Kinematic and Isotropic Properties of ExcavatorMechanism

Kinematic and Isotropic Properties of ExcavatorMechanism

Hareesha N G

Assistant Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering

DSCE, Bengaluru, India

K N Umesh

Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering PES College of Engineering

Mandya, India.

AbstractThis paper presents an account of forward kinematics of an excavator mechanism. A manipulator Jacobian is derived and kinematic analysis of the excavator is done. The necessary conditions and constraint equations which are required for the velocity and force isotropy are discussed. Instantaneous properties of mechanisms of general and isotropic configurations are illustrated.

Keywords Hydraulic Excavator, kinematic synthesis, Isotropy, Jacobian, Singularity

1. INTRODUCTION

   An excavator is a typical hydraulic, human-operated machine used in construction operations, such as digging, ground leveling, carrying loads, dumping loads etc mainly powered by hydraulic system [1].Fig. 1 shows a hydraulic excavator.

   Fig. 1. A typical Hydraulic Excavator with its parts

   The upper-body mainly consists of a boom, arm and bucket. An excavator consists of four revolute joints. These joints are found at the swing, boom, arm, and bucket.A coordinated movement ofboom, arm and bucket is required to control the bucket tip position and trajectory. The excavator linkage is controlled by hydraulic cylinders and actuators. So, the joint angles are the functions of displacement of the actuator.

   In this paper, forward kinematics of the hydraulic excavator is presented. A review of literatures related to excavators in the field of backhoes kinematics is presented. The basic concepts of kinematic isotropy and force isotropy of excavator mechanism are discussed. In addition the overview

   of literatures related to the kinematic isotropy and force isotropy of the mechanism are described.

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

   Kinematic modeling of thebackhoe attachment is studied by many researchers to understand the relations between the position and orientation of the bucketand spatial positions of joint-links. A review of research work related to kinematics of excavators is as follows.

   Kinematic modeling is helpful to follow the defined trajectory as well as digging operation. It can be carried out successfully at required location of the terrain using proper position andorientation of the bucket which will help ultimately the digging.Kinematic modeling of thebackhoe attachment are discussed by many authors [2-4]. FuadMrad

   [5] developedsimulation package using MATLAB with several embedded design and analysis tools. Thepackage offered an integrated environment for trajectory design andanalysis for an excavator while addressing the constraints related to the excavator structure,safety and stability, and mode of application.A complete pitch/plane model of a backhoe wasdeveloped by Donald Margolis [6]. It includes the hydraulics, dynamics and kinematics of the control linkage.Emil Assenov et al [7] carried out a study on kinematics of working mechanism of hydraulic excavator. The mechanism of this manipulator is a planar multi-linkage, which consists of hydraulic cylinders.Boris and Svetoslav [8] have developed two heuristic approaches for inverse kinematics of a real redundant excavator. They have presented apriority approach and alternating approach. In simulation, the method gives a very smoothoverall motion. Daqing [9] derived a fullkinematic model of excavator arm. He considered the excavator as planar manipulator with three degrees(boom, dipper and bucket) of freedom and attempted to control excavators arm to realize autonomous excavation.

   The recurrent neuralnetwork was implemented byHyongjuet al [10] for better kinematics control of the excavator with obstacle avoidance capability. Michael [11] have described a simple framework for assessing different shoveldesigns, including kinematic performance of face shovels for surface mining excavation. A novel concept of applying tele-operated device has been developed by Dongnam [12] for the remote control ofexcavator-like dismantling equipment. Hongnian et al [13] have described modeling ofexcavator to carry out the kinematic which gives the trajectory of the excavator bucket based onthe trajectory of

   the excavator arm joints and the inverse kinematics which gives the desired jointvariables corresponding to the desired bucket trajectory. Review of a work carried out by researchers in the field of kinematic modeling of the backhoe attachment can be found in [14].The isotropic manipulators are obtained by solving a system of nonlinear equations developed from the Condition Number (CN) of the Jacobian or isotropy conditions. The obtained isotropic design, in general, cannot reach maximum number of isotropic positions. For 3R planar manipulators, Kircanski [15]employed the condition number to obtain two highly nonlinear equations with link parameters as design variables. A study of instantaneous kinematic planar two degrees of freedom mechanisms can be found in [16, 17]. Analytical and graphical representations of the properties have been used to study the relative influence of input velocities and accelerations on the end point. In isotropic configurations, themanipulator performs very well with regard to the force andmotion transmission. The CN of a matrix indicates how far the said matrix is from a singularity. When CN is closer to unity, the matrix becomes easily invertible; and farther the CN is from unity, less invertible the matrix is. As CN becomes infinity, the matrix become singular and is not invertible. For CN = 1, the singular values (i) of [J] are identical; hence the Eigen values (i) of [J] must be identical [17].Global Isotropy Index (GII) is proposed by Leo J [18] to quantify theconfiguration independent isotropy of a robots Jacobian or massmatrix. A new three-degree-of-freedom fully isotropicparallel orientation mechanism is presented by Chin et al [19]. Isotropic design of a hybrid mechanism for three- axis machining applications is presented by Chablat [20]. Machine-tool mechanism is compared with a hybrid serial parallel structure of the table of the machine tool. The isotropic design of two types of spatialparallel manipulators namely a three dof manipulator andthe StewartGough platform are presented by Fattah [21]. The significance of the classical definition of manipulability ellipsoid highlighting its lack of significance in some circumstances is investigated by Legnani et al [22].A new concept of Point of isotropy for both serial and parallel manipulators is introduced. This concept may be used to design new manipulators or to make isotropic the already existing manipulators just modifying the shape or dimension of the last link.

3. KINEMATICS OF EXCAVATORS

   Kinematics of excavators deals with the study of motion of bucket with respect to a fixed reference coordinate system without regard tothe forces/moments that cause the motion. It gives an analyticaldescription of the spatial displacement of the excavator as a function of time. It also enables to relate the joint-variable space to the position and orientationof the bucket of the excavator.There are two fundamental problems in excavator kinematics. The first problemis usually referred to as the direct (or forward) kinematics problem, while thesecond problem is the inverse kinematics problem [23].

   1. Forward Kinematics

      An excavator can be modeled as an open-loop articulated chain with boom, arm and bucket connected in series by revolute joint driven by actuators. One end of the chain is attached to a supporting ase while the other end is free. The

      relative motion of the joints results in the motion of the links that positions the bucket in a desired orientation. In forward kinematics, for a given excavator, given the joint angle vector [] = [1,2,3,4]Tand the link parameters (l1, l2, l3, l4), the position and orientation of the bucket tip can be determined. In order to obtain the forward kinematic model of a typical hydraulic excavator, DH approach is used as discussed in Art 3.2.

   2. DH Representation of Excavators

      An excavator consists of a sequence of rigid bodies, called links, connectedby revolute joints. Each joint-link pairconstitutes one degree of freedom.Link 0 is usually attachedto a supporting base link 0, and the last link is attached with a bucket. The joints and links are numbered outwardly from the base; thus, joint 1 is the point of connectionbetween links 1 and the supporting base link 0. A joint axis (for joint i) is established at the connection of two links. This joint axis will have two normals connected to it, one for each of thelinks. The relative position of two such connected links (link i-1 and link i) isgiven by diwhich is the distance measured along the joint axis between the normals.The joint angle i between the normals is measured in a plane normal to thejoint axis. Hence, di andi may be called the distance and the angle between theadjacent links, respectively. They determine the relative position of neighboringlinks. A link i is connected to, at most, two other links (e.g., linki-1 and link i+1); thus, two joint axes are established at both ends of the connection.The significance of links, from a kinematic perspective, is that they maintaina fixed configuration between their joints which can be characterized by two parameters: li and i. The parameter ai is the shortest distance measured alongthe common normal between the joint axes (i.e., the zi-1 and zi axes for joint iand joint i+1, respectively), and i is the angle between the joint axes measuredin a plane perpendicular toli. Thus, li and i may be called the length and thetwist angle of the link i, respectively. They determine the structure of link i [23].Every coordinate frame is determined and established on the basis of DH convention. In the first coordinate system {O0}, axisY0 is perpendicular to the plane of paper and away from the reader. In the remaining coordinate frames, Xiand Yi axes assigned are as shown in Fig.2. Zi (i=1, 2, 3 and 4) axes are perpendicular to the plane of paper.

      Fig. 2. Coordinate frames assignment and the Joint angles

      DH parameters are identified and tabulated in Table.1.

      TABLE I. DH PARAMETERS OF AN EXCAVATOR

      Joint i i i li di

      the base coordinatesystem {O0} by using equation (3) successively as

      2 3

      2 3

      0T4 = 0T1 1T2 T3 T4 (4)

      using chain rule.

      1		900	l	0
      2	2	0	l2	0
      2	3	0	l3	0
      2	4	0	l4	0

      1		900	l	0
      2	2	0	l2	0
      2	3	0	l3	0
      2	4	0	l4	0

      0T4 is a homogeneous transformation matrixthat relates the

      1 1 vector of the fourth coordinate frame to a vector in the basecoordinate system. Substituting (2) in (4), 0T4 can be obtained.

      i= joint angle from the xi-1 axis to the xi axis about zi-1 axis

      C C

      1

      1

      • C S S C (l C

        • l C

        • l C l )

        di= distance from xi-1 axis to xi axis measured along zi axis

        234

        S

        1 234 1

      • S S

        1 4 234 3

        S (l C l

        23 2 2 1

        • l C l )

          li= distance betweenthe zi-1 and zi axes measured along xi axis

          1C234

          1 234

          C1 1 4

          234

          3C23

          2 2 1

          i= offset angle from zi-1 axis to the zi axis aboutxi axis

          After coordinate frames and link parameters are established for each link, a homogeneoustransformation

          S 234

          0

          C234

          0

          4

          4

          0 R

          0

          0

          4

          4

          0 p

          l4 S 234 l3S 23 l2 S 2

          1

          matrix relating the ith coordinate frame to the (i-1)th coordinate

          = 0

          1

          (5)

          i

          i

          frame can be obtained and is given by i1 T

          In the above homogeneous transformation matrix,

          0R4represents the orientation of the {O4} coordinate frame

          cos

          sin i

      • cosi sin i cos in

      sin i sin i sin sin

      ai cosi

      sin

      with reference to the {O0} coordinate frame. 0P4 represents position vector which points from the origin of the {O0}

      i 1T i

      i 0

      0

      i s

      sin i 0

      i

      i i

      cosi 0

      ai i

      d

      i

      1

      coordinate system to the origin of the {O4} coordinate system.

      Therefore, the position of the tip of the bucket (origin of the {O4} coordinate system) can be written from the relation

      (5) as given by the relation (6).

      By substituting the link parameters of Table.1 for the link i

      in the composite homogeneoustransformation matrix (1),

      C1 (l4C234 l3C23 l2C2 l1 ))

      individual link transformation matrices i-1T (where i=1, 2, 3,

      0 P S (l C l C l C l )

      i 4 1 4 234 3 23 2 2 1

      4) can be obtained as

      l4 S234 l3S23 l2 S2

      C1

      0

      0

      0 T1S1

      0 S1

      0 C1

      1 0

      l1C1 l1S1

      0

      C2

      0

      0

      1T2 S2

      S2 C2 0

      0 l2C2

      0 l2S2

      1 0

      where C234 = Cos (2+3+4) and S234 = Sin (2+3+4)

      The joint variable 1is usually constant during the execution of adigging task, so the excavator arm moves in a

      vertical plane only. Therefore an excavator can be assumed as

      0 0 0 1

      0 0 0 1

      a planar mechanism of three (2, 3, 4) degrees of freedom (dof) which manipulates in vertical plane only. The position

      2 T

      C3

      S3

      S3

      C3

      0 l3C3

      0 l3S3

      3 T

      C4

      S4

      S4 C4

      0 l4C4

      0 l4S4

      and orientation of the tip of the bucket {O4} can be calculated considering the {O1} frame as the reference using

      3 0

      0

      0 1 0

      0 0 1

      4 0

      0

      0 1 0

      0 0 1

      1T4 = 1T2 T3 T4 (7)

      2 3

      2 3

      whereCi = Cos i, Si = Sin i , i=1,2,3,4 and0T1 represents

      C234

      S234

      0 l2C2 l3C23 l4C234

      1T

      1T

      the link transformation matrix for the link 1 in the {0} coordinate system. Similarly, other link transformation

      S

      234

      C234

      0 l2S2

      l3S23

      • l4S

        234

        matrices, 1T2, 2T3, 3T4 can be defined.

        If the position of a point piof a link i in the ithcoordinate

        4 0 0 1 0

        0

        0

        0 0 1

        i

        i

        system is known, then using this i1 T link transformation

        matrix, one can determine position of the point (pi) of a link i

        in the (i-1)th coordinate system, (i.e., pi-1) using the relation

        1R

        4

        0

        1P

        4

        4

        1

        <>1

        (3),

        Pi-1 = i-1Tipi (3)

        Therefore, the position of the tip of the bucket (origin of the {O } coordinate system) with reference to the {O } frame

        If the position and orientation of the tip of the bucket with

        reference to the {O3} coordinate frame is known, then using

        4 1

        can be written as

        P

        P

        1

        1

        successive matrix transformations, position and orientation of the tip of the bucket with reference to the base {O0}

        4 l2C2

        l3C 23

      • l4C

        234

        l2 S 2

        l3S 23

      • l4 S

        234

        0T

        coordinate system can be determined using the relation (3).

   3. Position of the Bucket

      If the joint variables,[] = [1,2,3,4]T are known, the coordinates of the tip of the bucket {O4} can be determined in

   4. Jacobian of Excavator

      The matrix which relates changes in joint velocitiesto Cartesian velocities is calledthe Jacobian Matrix. This is a time-varying, position dependent linear transformation matrix.

      It has a number ofcolumns equal to the number of degrees of freedom in joint space, and a number of rows equal to thenumber of degrees of freedom in the Cartesian space. The Jacobian that relates joint velocitiesto Cartesian velocity of the tip of the bucket {O4} is given by

      [v] = [J] [ ] (9)

      where 2 3 4 is the vector ofjoint rates of the

      excavator and [v] is a vector of Cartesian velocities and [J] is excavator Jacobian. As discussed in the previous paragraph, excavator can be considered as a planar mechanism of 3 dof. Therefore, Jacobian of an excavator is a 2X3 matrix. Since the Jacobian matrix [J] of the excavator is of size 2X3, it is not possible to determine determinant of the matrix. So, usual method of determining the inverse of the Jacobian matrix will not work. Jacobian matrix for the 3 dof excavator linkage is derived as below.

      information. A manipulator is said tobe redundant when its number of internal degrees of freedom (or joints) isgreater than the dimension of the task space.

      Consider a 3 dof planar excavator linkage performing the task ofpositioning the tip of the bucket in the plane. Here, the task can be specified by(x, y) 2, and therefore the task space is two-dimensional. The forwardkinematic equations for

      3 dof planar excavator linkage are given by equation (9). Clearly, since there are three variables (2, 3,4) and only two equations, itis not possible to solve uniquely for 2, 3, 4given a specific (x, y).The Jacobian for this manipulator is given by

      equation (10). When using the relationship (10) for , we

      have a system of two linearequations in three unknowns. Thus there are also infinitely many solutionsto this system, and the inverse velocity problem cannot be solved uniquely. The inverse velocity problem is easily solved when the Jacobian is square with nonzero determinant. However, when the

      X

      J 2

      X

      3

      X

      4

      Jacobian is not square, as is the case for redundant manipulators, the equation (13) cannot be used, since a non-

      square matrix cannot be inverted.

      Y Y Y

      2 3 4

      From the relation (8),

      J

      1v

      P

      P

      1

      1

      4 l2C2

      l3C23

      l4C

      234

      l2 S2

      l3S23

      • l4S

        T

        234

        To deal with the case when m < n, we use the following

        resultfrom linear algebra.

        Let,

        X l2C2 l3C23 l4C234

        Y l2S2 l3S23 l4 S234

        (11)

        For J m×n, if m < n and rank of [J] = m, then J JT

        exists.In this case J JT m×m, and has rank m. Using this

        where X and Y gives the position of the {O4} frame with reference to the {O1} frame.

        Therefore,

        result, we canregroup terms to obtain

        J JT JJT 1

        is called a right pseudo-inverse of J, since J J I .

        l C l C l C

        l C l C l C

        J l2 S 2 l3 S 23 l4 S 234

        2 2 3 23 4 234

        l3 S 23 l4 S 234

        l3C23 l4C234

        l4 S 234 l4C234

        Now the solution to the equation (14) can be obtained by

        Equation (12) gives the Jacobian of the excavator which resembles, in its simplest form, 3R planar mechanism. It can be noticed here that Jacobian of the 3R planar manipulator is same as that of equation (12). As Jacobian matrix is not

        J v I J Jb

        in which bn is an arbitrary vector.

4. ISOTROPY OF PLANAR 3R MANIPULATOR

   square, it cant be inverted using usual procedure. So the method of inversion of rectangular matrices will be discussed in the following paragraph along with the concept of redundancy in planar manipulator.

   1. Redundant manipulators

   In this section, the topic of redundant manipulatorsis briefly addressed. A redundant manipulator is one that is equipped with more degrees of freedom than are required to perform a specified task. Thisprovides the manipulator with an increased level of dexterity. Further, the Jacobian matrixfor a redundant manipulator is not square, and thus cannot be

   The conditions for kinematic isotropy, force isotropy and Jacobian in force isotropy domain are discussed in this section. The isotropic configuration of excavator mechanism is presented.

   A. Kinematic isotropy

   Excavator during digging operation can be considered as 3R manipulator. Isotropic conditions for redundant manipulators are slightly different from non-redundant manipulators. For non-redundant manipulators such as 2R manipulator, the condition (16) holds good when J is orthogonal matrix.

   inverted tosolve the inverse velocity problem.

   To address this problem, theconcept of a pseudo inverse and the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) are introduced

   J T J J J T I

   Where [ I ] is an identity matrix.

   (16)

   here.

   In previous paragraph, we have dealt primarily with positioningtasks. In these cases, the task was determined by specifying the position,orientation or both for the tip of the bucket. For these kinds of positioning tasks, the number of degrees offreedom for the task is equal to the number of parameters required to specifythe position and orientation

   But, for redundant manipulators such as 3R manipulators,

   condition defined by equation (16) doesnt hold good. Since, If Jis not a square matrix, then the conditions JTJ I and

   J JT I are not equivalent. The condition JTJ I says that

   the columns of J are orthogonal. This can only happen if J is an m×n matrix with n m. Similarly, J JT I says that the

   rows of J are orthogonal, which requires n m.

   Keeping this in mind, the conditions for isotropy of non- redundant manipulators are given as,

   Condition of orthogonality of J, i.e., J JT 0

   1. Force Isotropy

      A manipulator is isotropic with respect to the force, if it can exert the same force along all the directions.

      1 2

      Condition of equality of the magnitude of J, i.e., ||J1|| = ||J2||. Where J1 and J2 are the rows of the Jacobian, J.Using the conditions of isotropy, we can obtain the following two linear equations in second and third absolute joint angles.Using the condition of orthogonality of rows of J,

      Thisproperty can be investigated by means of the force ellipsoid. In this section, the Jacobian in force domain, force ellipsoid and necessary conditions for Jacobian of manipulator for it to be force isotropic are discussed.

      Let us consider a bucket of an excavator. The tip of the bucket is used for digging operation. The force exerted by the

      J11

      J21

      J12

      J22

      J13

      J23 0

      ti of the bucket on the ground to remove the soil depends on the orientation of the tip of the bucket and transmission angle

      On simplification, we get

      of the linkage. This digging force varies with the orientation of the tip of the bucket with ground surface. Only at some

      • l l s

      • l l s

      • 2l 2c s

      • 3l 2c s

      • 2l l c s

      • 2l l c s

        0 orientation, digging force will be a maximum. Using the

        2 3 3

        2 4 4

        3 3 3

        4 4 4

        3 4 3 4

        3 4 4 3

        Using the condition of equality of the magnitude of rows of J,

        concept of force isotropy, one can design an excavator linkage which produces or exerts uniform force on the ground surface. i.e., at whatever the orientation the bucket is, the digging force should be uniform. This is one example how force isotropy

        J

        J

        • J

        • J

        • J

        • J

        • J

        • J

        • J

        • J

        • J

        • J

        0

        0

        2 2 2 2 2 2

        11 12 13 21 22 33

        On simplification, we get

        2l 2 s 2 3l 2c 2 2l 2c 2 3l 2 s 2 l 2 2l l c

      • 2l l c

      can be used. There are many other applications where force isotropy is being used.

   2. Jacobian in Force Domain

   The jacobian in force domain is derived in reference [24]

   3 3 4 4

   3 3 4 4 2

   2 3 3

   2 4 4

   and same may be given as

   4l3l4c3c4 4l3l4 s3s4 0

   (20)

   It can be noted here that 2 is ignored from both equation

   JTF

   (18) and (20), since, isotropy of planar manipulator is independent of first joint angle in case of 3R manipulator.

   265.8°

   242.8°

   Fig. 3. Isotropic configuration of excavator mechamism

   Equations (18) and (20) are the two simultaneous non- linear equations which are derived from the conditions of isotropy. In these equations, there are three link lengths and four trigonometric functions which are to be determined in order to get the isotropic configurations of planar 3R manipulator.

   Upon solving the equations, (18) and (20) gives, eight isotropic configurations. Method of solving these equations is beyond the scope this paper. One of the solutions is adopted for excavator mechanism and is shown in fig ure.3. Keeping

   the link lengths in the proportion of l2 l3 2 and l4 1, and joint angles as shown in figure. 3, isotropic configuration of excavator mechanism is achieved.

   The equation (21) leads to a conclusion that, the Jacobian transpose maps Cartesian forces actingat the tip of the bucket into equivalent joint torques.If the Jacobianis singular, F could be increased or decreased in certain directions without effect on the value calculated for . Thisalso means that, at near singular configurations, mechanical advantage tends towardinfinity, such that, with small joint torques, large forces could be generated at the end effector. Thus, singularities manifest themselves in the force domain as well asin the velocity domain [24].

5. CONCLUSIONS

   The kinematics of a manipulator is among the most important factorsaffecting manipulator performance. In particular, the kinematicsdetermines the motion and force transformations from themanipulator joints to the endpoint. By varying the kinematicparameters, the transformations can be optimized for a particular performance capability.Through these discussions, it was proved that, when a mechanism is synthesized such that it exhibits the properties of isotropic configuration, a best performance can be expected from it.The concept of force isotropy can be used while synthesizing the excavator mechanism. The tip of the bucket is used for digging operation. The force exerted by the tip of the bucket on the ground to remove the soil depends on the orientation of the tip of the bucket and transmission angle of the linkage. This digging force varies with the orientation of the tip of the bucket with ground surface. Only at some orientation, digging force will be maximum. Using the concept of force isotropy, one can design an excavator linkage which produces or exerts uniform force on the ground surface while digging. i.e., irrespective of the orientation of the bucket, the digging force should be uniform. The extensive amounts of forces are executed during the digging operation. These forces

   sometimes adversely affected on the mechanical components of the excavator backhoe and may be damaged during the digging operation.

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