Mobile Communication: A Survey from 4G to 5G

Mobile Communication: A Survey from 4G to 5G

Abstract – The objective of this paper is about comprehensive study related to 5G technology of mobile communication. In 5G technology, researches are related to the development of World Wide Wireless Web (WWWW), Dynamic Adhoc Wireless Net- works (DAWN) like wi-fi or wi-max and Real Wireless Commu- nication. The most important technologies related to 5G technol- ogies are dependent on 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) and 802.16 Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMAN), Ad-hoc Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) and Wireless networks for digital communication. 4G technology will include several standards under a common umbrella, similar to 3G techniques, but with IEEE 802.XX wireless mobile networks integrated from the commencement. The major contribution of this paper is the key provisions of 5G (Fifth Generation) technol- ogy of mobile communication, which is seen as consumer bene- fited. In 5G technology, the mobile consumer has given most priority compared to others. 5G Technology stands for 5th Gen- eration Mobile Terminology with better bandwidth and ad- vantages. 5G technology is to make use of mobile phones within very high bandwidth. The consumer never experienced the such valued technology as 5G.The 5G technologies include all types of advanced features which make 5G technology most dominant technology in near future.

Keywords- WLAN, 5G, GSM, WWWW, WMAN, DAWN, 3G.

1. INTRODUCTION

   Mobile and wireless networks have made remarkable development in the last few years. At the present time many mobile phones have also a WLAN adapter. One may expect that near soon many mobile phones will have Wax adapter too, besides their 3G, 2G, WLAN, Bluetooth etc. adapters, zigbee. We are using IP for both generations, 2.5G or 3G Pub- lic Land Mobile Networks (PLMN) on one side and WLAN on the other, raised study on their integration. Concerning the 4G, its focus is towards flawless incorporation of cellular networks such as GSM and 3G. Multi mode consumer termi- nals are seen as must have for 4G, but special security mecha- nisms and special operating system support in special wireless technologies remain a test. Integration among different wire- less networks (e.g. PLMN and WLAN) is implemented in practice even nowadays. Although, different wireless net- works from a sole terminal are used absolutely, that is, there is no combining of different wireless access technologies for a same session (e.g., FTP download). The anticipated Open Wireless Architecture (OWA) in is targeted to offer open baseband processing modules with open interface parameters. The OWA is related to MAC/PHY layers of future (4G) or 5G mobiles.[3] The 5G terminals will have software defined ra- dios and modulation scheme and new error-control schemes can be downloaded from the Internet The enhancement is

   seen towards the consumer terminals as a focus on the 5G mobile networks. The paper gives the concept of intelligent Internet [13] phone where the mobile can prefer the finest connections.

2. CHALLENGES IN MIGRATION FROM 4G Mentioned below:

   1. Multi mode user terminals by means of 4G, there will be a necessity to design a single user terminal that can operate in different wireless networks or WLAN and conquer the design troubles such as restrictions on the size of the device, its cost and power utilization. This trouble can be solved by using software radio approach.

   2. Choice among various wireless systems, Every wireless system has its distinctive characteristics and roles. The choice of most appropriate technology for a specific service at a spe- cific place and at specific time. This will be applied by mak- ing the choice according to the best possible fit of consumer QoS (Quality of Service) requirements.

   3. Security Reconfigurable, adaptive and lightweight protec- tion mechanisms should be designed to overcome the prob- lems occurred in honey-net server.

   4. Network infrastructure and QoS support Integrating the current non-IP and IP-based systems and providing QoS as- surance for end-to-end services.

   5. Charging and Billing – It is hard to accumulate, handle and accumulate the Consumers account information from many service providers. In the same way Consumer's billing is also a difficult task.

   6. Attacks on Application Level Software applications which will offer an new feature to the consumer but will commence new bugs.

   7. Jamming and spoofing is fake GPS signals being sent out, in which case the GPS receiver considers that the signals ar- rives from a satellite and computes the wrong coordinates. Criminals can make use of such techniques. Jamming occurs when a transmitter sending out signals at the same frequency shifts a GPS signal.

   8. Data Encryption if a GPS receiver will communicate with the main transmitter then the communication link between

      these two is not tough to break and consumer must use en- crypted data. [5]

3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

   5G Technology is a name used in various research papers and projects to indicate the next most important stage of mobile communication standards beyond the 4G standards. Presently, 5G is not a term officially used for any particular specifications. 3GPP standard release beyond 4G and LTE [1]. The implementation of standards under a 5G umbrella would likely be around the year of 2020. Key terms of 5G Technology:

   1. 5G is a completed wireless communication with almost no limitation; somehow people called it REAL wireless world.

   2. Additional features such as Multimedia Newspapers, also to watch T.V programs with the clarity as to that of an HD T.V.

   3. We can send Data much faster than that of the previous generations.

   4. 5G will bring almost perfect real world wireless or called WWWW: World Wide Wireless Web.

   5. Real wireless world with no more limitation to access and zone issues.

   6. Wearable devices with AI capabilities.

   7. IPv6 is a visiting care-of mobile IP address is assigned ac- cording to location and the connected network. [23]

   8. One unified global standard.

   9. Pervasive networks providing ubiquitous computing: The user can simultaneously be connected to several wireless ac- cess technologies and seamlessly move between them (See Media independent handover or vertical handover, IEEE 802.21, also expected to be provided by future 4G releases).

   10. Cognitive radio technology, also known as smart radio: allowing different radio technologies to share the same spec- trum efficiently by adaptively finding unused spectrum and adapting the transmission scheme to the requirements of the technologies currently sharing the spectrum. This dynamic radio resource management is achieved in a distributed fash- ion, and relies on software defined radio. See also the IEEE

       802.22 standard for Wireless Regional Area Networks. [24]

   11. High altitude stratospheric platform station (HAPS) sys- tems.

4. CONCEPT OF 5G TECHNOLOGIES

   Fig 1. Protocol stack for 5G

   1. Physical/MAC layers:

      Physical and Medium Access Control layers with logical link layer i.e. OSI lyer 1 and OSI layer 2, define the wireless technology and shown in Fig.1. For these two layers the 5G mobile networks is likely to be based on Open Wire- less Architecture [7].

   2. Network layer:

      The network layer will be IP (Internet Protocol), be- cause there is no competition on this level. The IPv4 is worldwide spread and it has several problems such as limited address space and has no real possibility for QoS support per flow. These issues are solved in IPv6, but traded with signifi- cantly bigger packet header. Then, mobility still remains a problem. There is Mobile IP standard on one side as well as many micro-mobility solutions (e.g., Cellular IP, HAWAII etc.). All mobile networks will use Mobile IP in 5G, and each mobile terminal will be FA (Foreign Agent), Application Layer Application ( Services ) Presentation Layer Session layer Open Transport Protocol (OTP).

   3. Transport Layer:

      Network layer Upper network layer & Lower network Layer

      Fig 2. 5G system

   4. Data link Layer (MAC):

      Physical Layer is always keeping the CoA (Care of Address) mapping between its fixed IPv6 address and CoA address for the current wireless network. However, a mobile can be attached to several mobile or wireless networks at the

      same time.[16]. It will maintain different IP addresses for each of the radio interfaces, While each of these IP addresses will be CoA address for the FA placed in the mobile Phone.

      Fig 3. 5G sub layer system

      The fixed IPv6 will be implemented in the mobile phone by 5G phone manufactures. The 5G mobile phone shall maintain virtual multi-wireless network environment. For this purpose there should be separation of network layer into two sub-layers in 5G mobiles (Fig. 3) i.e.: Lower network layer (for each interface) and Upper network layer (for the mobile terminal). This is due to the initial design of the Internet, where all the routing is based on IP addresses which should be different in each IP network world wide.

      Fig. 4 5G mobile terminal network layer

      Fig. 5 Open Transport Protocol (OTA) layer

      The mobile and wireless networks differ from wired networks regarding the transport layer. In all TCP versions the assumption is that lost segments are due to network conges- tion, while in wireless network losses may occur due to higher bit error ratio in the radio interface.

      Therefore, TCP modifications and adaptation are proposed for the mobile and wireless networks, which re- transmit the lost or damaged TCP segments over the wireless link only. For 5G mobile terminals will be suitable to have transport layer that is possible to be downloaded and installed. Such mobiles shall have the possibility to download (e.g., TCP, RTP etc. Or new transport protocol) version which is targeted to a specific wireless technology installed at the base stations.

   5. Application layer

      Regarding the applications, the ultimate request from the 5G mobile terminal is to provide intelligent QoS man- agement over a variety of networks. Today, in mobile phones the users manually select the wireless interface for particular Internet service without having the possibility to use QoS history to select the best wireless connection for a given ser- vice. The 5G phone shall provide a possibility for service quality testing and storage of measurement information in information databases in the mobile terminal. There- fore, IPv6 support for 4G is essential in order to support a large no. of wireless- enabled devices. IPv6 removes the need for NAT (Network Address Translation) by increasing the no. of IP addresses.[21] With the available address space and number of addressing bits in IPv6, many innovative coding schemes can be developed for 4g devices and applications that could help in the deployment of 4G network and ser- vices.[20] In the future wireless networks there must be a low complexity of implementation and an efficient means of nego- tiation between the end users and the wireless infrastructure. The Internet is the driving force for higher data rates and high speed access for mobile wireless users. This will be the moti- vation for an all mobile IP based core network evolution.

      FEATURES:

      1. 5G technology offers high resolution for crazy cell phone user and bi- directional large bandwidth shap- ing.

      2. The advanced billing interfaces of 5G technology make it more attractive and effective.

      3. 5G technology also providing subscriber supervision tools for fast action.

      4. The high quality services of 5G technology based on Policy to avoid error.

      5. 5G technology is providing large broadcasting of da- ta in Gigabit which supporting almost 65,000 con- nections.[19]

      6. 5G technology offers a transporter class gateway with unparalleled consistency.

      7. The traffic statistics by 5G technology makes it more accurate.

      8. Through remote management offered by 5G technol- ogy a user can get a better and faster solution.

      9. The remote diagnostics also a great feature of 5G technology.

      10. The 5G technology is providing up to 25 Mbps con- nectivity speed.

      11. The 5G technology also supports virtual private net- work.

      12. The new 5G technology will take all delivery ser- vices out of business prospect.

      13. The uploading and downloading speed of 5G tech- nology touching the peak.

5. 5G ARCHITECTURE

   Fig. 6 5G mobile phone design

   Fig.6 shows 5G mobile phone design. [12] 5G is be- ing developed to accommodate the QoS and rate requirements

   set by forthcoming applications like wireless broadband ac- cess, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), video chat, mo- bile TV, HDTV content, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB),[18] minimal services like voice and data, and other services that utilize bandwidth. The definition of 5G is to pro- vide adequate RF coverage, more bits/Hz and to interconnect all wireless heterogeneous networks to provide seamless, con- sistent telecom experience to the user. [10,11].

   Evolved Packet Core (EPC):

   Evolved Packet Core is the IP-based core network defined by 3GPP (Telecom standard) for use with LTE and other access technologies. The goal of the EPC is to provide simplified all IP core network architectures to efficiently give access to various services such as the ones provided by IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem). EPC consists essentially of a Mobility Management Entity (MME) & access agnostic gateway foe routing of user datagram. EPC will be a com- pletely new architecture for wireless operators, one that emu- lates the IP world of data Communication rather than the voice- centric world of wireless. EPC is based on flat IP net- work theory.

6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPES

In this paper we have surveyed 5G technology for mobile communication. The 5G technology is designed as an open platform on different layers, from the physical layer up to the application. Presently, the current work is in the mod- ules that shall offer the best Operating System and lowest cost for a specified service using one or more than one wireless technology at the same time from the 5G mobile. A new revo- lution of 5G technology is about to begin because 5G tech- nology going to give tough completion to normal computer and laptops whose marketplace value will be affected. There are lots of improvements from 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G to 5G in the world of mobile communication. The new coming 5G technology is available in the market at inexpensive rates, high peak expectations and much reliability than its foregoing technologies. 5G network technology will release a novel age in mobile communication. The 5G mobiles will have access to different wireless technologies at the identical time and the terminal should be able to merge different flows from differ- ent technologies. 5G technology offers high resolution for passionate mobile phone consumer. We can watch an HD TV channel in our mobile phones without any disturbance. The 5G mobile phones will be a tablet PC. Many mobile embed- ded technologies will develop.

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