Gas Management & Disaster System Using ZigBee

Gas Management & Disaster System Using ZigBee

Abstract

Gas leakage is an important problem. It wastes energy and sometimes it causes harmful effects to lives. We have limited energy resources. Proper utilization of resources is need of the time. We have proposed a gas safety management system using ZigBeeto monitor flow and pressure of gas, earthquake, temperature, smoke and leak of methane. It also provides a health safety system simultaneously by automating the associated devices with its embedded programmed feature to procure the environment by completely eradicating the harmful source. Through this dynamic technology, we can establish a well economic and health caring system in this rapidly developing era to excel our country.

Keyword: ZigBee Networks, Gas Management System (GMS),Full Function Device (FFD), Reduced Function Device (RFD), TIN (total input), TOUT (total output)

1. Introduction

   Wireless sensor network is an interesting research topic. Release of standards like IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee in the field have brought the technology in industrial domain [11].Thisadvancement has lead the world towardsevolution of many commercial products [5] like home automation and remote monitoring. Previouslyproprietary routing algorithms and RF technology were used in sensor networks, but now standards-based networking and RF solutions are used in products. Based on the Open System Interconnection model, the Physical and MAC layer standard, defined that it would have a date rate of 250 kb/s with the radio havingdirect sequence spread spectrum as modulation technique, itoperates in the 2.4 GHzthe unlicensed band. It has lower bit-rate alternatives in the 868 MHz and 900 MHz bands [12]. On top of these two standard layers, several proprietary and standards-based sensor network systems emerged. ZigBee standard is the one with most vendor and end-product support. ZigBee joined the well-established Bluetooth and Wi-Fiband of 2.4 GHz. It looks mostly like Bluetooth but it is simpler, has fast connection time, longer battery life and a lower data rate.

   quick monitoring and at last ZigBee controller to take action as needed. Action included wall-pad opening and closing which has a built-in cutoff valve and sensors of flow, pressure, and earthquake. That ZigBee controlleroperates its inner valve and shut off the gas, serving a warning on users if any unusual is occurred for gas flow, pressure, earthquake, temperature, and leakage of gases in gas pipeline and facilities. Our gas safety management system is configured by the topology of star types with those devices and sensors and then controls all the devices through a wall-pad including a gateway [2] with ZigBee network, and takes safety measures to protect a serious risk. In this paper, the proposed system usedZigBeewireless device, sensors and ZigBee controllers.System will increase performance and will provide safety.

2. Comparison between ZigBee and other technique

   ZigBee is tremendously better than any other technologies [6] like Bluetooth,Wi-Fi and Home RF because of its supreme performance in any comparison on different technical aspects. Below mentioned is the comparison of ZigBee with other technologies.

   	ZigBee	Bluetooth	Wi-Fi	Home RF
   Frequency Band	2.4GHz / 915MHz / 865MHz	2.4GHz	2.4GHz	2.4GHz
   Maximum bit rate	250kb/s	1 Mb/s	1 Mb/s	1.6Mb/s
   Power	Low	Medium	High	Medium
   Coverage Area	100 m	10	50	50
   Network Nodes	65,000	80	50	127

   Table 1: Comparison between ZigBee, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth

   Today, high class apartments are equipped with safety devices at facilities of gas, electricity and water. It is clear that a sensor will make our lives safer and more comfortable in the future. We can use it as a fire alarm or a gas leak detector. We propose a gas safety management system using an intelligent ZigBeebased system.System includesZigBee network technology, automatic gas leak cutoff, sensors of smoke, methane, and temperature. At first we deployed the ZigBee coordinator, then we used sensors for

3. ZigBee technical characteristics

   ZigBee is a wireless communication technology applied in short range. It has low transmission rate between the various electronic devices.ZigBeeisan emerging wireless transmission technology standard. It has its unique technical characteristics. The notable advantage of ZigBee is that it has long battery life; low power consumption; and reliable connections [4]. It uses free frequency range that why it is suitable for home

   applications. For commercial purpose it results low cost and reliable networks. When ZigBee node is under workingmode, the transmission rate is low, the amount of data transmission is small, all these factors reduce the time of receiving and sending signals and when it is under nonworkingmode, ZigBee node is dormant. Both of two working modes determine the low consumption.

   ZigBee is a kind of wireless communication technology. It is applied in short range, low transmission rate between the various electronic equipments. ZigBee as emerging wirelesstransmission technology standard has its unique technical characteristics:

   1. Reliability

      ZigBee MAC layer [9] adopts talkwhenready collision avoidance mechanism. Under this mechanism, when the data transmission requirements appeared node will send each packet immediately and wait for confirmation reply information comes from the recipient. We fit does not receive any confirmation then the end devices directly communicate with the ZigBee coordinator. ZigBee coordinator is responsible for forming the network in mesh and tree topologies [1] and for choosing certain key network parameters but by the use of ZigBee routers the network can be extended. In our system we are using star topology. In star topology, a central unit is controlling all network devices.

      B.Low Power Consumption

      ZigBee uses low power [9]. Battery timing may be extended from half to full year. This feature of ZigBee makes it reliable and suitable in all environments.

      C. High Expansibility

      A ZigBee network can contain 255 ZigBee nodes, one isthe master node and others are all slave nodes. Ifrough network coordinator forms net, and network coordinator can also interconnected each other, the whole net can contain 65000 nodes. At last the whole number is very considerable.

4. How ZigBee network works

   There are two types of devices in a ZigBee network [12], one is the full function device (FFD), and the other is the reduced function device (RFD). In the network, FFD can be the network coordinator or the router, and also can be the terminal device linking to the network. While the RFD cannot be the coordinator, it only can connect to FFD as a terminal device.ZigBee networks useController, router (optional) and end devices to communicate. Network devices based uponZigBee technology like coordinators and end devices gets together to form a ZigBee wireless network. Networking coordinator works as a primary device in ZigBee based system. It is anorigin to commence a networking process. It sends information toend devices. The end devices are secondary medium which coordinate with ZigBee controller. An important point is that the end device only works as a receiver within essential time span less than 15msec.

   1. ZigBee Stake

      Based on the physical and MAC layers specified by IEEE

      802.15.4 WPAN standard, the ZigBee specification establishes the framework for the Network and Applicationlayers. The protocol stack of ZigBee networks is detailed in fig 1.

      Figure 1: ZigBee Stake

      Two device types are specified within the IEEE 802.15.4 framework. First is full function device and reduced function device. An FFD has more responsibilities in that they must maintain routing tables, participate in route discovery and repairbeaconing framework. Ithandles node joins. Moreover, an FFD has the capability of communicating with any other devices within its routing, the end devices have to rely exclusively on their parent nodes to perform mesh routing on their behalves.

   2. General Parameters

   Network Size	45m x 45m
   Number of Nodes	18 nodes
   Transmission Range	10 meters
   Network Setup Time	30 seconds
   Number of Concurrent Data Flows	3

   Table 2: General parameters

5. ZigBee network topologies

   ZigBee networks use different network topologies like peer- to-peer, star topologies and mesh [12].

   1. Peer to Peer Topology

      In peer-to-peer topologyZigBee network nodes help other devices to directlyconnect to each other [8].One node of ZigBee network devicekeeps the abilityto forma network by connecting multiple devices. In peer-to-peer networking topology one ZigBeenetwork device node is connected with the other node for network formation. It forms a grid like

      structure. ZigBee networks have short range wireless networking. ZigBee networks relatively form a simpler network,they dont have any complexity.

      Figure 2: Peer to Peer Topology

   2. Star Topology

      Star topology of ZigBee [2] network makes all the devices attached to a central control unit.Multiple routers may also be used to increase ZigBee network range. The complexity of this module makes it difficult to tell that which node is connected to which one but in case of any breakdown the ZigBee networkfinds an alternate route to execute the command sending through coordinator anddoes not get affected itself.

      Figure 3:Star Topology

   3. Mesh Topology

   Figure4: Mesh Topology

6. ZigBee network devices

   1. Coordinator

      There are 14 channels in the default scan channels list (11 24), coordinator is configured to start a network on one of these. The coordinator performs an energy scan and active scan to ensure it selects a channel with minimal energy where a PAN ID conflict will not occur. The coordinator, by default selects a random 16-bit PAN ID for the network. The coordinator is also configured as the trust center and network manager.

   2. Router

      The router is configured to make three attempts to join a network when first powered on. By default, the router will scan 14 of the 16 channels (11 24) and join any PAN that is allowing joining. After the router joins a network, it will attempt to discover an endpoint on the trust center that supports key establishment by sending a match descriptor request to the coordinator. If the trust center responds with a match descriptor response, the router will attempt to perform key establishment

   3. End Device

   The end device is configured to make three attempts to join a network when first powered on. By default, the end device will scan 14 of the 16 channels (11 24) and join any PAN that is allowing joining. After the end device joins a network, it will attempt to discover an endpoint on the trust center that supports key establishment by sending a match descriptor request to the coordinator. If the trust center responds with a match descriptor response, the end device will attempt to perform key establishment.

   When the end device joins a network it will send a modem status API frame out its UART indicating the end device has joined a network. Then it will send an API frame out the UART [8] indicating the device authenticated successfully, and its Associate LED pin (pin 15) toggles at a rate of two blinks per second. The AI command, if queried returns a value of 0, indicating a successful join to a smart energy network.Once the end device has joined a network, it sends a poll request to its parent device to see if the parent received any RF data in its behalf. The end device continues polling while awake, disabling its receiver between polls if the parent has no data for it.

7. How ZigBee GMS works

   The system is based on gas leakage prevention and health care system through ZigBee Technology. We have installed ZigBee device (RFD) in every room of the house [11]. Whereas these rooms are having Heater, Geezer and Stove like appliances in them.

   ZigBee device controllers and sensors are programmed to inform ZigBee coordinator (FFD) [3], in case if Co or Co2 increases in the room more than the set level. In response ZigBee coordinator will address to the ZigBee controller to turn off the appliance immediately.

   This system is also capacitated to prevent the gas leakage. For instance this house is provided with the total gas pressure of 4 Cubic Hector. ZigBee coordinator detects [10] that provided gas pressure is decreasing to 3 cubic Hector then it will start checking every room for gas leakage with the help of ZigBee devices and Sensors [3].

   fan and start alarm to intimate home members. This system will save lives in two ways. First, it will start exhaust fan and close the valve to decrease the quantity of these gases in the room. On the other hand it will start alarm to make household members attentive.

   Zigbee Controller

   Start

   Zigbee Enabled Thermo

   Electric Sensor

   Zigbee Enabled Thermo Electric Sensor

   Alarm

   Stove

   CO=x CO2=y CS

   Flag=0

   Zigbee Enabled Thermo Electric Sensor

   Zigbee Enabled Thermo

   Electric Sensor

   30

   Fan

   Geezer

   Heater

   Listen CS Sensor

   CS>CO NO

   OR

   NO

   If YES

   Fan Off Volve On

   Zigbee Enabled Metter

   Valve

   CS>CO2

   YES

   Flag=1

   Flag=0

   Figure 5: Block Diagram for Gas Management & Disaster system

   It will perform thorough check to 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th room respectively. Lets see how it will enquire for the gas leakage detection. First of all it will check the first room by turning off the gas connectivity and see if the main pressure retains to 4 Cubic Hector, In case of negative detection to room 1, gas supply will again continue to that room. For instance gas leakage is found in room 3 then gas provision to room 3 will be discontinued and rest of the rooms will be carried on with the gas supply. Similar step will be done to check for the leakage until the detection is succeeded in every room. In Case if no gas leakage is found in any room then it will presume that leakage is on the main gas supply line and will turn off the safety valve of the main line.

   Whereas ZigBee room sensors are programmed to raise alarm [8], on sensing the methane gas release in the air, by reporting to ZigBee coordinator to turn off the particular room gas valve. This system is also very effective for health care system. For example in case of gas load shedding, some food was cooking on the stove and gas was turned off and comes again then the discharged methane gas in the room will be sensed and reported to the ZigBee coordinator to turn off the supply of the particular room. ZgBee Coordinator is intelligent [7] enough to control the devices and sensors itself independently.

   1. Environment Control System

      Environment Control System is designed to check the quantity of Carbon dioxide and carbon mono oxide in the room. If the quantity of carbon dioxide and carbon mono oxide will be more than desired requirement than system will start exhaust

      Fan On Volve Off; Flag=1

      Figure6: Environment Control System

      Above figure shows all flows in system. It implements the core idea and as a result it will work as per system requirements.

   2. Heat Control System

      This system is design with RFD device [12]. This system will find temperature value with RFD device. As the value of temperature increased the carbon dioxide, sensors will detect this change in room temperature automatically. After detecting temperature the sensors will send instructions to ZigBee coordinator. Thus, the sensor has two jobs: detection of heat; sending instructions to ZigBee coordinator. After receiving instructions from sensors the ZigBee coordinator will give instructions to ZigBee controller. Its job of ZigBee controller to take necessary action as required. ZigBeecontroller resolves this issue by closing the valve connected with heater and turn on the exhaust fan. It will be an effective solution because excess heat and carbon dioxide will be exhausted from room and new heat generation will be closed when heater will be turned off.System has two major functions. It will close the valve and start the fan to manage the temperature. This system is designed feedback mechanism. The system will find specific value until the temperature is balanced. ZigBee controller and temperature sensor are used in this system. When temperature in room will be normal the controller will turn off the fan and start the heater again. Whole process will be completed in good way.

      Start

      Start

      TIN,TOUT

      Rooms=x,Room[] Flag=0,i=0

      Heat=z

      I < x

      YES

      Close Main Volve

      HS=x

      Flag=0

      Listen TIN And

      Listen TOUT

      Repair/Check

      Flag=0

      NO

      TIN TOUT

      Error

      Listen HS

      Listen HS

      YES

      Closs Volve Room[i]

      No Open Volve Room[i-1]

      Displat Volve Room[i]

      Heater Off

      Heater Off

      Repair/Check

      Heater On

      Yes

      Flag=1

      No

      HS>Heat

      Yes

      Flag=1

      i++

      Flag=1

      Success

      Figure7: Temperature controlling feedback system.

8. Conclusion

   Figure8:Gas Leak Detection System

   C. Gas Leak Detection System

   This system is solution for detection of gas leakage. System achieve this task by comparing input of gas and usage in apartment. System coordinator which will function with gas meter will calculate exact incoming gas. When home accessories like heater, stove will utilize the gas the ZigBee coordinator will calculate it again. For instance this house is provided with the total gas pressure of 6 Cubic Hector. ZigBee coordinator detects that provided gas pressure is decreasing to 4 cubic Hector then it will start checking every room for gas leakage with the help of ZigBee devices and Sensors.

   System will perform this action by checking from 1stto2nd, 3rd and 4th room one by one. First, it will check the first room by turning off the gas connectivity and see if the main pressure retains to 4 Cubic Hector, In case of negative detection to room 1, gas supply will again continue to that room. For instance gas leakage is found in room 3 then gas provision to room 3 will be discontinued and rest of the rooms will be carried on with the gas supply. Similar step will be done to

   check for the leakage until the detection is succeeded in every room. In Case if no gas leakage is found in any room then it will presume that leakage is on the main gas supply line and will turn off the safety valve of the main line.

   The following process flow diagram shows that two main variables; TIN and TOUT will perform this task logically. After initialization of the system, input variable TIN will calculate total incoming gas. It will constantly compare this value with TOUT.TOUT value will be calculated with the help of sensors and ZigBee devices.

   As our country is under great economicalcrisis and our present natural resources are needed to be utilized with intense care. Therefore, our research paper is very helpful solution to overcome our presently confronted economical issues and as well as for our wasted energy resources.Normally in every region, whether it is industrial area or residential area, gas leakage is very common. In our research paper, we have presented a dynamic and intelligent system which is based on ZigBeeTechnology;through this we can prevent gas leakage which will save our energy resources from wastage.In future, these systems can be implemented in industrial sector. This thing will minimize production cost by utilizing energy resources in more efficient way.

9. References

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