Modified Mathematical Model on the Study of Convective MHD Nanofluid flow with Heat Generation/Absorption

Modified Mathematical Model on the Study of Convective MHD Nanofluid flow with Heat Generation/Absorption

A. A. Hussaini*1, A. G. Madaki2, A. M. Kwami3

1,2,3 Department of Mathematical Sciences, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi.

Abstract:- A numerical investigation is presented to show the effects of convective nanofluid flow with Heat generation/absorption over a linearly stretching sheet by considering thermophoresis and Brownian motion in the presence of Heat generation/absorption. A suitable set of similarity transformations are used together with the boundary conditions in order to convert the basic partial differential equations into a set of corresponding nonlinear ordinary differential equations. RungeKuttaFehlberg method along with shooting technique is involved in order to solve the reduced governing basic equations. The influences of several emerging physical parameters of nanofluid on the profiles of velocity, temperature and nanoparticle volume fraction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number have been studied and analyzed in detail through graphs and tables. It is noticed that the reduced Sherwood number is a decreasing function with both heat generation/absorption parameters. It is also noticed that the Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameter have the reverse effects on nanofluid Sherwood number. It is analyzed that the Nusselt number decreases with an increase in the values of thermophoresis parameter, Brownian motion parameter. It is observed that the Sherwood number has ascending behavior for thermophoresis and Brownian motion parameters, whereas nanofluid Sherwood number gets amplified with a hike for all the values of Brownian motion parameter.

Keywords:- Heat generation/absorption, Boundary- layer, Brownian motion, Nanofluid, Stretching sheet, Thermophoresis

NOMENCLATURE

A Sisko fluid parameter Nt thermophoresis parameter

a, b material constants of the fluid Nd modified Dufour parameter qr radiative heat flux

B0 Magnetic field strenth Nu local Nusselt number

C solutal concentration Pr Prandtl number

C free stream concentration Nb Brownian motion

Cw skin friction coefficient Re local Reynolds number Sh local Sherwood number

Cw nanoparticles volume fraction at the wall Sh nanofluid Sherwood number dimensionless solutal concentration T temperature of the fluid

Tw temperature of the fluid at the wall Ec Eckert number

DB Brownian diffusion coefficient U free stream stagnation point velocity DT thermophoretic diffusion coefficient u velocity component in x-direction

F dimensionless velocity v velocity component in y-direction

Le Lewis number uw stretching sheet velocity x direction along to the plate

y direction perpendicular to the plate n power law index

M magnetic parameter or Joule heating parameter

Greek letters

fluid thermal conductivity

f density of the fluid

similarity variable

o electrical conductivity of fluid

dimensionless temperature of the fluid

w free strem nanoparticle volume fraction

dimensionless nanoparticle volume fraction

stream function

k thermal conductivity of the fluid

ratio of the effective heat capacity of the nanoparticles and heat capacity of the fluid

superscripts

' differentiation with respect to Subscripts

f fluid

nf nanofluid

condition at the free stream

1. INTRODUCTION

   Many pieces of research have been carried out on the notion behind the heat transfer enhancement by using nanofluids. S.U.S Choi (1995) was the first Scientist to coined nanofluid in his bid to propose the new class of enhancing heat transfer fluid, by dispersing Nano-sized particles in a base fluid. The fluid flow over a stretching surface is indeed an essential and interesting case in engineering and sciences with an application such as metal spinning, wire drawing, extrusion and rubber sheets manufacturing among others. The convective heat transfer in nanofluids is an amazing area of interest for many researchers for its wide purview of application in both sciences and engineering Makinde and Aziz (2011). The radiative effects in the nanofluid flow due to solar energy was investigated by Mushtaq et al. (2014). Among other vital studies concerning the convective boundary layer flow are Aziz et al. (2012) and Makinde et al. (2013).

   Some recent studies, concerning the natural phenomenon of nanofluids, have been investigated by Madaki et al. (2016), (2017), and (2018). Furthermore, D. Pal and G. Mandal (2015) investigated the hydromagnetic convective-radiative boundary layer flow of nanofluids caused by a non-linear vertical stretching/shrinking sheet with viscous dissipation numerically.

   The term boundary layer flow is the fluid's flow region of a viscous fluid which is in the proximity of a body or a solid surface in contact with the fluid and in motion corresponding to the fluid. Very recently, Khazayinejad et al. (2016) studied the boundary-layer flow of a nanofluid past a porous moving semi-infinite plate using an optimal collocation method.

   The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) nanofluid flows, being an electrically-conducting fluid, have received a significant consideration due to its wide application in industrial technology, such as high temperature plasmas and purification of molten metals from non-metallic inclusions in metallurgy by the application of a magnetic field (Mabood et al., 2015; Sing and Kumar, 2015).

   The chemical reaction is quite a major platform required by many industrial applications in the manufacturing process. Naramgari and Sulochana (2016) studied the effects of both thermal radiation and chemical reaction on MHD flow over a permeable stretching/shrinking sheet of a nanofluid with suction/ injection. Recently, many researchers, such as Animasaun (2015), Kasmani et al. (2016), Krishnamurthy et al. (2016), and Raju et al. (2016), had all made a fantastic effort in studying the effects of chemical reaction in relation to various cases in sciences.

   An analysis on the natural convective boundary layer flow, heat and mass transfer of nanofluid over a stretching sheet with convective boundary condition being the main mechanism was carried out by Abdul. G. Madaki et at. (2019).

   In this study, our prime goal is to analyze the effect of Heat generation/absorption on the above model. Some useful dimensionless quantities are used to transform the governing equations into ordinary differential equations. Both analytical and numerical techniques were used to derive the solution to the stated problem. The effect of heat generation/absorption along with all related parameters is investigated and presented in tabular and graphical forms, respectively.

2. PROBLEM FORMULATION

   We considered the two-dimensional (x, y) incompressible boundary-layer flow of a nanofluid past a heated stretching sheet situated at y = 0, with convective boundary condition. The two equal and opposite forces from the origin are the directions where the sheet is stretched along x-axis and perpendicular to y-axis. The velocity at the sheet surface (wall) is kept at the fixed origin along the distance x, i.e., Uw = ax, where a > 0 and x is the coordinate along the sheet, where the sheet velocity is zero as shown in Figure 1 below

   y

   B0

   T C

   U

   x

   Q0 Uw

   figure1. Geometry of the problem.

   Let the fluids free stream velocity be U(x) = bx. The transverse magnetic field is subjected to the flow along y > 0 normal to the fluid flow direction. Assume that the external lectrical field is zero while the electrical field caused by the polarization of charges is negligible. Then the mass transfer analysis is performed subject to heat generation/absorption as well as the other pertinent parameters effects. At the convective heating process, the sheet surface temperature Tw goes with quiescent fluid temperature Tf. The ambient fluids temperature is denoted by T. the nanoparticle concentration is denoted by C, while Cw is the nanoparticle concentration at the wall, and C is the ambient concentration.

   These are the governing equations for the conservation of Momentum, Temperature and Nanoparticle Concentration based on the usual boundary layer assumptions, in the presence of Heat generation/absorption:

   2 2

   U

   3

   B2

   y xy

   x y2

   U x

   v f y3

   e 0 u U

   f

   (1)

   T T

   2T v 2 2

   B2

   T C D T 2

   f

   e 0 U

   u2 D T

   y x

   x y

   y2

   C y2

   C

   B y y T y

   f f

   16 *T 3 2T Q

   3C f k y

   * 2

   T T

   nf

   (2)

   C C

   2C D

   T

   T

   2T

   y x

   x y

   DB y2

   T

   T

   T y2

   K1 C C

   (3)

   Subject to the following boundary conditions:

   at y 0 :u Uw

   1. ax,v 0, k T

      y

      h(Tf

      • T ),C Cw.

        as y :u U (x) bx,v 0,T T ,C C

        4

        Here, the stream function (x, y) is considered as u =

        , v = –

        y

        x , where u and v are the velocities in x and y directions,

        U = is the free stream velocity, vf is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid, is the electrical conductivity, B0 is the magnetic

        e

        field, f the density of the nanofluid, T is the temperature, (C) f is the heat capacity of the base fluid, is the density,

        is the thermal diffusivity, Cf is the skin friction coefficient of the fluid, DB is the Brownian diffusion, DT is the thermophoretic diffusion, k1 is the rate of chemical reaction, (C) p /(C) f is the ratios of the effective heat capacity

        of the nanoparticle material to the heat capacity of the fluid, qr is the radiative heat flux, k is the thermal conductivity of base

        fluid, h is the convective heat transfer coefficient, and a and b are constants. The Rosseland approximation (1931) is used to

        evaluate the radiative heat flux in energy equation as

        qr

        4 *T 4

        3k*y

        , where

        * andk*

        are the StefanBoltzmann

        constant and the mean absorption number (see Mahanthesh et al., 2016) The temperature variation amidst the flow is

        significantly limited, and the expression

        T 4 4T 3T 3T 4

        is considered in the energy equation as a linear function of

        w

        w

        temperature by using Taylor series expansion about T and by ignoring the higher-order terms. We now introduce the following dimensionless quantities (Khan and Pop., 2010).

        y

        a , xf ()

        av ,u axf (),v

        f ()

        av , ()

        T T

        ,T T ,

        v

        v

        T

        T

        f f

        f f

        f f T

        w

        w

        ()

        C C

        ,C C

        5

        Cw C

        Using the dimensionless quantities in eq. (5) into eqs. (1) (4), to obtain the following transformed ordinary differential equations:

        f ff f 2 A2 M (A f ) 0

        (6)

        3

        2 2

        b

        1 N 1 (c 1)

        • Pr f

          • Nb

          • Nt

            • Ecf

            • MEc f

              2

              2

              a

              0

              (7)

              Lef

              Nt 0

              Nb

              Where prime represents differentiation with respect to the function

              Where prime represents differentiation with respect to the function

              , M

              , M

              e

              e

              0

              0

              B2

              (8)

              A

              A

              is the ratio

              is the ratio

              b

              a f

              of the rates of free stream velocity to the velocity of the stretching sheet,

              16 *T 4

              N 3k k*

              a

              is the magnetic parameter,

              is the magnetic parameter,

              is the radiation parameter, and

              Pr v f

              is the Prandtl number,

              Q aTw nf

              , is the heat generation/absorption parameter. Here, the dimensionless

              c

              c

              T

              T

              temperature in Eq. (5) is written in the form T T (1 ( 1)) where Tf . Considering the first and the last terms

              c

              on the right-hand side of Eq. (2), we, therefore, write

              T 1 N (1

              1 )3 a(Tf T ) [(1 N (1 (

              1) )3 ) ]

              y y

              c Pr c

              Eqs. (6) (9) are subject to the following boundary conditions

              f (0) 0, f () A, f (0) 1, (0) Bi[1 (0)], () 0, (0) 1, () 0

              The parameters involved in Eqs. (6) (11) are defined as follows

              (10)

              Le vf

              , Nb

              DB

              (Cw

              C )

              , Nt

              DB

              (Tf

              T )

              , Bi

              h(vf

              / a)1/ 2

              w

              w

              , Ec

              U 2 (x)

              ,

              k1vf

              (Cw

              C ) .

              DB vf

              vf T k

              Cn (Tw T )

              aDBCw

              Here, Le is the Lewis number, Nb is the Brownian motion parameter, Nt is the thermophoresis parameter, Bi is the Biot number, Ec is the Eckert number, and is the chemical reaction parameter. The quantities of practical interest are the Nusselt number,

              Nu and the Sherwood number, Sh. As we observed that x-coordinate does not fit to be ignored from the temperature equation. Therefore, we strive for the possible local similarity solutions. With qw and qm being the wall heat flux and wall mass flux, respectively, are given as follows:

              q k§ T ·

              w y

            • (qr )w

          k(Tw

      • T

   )(a / vf

   )1/ 2[1 N 3 ] (0),

   D

   y 0

   C

   c

   c

   D (C

   • C )(a / v

   )1/ 2(0).

   (11)

   qm B y

   B w f

   y 0

   x c

   x c

   Using the expressions of both local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers as

   x

   x

   Nu

   xqw

   Re [1 N 3 ] (0) Nur ,

   k(Tw T )

   Sh

   xqm

   Re (0) Shr.

   (12)

   DB (Cw C )

   x

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

   An efficient fourth order RungeKutta method along with shooting technique has been employed to study the flow model for the above coupled non-linear ordinary differential equations Eqs. (6) (9) with respect to their boundary conditions Eqs (10) in maple2020 for different values of governing parameters viz. Prandtl number Pr, radiation parameter R, a Brownian motion parameter Nb, a thermophoresis parameter Nt, Magnetic parameter M, chemical reaction k and a Lewis number Le. The numerical solutions are obtained for velocity, temperature and concentration profiles for different values of governing parameters. The obtained results are displayed through graphs Figures 213 for Nusselt number, Sherwood number, velocity, temperature and concentration profiles, respectively. The accuracy of our result is displayed in table1, at the various values of governing parameters involved while considering the Heat generation/absorption parameter = 0. Thus, a very fascinate agreement between the present and previous studies was attained.

   Table1. Comparison of values of reduced Nusselt number, (Nur) -(0), reduced Sherwood number, (Sr) -(0) with Abdul G.

   Madaki et al. when Nt = Nb = 0.5 and R = = 0.

   Pr Bi Le Madaki et al. (2019) Present study

   – (0)				– (0)	– (0)	– (0)
   1	0.1	5	0.07892	1.5476	0.07892	1.5476
   2	0.1	5	0.08068	1.55554	0.08061	1.55543
   5	0.1	5	0.07339	1.59790	0.07345	1.59831
   1	0 0.1	5	0.03857	1.72927	0.03868	1.72928
   5	1	5	0.14754	1.69136	0.14756	1.69136
   5	10	5	0.15475	1.71223	0.15498	1.71222
   5	100	5	0.15543	1.71441	0.15565	1.71438
   5		5			0.1557	1.71462
   5	0.1	10	0.06466	2.39211	0.06468	2.39196
   5	0.1	15	0.05710	2.98988	0.05999	2.98993

   The results displayed in Table 2 shows the effects of Pr, Le on reduced Nusselt number and reduced Sherwood number. It can be observed in Table 2 that, we have presented the impact caused by both Prandtl number and Lewis number on the dimensionless heat transfer rate – (0) with Pr and Le at different values. This resulted in the decrease in the reduced Nusselt number Nur significantly. The dimensionless mass transfer rate – (0), notably increases with Pr and Le at different values. Moreover, increase in the values of Prandtl number and chemical reaction decreases the temperature gradient, where it is noticed that the rate of heat transfer enhances significantly. While the concentration remains constant for whatever values of Pr and k is depicted on Table3.

   Table2. Effects of Pr, k on Temperature profile (0) and nanoparticle concentration (0), when R=1, M=1.5, w=0.02, Bi=

   0.01, Nb=1.

   Pr =	0.5	1	3	5	10
   k =	1.5	1.5	2.5	2.5	3
   (0) =	0.00969	0.00967	0.00944	0.00905	0.00635
   (0) =	1.22632	1.22632	1.22632	1.22632	1.22632

   Table3. Effects of Pr, k on Temperature profile (0) and nanoparticle concentration (0), when R=1, M=1.5, w=0.02, Bi=

   0.01, Nb=1.

   Pr =	0.5	1	3	5	10
   k =	1.5	1.5	2.5	2.5	3
   (0) =	0.00969	0.00967	0.00944	0.00905	0.00635
   (0) =	1.22632	1.22632	1.22632	1.22632	1.22632

   Figure2. Heat source influence on the Nusselt number profile. Figure3. Heat source influence on the temperature profile.

   Figure2. shows the effect of Heat generation/absorption on the Nusselt number. the fluid Nusselt number is physically rising in the case of heat generation ( > 0) and decreases in the case of heat absorption ( < 0) respectively. Also Figure3.shows the effects of Heat generation/absorption on the temperature profile. the fluids temperature is physically rising with the increment in both heat generation (> 0) and heat absorption ( < 0) respectively. It is clear from Figure4. that the fluids velocity is physically increasing in both cases of heat generation ( > 0) and heat absorption ( < 0) respectively. It can be seen from Figure5. that the fluids concentration is increasing irrespective of heat generation ( > 0) and heat absorption (

   < 0).

   Figure4. Heat source influence on Velocity profile. Figure5. Heat source influence on nanoparticle concentration profile.

   With regard to figure6. increasing the value of Nb increases the temperature with heat generation ( > 0) while increasing the value of Nb decreases the temperature in the case with heat absorption ( < 0) respectively. It can be well observed that in figure7. increase in the values of Nt leads to the drastic increase in the temperature profile, with respect to heat generation ( > 0). But it decreases with increase in the values of Nt with respect to heat absorption ( < 0) along with the stretching sheet. Irrespective of heat generation ( > 0) or heat absorption ( < 0), the Sherwood number increases with the increase in the values of k on figure8.

   Figure6. Effects of Brownian motion (Nb) to the temperature profile . Figure7. Effects of thermophoresis (Nt) to the temperature profile .

   Figure8. Effects of Chemical reaction (k) to the Sherwood number profile Figure9. Effects of Chemical reaction (k) to the Temperature profile

   Figure9 depicted the following With heat generation ( > 0) the temperature rises with the increase in the values of k, similarly with heat absorption ( < 0) also the temperature rises with the increase in the values of k. on figure10. It is found that with heat generation ( > 0): increase in the value of Pr drastically decreases the temperature. Whereas, with heat absorption ( < 0): for any value of Pr the temperature remain constant. At M=0: the temperature increase with heat generation ( > 0), and it decreases with heat absorption ( < 0). Furthermore, increase in the value of M for any non-zero value (M>0) yield an increase in the temperature for both heat generation ( > 0) and heat absorption ( < 0) as on figure11. Increasing the value of Le rises the temperature drastically with heat generation ( > 0), and it decreases with decreasing the value of Le with heat absorption ( < 0) on figure12. The nanoparticle concentration rises irrespective of heat generation ( > 0) or heat absorption ( < 0) Fig.13.

   Figure10. Effects of Prandtl number (Pr) to the temperature Figure11. Effects of Magnetic parameter (M) to the Temperature

   Figure12. Effects of Lewis number (Le) to the temperature profile Figure13. Effects of Lewis number (Le) to the nanoparticle concentration profile

4. CONCLUSION

In this study, the influence of Heat generation/Absorption parameter has been studied, along with other pertinent parameters, such as Chemical reaction k, Brownian motion parameter Nb, thermophoresis parameter Nt, Prandtl number Pr, Lewis number Le, and magnetic parameter M on the flow field and natural convective boundary layer flow of a nanofluid past a stretching sheet in the presence of Heat generation/Absorption. The analysis to this problem was made numerically. Our results found to be in good agreement with the previous study by Madaki et al. (2019) while some distinct parameters in this study being limited to zero. The results found in this study can be summarized as follows: 1) the fluid Nusselt nuber is physically rising in the case of heat generation ( > 0) and decreases in the case of heat absorption ( < 0) respectively.2) the fluid temperature is physically rising in the case of heat generation ( > 0) and decreases in the case of heat absorption ( <

0) respectively 3) fluids velocity is physically rising in both cases of heat generation ( > 0) and heat absorption ( < 0) respectively 4) increase in the value of Heat generation/absorption rises nanoparticle concentration profile rapidly 5) increasing the value of Nb increases the temperature with heat generation ( > 0) while increasing the value of Nb decreases the temperature in the case with heat absorption ( < 0) respectively. 6) increase in the values of Nt leads to the drastic increase in the temperature profile, with respect to heat generation ( > 0). But it decreases with increase in the values of Nt with respect to heat absorption ( < 0) along with the stretching sheet. 7) Irrespective of heat generation ( > 0) or heat absorption ( < 0), the Sherwood number remain constant for all the values of k. 8) At M=0: the temperature increase with heat generation ( > 0), and it decreases with heat absorption ( < 0). Furthermore, increase in the value of M for any non- zero value (M>0) yield an increase in the temperature for both heat generation ( > 0) and heat absorption ( < 0). 9It is found that with heat generation

( > 0): increase in the value of Pr drastically decreases the temperature. Whereas, with heat absorption ( < 0): for any value of Pr the temperature remain constant 10) At M=0: the temperature increase with heat generation ( > 0), and it decreases with heat absorption ( < 0). Furthermore, increase in the value of M for any non-zero value (M>0) yield an increase in the temperature for both heat generation ( > 0) and heat absorption ( < 0). 11) Increasing the value of Le rises the temperature drastically with heat generation ( > 0), and it decreases with decreasing the value of Le with heat absorption ( < 0). 12) The nanoparticle concentration rises irrespective of heat generation ( > 0) or heat absorption ( < 0).

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