Micro-Solar Power Plant with Capacity of 900 Watt for Power Supply of Rural Village Information System

Micro-Solar Power Plant with Capacity of 900 Watt for Power Supply of Rural Village Information System

1). Muhammad Suyanto, 2). Beny Firman, 3). Adhitya Wisnu Jatmiko

1,2,3 Department of Electrical Engineering, Institut Sains & Teknologi Akprind Yogyakarta

Abstract – Electricity is the primary energy needs of the community. Depletion in this energy led the electrical energy crisis. Thus renewable sources of energy become attractive nowadays not only in Indonesia but also worldwide. As tropical country, Indonesia has solar energy potential that can be developed for solar power plant. Indonesia receives sunlight for an average 7 to 8 hours a day. However, the potential is not yet been optimally explored. In this work, micro-scale solar power plant (PLTS) with capacity of 900 watt is tested, The plant uses solar panel 2×50 Wp, solar charger controller 12 volt, 10 ampere, and deep-cycle battery of 100 Ah. The test is conducted in the field, hence the real performance of the plant can be observed. Power output of the PLTS is used for rural village information system which consists of amplifier and loudspeaker. The existence of PLTS is important for rural village. Indonesia receives sunlight in average of 7-8 hours/day. Measured voltage, current, solar intensity at normal climate are 13.26-18.73 volt, 0.23-4.52 ampere, 25000-118500 lux, respectively. Maximum calculated power output is found to be 83.40 watt whereas average solar panel output is 371.07 watt, thus conversion efficiency is 97%. Charging power from PWM solar charger controller is an average of 227.44 watt and total discharging power is 167.96 watt means that efficiency of 89% is obtained.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, PLTS, information system, battery

1. INTRODUCTION

   Electricity, the primary needs, is very important in daily life, either for individual used or global used, such as industrial, transportation, communication-information, and agriculture. Fossil fuels experience depletion in 21st century. On the other hand, the energy of energy increases, especially in industrial country. During 2000 to 2030, it is predicted 70% fuel consumption increased. In 2015, the need of electricity reaches 19.5 till 20 trillion kWh. However, the need can be supplied only 12.4 trillion by oil fuel and natural gas fuel [1]

   Solar energy, one of many renewable energies, is a potential source of energy for electricity generation. The use of solar panel in order to utilize sunlight has been explored since 1970. The solar energy is clean energy which is eco- friendly with no emission to be worried [2].

   Indonesia has a huge solar energy potential, about 4.8 kWh/m2.day. The potential is due to Indonesia as a tropical country where solar irradiation intensity is relatively higher. The value is equivalent to peak sun hour (PSH) of 4.8 hours/day. However, utilization of the potential is very low [3].

   Solar panel (photovoltaic cell) is a semiconductor device that consists of p-n junction diode. The junction leads electrons transferred from n type semiconductor to p type semiconductor and vice versa for pole movement [3]. Based on the explanation, the electrons and pole movement results in photo generation as shown in Figure 1

   Fig. 1. Photo generation process [www.energisurya.com]

   Parameter of solar panel or photovoltaic in order to produce optimum electrical energy is affected by basic characteristic of solar panel. The parameter as a reference for being used to figure out the performance of the solar panel in generating electricity. The graph of the parameter i-V of solar panel is given in Figure 2 [5]

   Current

   Voltage

   Fig. 2. The curve of I-V parameter of solar panel

   Short Circuit Current (Isc) is defined as maximum possible current output of solar panel which is released without resistance or shortcut. On the other hand, Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) is maximum achievable voltage by solar panel without load (no current from solar panel to load) [6]

   Maximum power point (Vmp and Imp) on the I-V curve is optimum operation where the optimum power is generated by solar panel when loaded. The maximum power output can be calculated as :

   P. max = V OC . I SC . FFPmax = Voc . Isc . FF (1) where : Pmax = Maximum power (MPP)

   Voc = Open circuit voltage Isc = Open circuit current FF = Fill Factor

   Fill factor (FF) is a parameter that effects the maximum power of solar panel and also the quality. The important characteristic of FF is written as

   Minimal of 8 ampere is needed by the SSC. This leads for using PWM type of the CC with specification of 12 volt and 10 ampere (equivalent to 120 watt). Figure 3 presents the PWM SCC

   Fig. 3. PWM Solar Charger Controller, 12V-10A

   Battery has a function of energy storage that generated by solar panel. Battery convert chemical

   Vmpp .Impp FF Vmpp.Im pp

   (2)

   energy into electrical energy. Battery capacity in terms

   Voc .Isc

   where : FF = Fill Factor

   Voc.Isc

   of Ampere Hours (Ah) is given on battery specification.

   Figure 4 shows the deep-cycle battery being used in this

   Vmpp = Maximum voltage Impp = Maximum current

   Conversion efficiency is defined as a ratio of power output of solar panel to solar power gain by solar panel. Solar energy reaches outer layer of atmospheric is approximately 136 MW/cm2, and about 100 MW/cm2 through the earth during a daytime. The conversion efficiency is formulated in Equation 3 [7]

   work (SHOTO 12V-100Ah).

   = % VxI %

   (3)

   PxA

   where : V = generated power

   I = Solar panel current

   P = Power density to the panel

   A = Cross sectional area of the panel

   Generated power can be calculated using equation 4 [8]

   P = V x I (4)

   where: P = Power (Watt);

   V = voltage (Volt)

   I = current (Ampere)

   Solar charger controller (SSC) a battery regulator circuit that consist of electronic devices. The SSC is very important during battery charging process. The equipment automatically prevents over charging and over voltage [9]

   Fig 4. Deep-cycle battery of SHOTO 12V-10A

   Riset data yang digunakan berupa data penyinaran matahari di D.I.Yogyakarta yang mencakup wilayah desa singosaren, Imogiri, Bantul.Data tersebut diambil dari badan meteorologi dan geofisika (BMKG) kelas I DIY berikut Tabel 1 data lama penyinaran dan suhu

   Table 1 shows sun exposures time and temperature within a year in Singosaren, Bantul, Yogyakarta which were recorded by BMKG.

   Table 1. Solar exposures time and temperature [BMKG,2015]

   Based on the calculation, it is required 28.3 Wp capacity of the solar panel. Due to availability of the panel, a 50 wp solar panel is used in this work. Because not only for

   Month Solar exposure (hours/day)

   Temp

   power supply of the information system but also for backup, two solar panel in parallel are used (2 x 50 wp). With the

   January 5,6 MIN MAX

   February 6,4 24 33

   April	5,5	24	30
   May	8	23	31
   June	8,6	23	32
   July	8,6	23	32

   March 5,8 24 32

   August 9,4 23 32

   September 8,5 23 32

   October 8,6 21 31

   November 5 20 31

   Average 7,0 22,4 26,2	11410	34.8	53.4	18.66	0.65	68.11
   	11260	35.5	52.5	18.55	3.49	64.74
   According to table 1, calculation procedure for PLTS uses a 11250		34.2	53.3	18.65	1.42	26.48
   11030		34.1	51.6	17.75	0.98	17.4

   December 3,7 20 31

   parallel circuit, the solar panel able to generate higher current, thus higher power output.

   Table 2. Measured data

   Iintensity Temp Humidity Voltage Current Load Light (Lux) (C ) (Rh% ) (volt) (Amp) (watt) 11850 36.6 49.9 18.73 4.52 84.66

   11760 35.8 52.6 18.7 3.7 69.19

   minimum exposure time of 3.7 hours/day

2. METHODOLOGY

   Designing wire diagram for PLTS. The wiring diagram for the PLTS is shown in Figure 5

   Gambar 5. Wiring Diagram of the PLTS

   The PLTS is tested with load of information system. The loads are loudspeaker TOA ZD 230 and amplifier ZH5025BM as shown in Figure 6. Total operating power of the load is 196 watt.

   Fig. 6. The information system (amplifier & loudspeaker)

   Table 3. Charging measurement

   Line Panel Surya Line ACCU

   Voltage	Current	Power	Voltage	Current	Power
   (volt )	(Amp)	(watt)	(volt )	(Amp)	(watt)
   18.57	4.22	86.66	10.94	4.58	47.95
   18.27	3.72	79.23	11.47	3.86	44.35
   18.6	3.75	68.45	12.35	3.11	39.45
   18.5	3.59	69.11	13.55	3.25	35.35
   18.45	2.42	65.32	13.58	1.58	26.12

   Table 4. Load discharging process

   Line input (ACCU ) Line Output ( Load)

   Voltage	Current	Power	Voltage	Current	Power
   (volt )	(Amp)	(watt)	(volt )	(Amp)	(watt)
   13.5	0.25	3.37	13.58	0.1	0.13
   13.45	6.38	85.90	13.45	6.2	82.22
   13.46	0.44	5.78	13.43	0.13	1.74
   13.44	6.78	91.83	13.42	6.35	83.87
   13.55	6.87	86.98	13.41	6.36	67.96

   Power All 273.51 Power All 236.60

   The test is conducted for 6 days from 05.00 am to 05.00 pm. Average value of measured data are shown in Table 2 to Table 3

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The analysis result of solar panel in terms of electrical current and voltage can be seen in Table 2. Voltage (V) and ampere

20							lt mper
15
10						V
5
0
	1	2	3	4	5		6
	Volt	18.73	18.7	18.66	18.55	18.65	17.75
	Amper	4.52	3.7	3.65	3.49	1.42	0.98

(A) as a function of solar intensity, temperature, relative humidity during the day. Based on Figure 7, the graph shows initial voltage of 18.73 volt and current of 4.53 occur at solar intensity of 118500 lux and temperature of 36.6 0C. The final voltage at the end of the graph is 17.75 vold.

A

Fig. 7. Voltage and current

91.93

85.9

150

100

186.98

167.96

200

Discharging process is used for load with DC power source of amplifier and relay device which is used for converter activation, thus working principle of inverter follows the solar charger controller working principle as shown in Figure 8

83.87

Daya Input

Total

Amplifier + Relay

Tanpa Amplifier Relay Beban LOAD

1.74

0.13

0

5.78

82.22

3.37

50

Fig. 8. Load discharging process

CONCLUSION

Voltage and electrical current are affected by solar intensity and temperature. Maximum 18.73 Volt and 4.53 Ampere are obtained at solar intensity of 118500 lux, temperature of 36.6 0C, and relative humidity of 49.9%

1. Power output of 367.77 watt is generated by solar panel where the value is over Accumulator power capacity. Total power charging battery of 273.51 is achieved per day, thus energy conversion efficiency is 97%

2. PWM solar charger controller has efficiency of 89%. The PWM unable to maintain the maximum power generated by solar panel, hence more power occurs.

3. Battery with deep-cycle characteristic has better performance than conventional battery for solar power plant. Besides, free maintenance and longer lifetime, the deep-cycle battery has no significant drop.

SUGGESTION

For optimum utilization of power output from solar panel, it is suggested for using MPPT solar charger controller instead of the PWM type. The MPPT model is equipped with temperature sensor, ampere sensor, and voltage sensor, thus maintain performance of PLTS.

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