3 shows the movement of the monarch butterfly from one region to another. They keep their reproduction cycle active during this cross-county movement [39].

      1

      1

      1 +

      (01

      (

      ) ((

      ) (

      1 +

      ))

      1

      2

      2

      =

      + 01 + 02

      1 +

      (02

      (

      ) ((

      ) (

      1 +

      ))

      Fig. 3: Migratory behaviour of the monarch butterfly [38]

      = 1 1

      2

      The migration behaviour is modelled into some mathematical formulation.

      A collection of pre-defined criteria is developed in order

      Based on equation (8), we can rewrite the equation as follows:

      to represent the realistic migration behaviour of monarch butterflies. The following are the pre-defined rules [38].

      ( 1 +

      )

      + 01+ 02

      1

      • All members of the monarch fleet should be in either

        =

        1 +

        region 1 or region 2. In MBO, the total population is regarded as representing the whole population of that region.

        • The migration operator, which can be regulated by

        Thus, the new objective function formulation (Obj2)

        of the root mean square error is given by equation (14) as follows:

        the migration ratio, produces new offspring of monarch butterflies in regions 1 or 2.

        • The overall population of monarch butterflies stays

          unchanged in MBO. If the children outperform their

          1 2

          = (

          2

          =1 (, ,( , )) )

          parents in terms of fitness, they take over.

          • The flutter's fittest butterfly remains in the fleet and is unaffected by the migration operator.

        Monarch butterflies move from area 1 to region 2 every year in April and return in September, as seen in Fig. 3. Monarch butterflies are seen to fly in Region 1 from September to March and in Region 2 from April to August. Assume that the number of monarch butterflies remaining in region 1 is referred to as subpopulation 1' and is denoted by Pn1. Pn1 is defined as the nearest integer larger than or equal to R.

        = × 1

        Where R and Pn are the ratios of butterfly flutter

        remaining in region 1 and the total monarch butterfly population, respectively. Similarly, butterflies located in Region 2 are classified as subpopulation 2.

        2 = 1

        This butterfly migratory mechanism is mathematically represented as:

        ( + 1) = 1 ,()

        With

        Si, j (t+1) denotes the jth position element or variable of the ith butterfly in the t+1 generation, whereas Sr1,j (t) denotes the jth element of Sr1, which is the new location of monarch butterfly r1 in the current generation t. The butterfly r1 is chosen at random from subpopulation 1 or region 1.

        A random number r is created for decision-making purposes as follows:

        = ×

        Where rand is a random integer drawn from a uniform

        distribution and is the migration period, believed to be 1.2 for 12 months. If , then equation (17) produces the new

        element j of the butterfly; otherwise, the new-born monarch

        butterfly is formed as

        ( + 1) = 2 ,()

        Where r2 is a randomly chosen monarch butterfly from subpopulation 2 or region 2. The direction of migration can be adjusted by altering the value of R. For example, if R is high, more monarch butterflies Pn1 members are predicted. A low R value, on the other hand, increases the number of Pn2 monarch butterflies in subpopulation 2 or region 2. The selection of R is critical in order to develop new monarch butterflies.

   2. Social Spider Optimization

   Cuevas et al. [40] presented the Social Spider Optimization algorithm (SSO), a modern population-based swarm intelligence system. The social behaviour of the social spider colony, which comprises social individuals and a common web, inspired the SSO algorithm. Because of its efficiency, the SSO has been used in a variety of applications, particularly for solving global optimization issues [41].

   Female and male spiders account for 70% and 30% of total colony members, respectively [42]. Each member of the colony is responsible for a separate task, such as building and maintaining the common web, catching prey, using water, and so on[43]. Female spiders either attract or repel others. The community web vibrations are dependent on the weight and distance of the limbs, which are the primary aspects of a spider's attraction or aversion [44]. Male spiders are classified into two types: dominant and non-dominant [45].

   Dominant male spiders are physically superior to non- dominant spiders. The dominant male may mate with one or all of the females in the colony in order to share knowledge and create progeny. The method for optimizing each solution in the spider social optimization (SSO) algorithm symbolizes a spider location, while the common web represents the search space. Each solution's value is expressed by computing its fitness function, which represents each spider's weight. Each spider's weight.

   The population in the SSO method consists of Ns solutions (spiders) and may be classified into females fi and males mi. The number of females Nf is chosen to be between 65% and 90% and may be estimated using the following equation (20):

   = ((0.9 (0,1). 0.25). ) With rand is a random number between (0, 1) and floor (.) converts a real number to an integer number. The number of

   male spiders Nm can be calculated as follows:

   =

   The female and male spider position fi and mi are

   randomly generated within the lower and the upper

   The dominant male is responsible for mating of female members when it locates them with a specific range rm. This operation can be calculated as follows

   initial parameter bounds as follows.

   ,

   0 = + (0,1). ( )

   = =1

   2.

   (27)

   ,

   0 = + (0,1). ( )

   With

   = {1, 2, 3, , } , = {1, 2, 3, , } and =

   {1, 2, 3, , }

   The zero signals represent the initial population and i, j and

   k are the parameter and individual indices, respectively. The value of fi, j is the jth parameter of the ith female spider position.

   The weight of each spider represents the quality of the answer. The fitness function value of each solution I is calculated as follows.

5. RESULTS

   The framework of this section is divided into subsequent subsections; the first one concerns the comparison among the objective functions across the implemented algorithms, while the second one focuses on detecting the superior algorithm. For this extraction, we used the Malab R2020a platform. This was simulated on a computer with the following specifications: an Intel Core i5-3437U @ 1.9 GHz, 8 GB of

   RAM, and the Windows 10 64-bit operating system.

   TABLE I. shows the upper and lower bounds, for each unknown parameter in each PV model.

   TABLE I. Lower and Upper bounds

   = ( )

   Parameters	Lower bound	Upper bound
   ()	0	1
   0, 01, 02 ()	0	10-6
   ()	0	0,5
   ()	0	100
   n, n1, n2	1	2

   (24)

   Where J(si) is the fitness value of the spider position, si with regard to the substituted objective function J(·). The value worsts represents the maximum solutions value while the bests represents the minimum value of the solution in the population. These values are defined by considering the following minimization problem as follows.

   = () and = () (25)

   With = {1, 2, 3, , }.

   The transmission of the information by the colony

   members is done through the communal web by encoding it as small vibrations. The vibrations perceived by the solution i from solution j is modelled by the equation (26).

   1. Comparison among the proposed objective functions

      In this section, a well-regarded dataset of RTC France solar cells is utilized to compare the two reported objectives of Equations. 3 and 14. The proposed algorithms are executed to identify the parameters of SDM and DDM for the cell based on the measured dataset at an irradiance of 1000W/m2 and a temperature of 33°C. These experimental values of the output voltage and current of an RTC France are found in a lot of manuscripts in particular [13] and [29].

      2

      , = . ,

      (26)

      1. Extraction for a single diode model (SDM)

         This paragraph summarizes the outcomes of the algorithms investigated in this research utilizing the SDM and the goal functions described in Equations 3 and 14. Table 2 shows the results of the Lambert function's RMSE calculation, which includes the difference between the Obj1 and Obj2.

         According to the results from Table 2, we see that after 500 iterations, the Lambert-W function allows us to refine the estimation of the root mean square error. Thus, we go from an

         RMSE equal to 48.977×10-4 using the equation (3) to an RMSE equal to 46.0517×10-4 with the equation (14) for the

         Social Spider Optimization (SSO) method and from

         10.111×10-4 RMSE to 7.8028×10-4 using the Monarch Butterfly Optimization (MBO) method with the Lambert W

         function. It is also important to underline the superiority in terms of accuracy of the MBO algorithm compared to the SSO algorithm. This algorithm minimizes the Obj1 function, as well as the Obj2 function. This shows that the current estimated by this method is closest to the measured current. The intrinsic parameters of this method are much closer to the results presented in the literature. Fig. 4 shows the performance of the parameter estimation by the SSO method associated with the Lambert-W function for a single-diode model.

         Fig. 4: Convergence of the SSO and Lambert SSO methods to the optimal solution.

      2. Extraction for a double diode model (DDM)

         This paragraph summarizes the outcomes of the algorithms investigated in this research utilizing the DDM. Table 3 shows the results of the Lambert function's RMSE calculation, which includes the difference between the Lambert RMSE (Lambert RMSE) and the values produced by Obj1 and Obj2.

         For 100 iterations, we find that the MBO algorithm is significantly more accurate than the SSO algorithm. This algorithm minimizes more of the Obj1 function, demonstrating that the current estimated by this method is close to the measured current. The intrinsic parameters of this method are much closer to the results found in the literature. Regarding the objective function Obj2, we observe that, compared to the SSO algorithm, the MBO algorithm minimizes the most the difference between the measured current and the estimated current. The Lambert-W function associated with the latter allows for further refinement of the estimation of the internal parameters of the model, as shown in Fig. 5.

         Fig. 5: Convergence of the MBO and Lambert MBO methods to the optimal solution

         Fig. 5 shows the performance of parameter estimation by the MBO method associated with the Lambert-W function before the standard MBO method.

   2. Comparison results with the literature

   Tables 2 and 3 have shown the superiority and accuracy of computing the mean square error by the W-Lambert function. It appears that this function is more efficient and accurate in the evaluation of the objective function. In this part, we compare the results of the use of the Lambert-W function for a model with single and double diodes with the results found in the literature.

   The results resulting from the comparison of these methods with those in the literature for a commercial solar cell RTC France under the conditions described upstream are presented in Table 4. In the latter, we can observe the

   superiority of the Monarch Butterfly Optimization method

   (RMSEMBO = 7.802×10-4) for the extraction of the parameters of a single diode model, compared to the numerous algorithms

   listed in the literature. This method thus outperforms methods such as the Parasitism Predation Algorithm (RMSEPPA =

   9.503×10-4), the Slime Mould Algorithm (RMSESMA = 11.712×10-4), the Harris Hawks Optimizer (RMSEHHO = 21.607×10-4) and the Social Spider Optimization (RMSESSO

   = 46.051×10-4). This superiority is due to a greater ability to

   explore and exploit than with the methods cited above.

   However, this method is less accurate than the Marine

   Predator Algorithm (RMSEMPA = 7.7301×10-4) due to population diversity.

   Fig. 6 shows the I-V characteristic curve of the photovoltaic cell, derived from the measured data (red dot curve) and the intrinsic parameters extracted from the cell by the Lambert-MBO method (blue dot curve) and the Lambert- SSO method (green curve) under the test conditions mentioned above.

   Fig. 6: I V characteristic of the SDM.

   For a double-diode model, the results from the comparison of these methods with those in the literature, for a commercial RTC France solar cell, under the conditions described above, are presented in Table 5. In the latter, we note the effectiveness of the Monarch Butterfly Optimization

   (RMSEMBO = 6.352×10-6) and Social Spider Optimization (RMSESSO = 3.943472×10-5) methods for extracting the

   parameters of a double-diode model. These surpass in

   accuracy and efficiency many algorithms listed in the scientific literature. These methods demonstrate their effectiveness in solving this problem with high nonlinearity, because they have a greater capacity for exploration and exploitation than the algorithms listed in the literature. They

   outperform the Chaotic Lambert Success History Based Adaptive Differential Evolution method (RMSEChaotic-LSHADE

   = 7.5274×10-4), the Marine Predator Algorithm (RMSEMPA

   = 7.7696×10-4), the Slime Mould Algorithm (RMSESMA = 9.9715×10-4), the Parasitism Predation Algorithm (RMSEPPA

   = 11.172×10-4), and the Harris Hawks Optimizer (RMSEHHO

   = 12.491×10-4) which presents the least accurate results in

   the extraction of the parameters.

   These results show that the Monarch Butterfly Optimization (MBO) algorithm was able to effectively extract the parameter values to concretely predict the measured curve in a meaningful way. The Social Spider Optimization (SSO) method is more accurate in extracting the intrinsicparameters for the double-diode model than for the single-diode model.

6. CONCLUSION

   Renewable energy resources are a critical topic that can help tackle many energy-related issues. This type of energy has the potential to overcome numerous difficulties associated with the existing production system, which is mostly focused on fossil fuels. Solar energy is seen as the best solution to solving the difficulties related to fossil fuels owing to its availability and ease of deployment. In order to efficiently predict electricity production while optimizing PV systems, PV models have been developed. In order to extract precise and accurate parameters from PV models, it is necessary and even imperative to have a reliable objective function and a robust algorithm. This can be estimated either iteratively or by approximation by linearly solving the estimated current as a function of the measured current. In this manuscript, we have presented the accuracy of the methods discussed in the literature and established the most reliable and accurate method for extracting SDM and DDM model parameters. Relying on an objective function based on an iterative method, diode model parameter extraction provides more accurate, precise, and reliable solutions than the approximate method. This has been verified regardless of which algorithm is highlighted here. The MBO algorithm has shown its superiority over SSO and many other algorithms in the literature in terms of stability, optimal solution matching, and error curve convergence. However, despite the highlighted performance in terms of precision and accuracy of the optimal solution, the iterative method has a longer computation time than the approximate method.

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8. TABLES

TABLE II. Comparison between the standard RMSE and the Lamberts RMSE for the SDM

TABLE III. Comparison between the standard RMSE and the Lamberts RMSE for the DDM

TABLE IV. Comparison between the different extraction tools for SDM

TABLE V. Comparison between the different extraction tools for DDM