Override of Multiple Wormhole Attack in 60GHz Directional Network and Energy Efficiency with LEACH Protocol

Override of Multiple Wormhole Attack in 60GHz Directional Network and Energy Efficiency with LEACH Protocol

Override of Multiple Wormhole Attack in 60GHz Directional Network and Energy Efficiency with LEACH Protocol

N. Sunil, P. Sivaprakash and N.Nalini

PG Scholar, Assistant Professor, Assistant Professor CSE Department, CSE Department, CSE Department

1. INTRODUCTION

   The wormhole attack has been proposed, a severe attack in networks that is particularly challenging to defend against. The wormhole attack is possible even if the attacker has not compromised any hosts and even if all communication provide authenticity and confidentiality. To overcome real world problems in wireless network we should have attention on industrial and academic projects. Proposing transceiver architecture for Automatic beam forming and instantaneous setup of a multi giga bit-per- second wireless link between two millimeter wave radios. For cost reduction in developing 60GHZ transceivers implement CMOS technologies. Normally in routing and communications focus on security. In order to maintain security in large communication area is highly difficult process.

   Therefore splitting the Omni directional network into various divisional networks by using directional antennas is to be carried out. Finding of attacker in Omni directional network is a complicated process were as in divisional network it will be an easier one. Then will be dividing the network into sub divisional by providing beam from SDFC which is provided in middle of the network. The SDFC will be maintaining the frequency and the data transmission to all nodes. By using the digital algorithm will be splitting the network which will be a complicated action. Discovery of neighboring nodes will be an easier process in the divisional networks and also discovery of wormhole attack will be also simple.

   For secure transmission we should implement pair of keys which will be known only by the transceiver and receiver nodes. In order to improve the security we will be increasing the key length. As the key size is large it will be difficult for the attacker to analyze the key within particular time. For easier wormhole detection we will be focusing on Time Analysis while broadcasting data from SDFC to all the nodes and for Response/Authentication process has to be enveloped from nodes to the SDFC.

   From this we can able to understand that connections between the nodes and SDFC will be in bidirectional. Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) is an energy-efficient hierarchical-based routing protocol. Our prime focus was on the analysis of LEACH based upon certain parameters like network lifetime, stability period, etc and also the effect of selective forwarding attack and degree of heterogeneity of LEACH protocol. After a number of simulations, it was found that the stability regions length is considerably increased by choosing an optimal value of heterogeneity; energy is not properly utilized and throughput is decreased in networks compromised by selective forwarding attack but the number of cluster-head spreads round remains unelected in such networks. The main work done on this paper has been summarized below.

   • Fist, for attack resistant introducing SND scheme which maintains secure communication between bidirectional connectivity. We utilize key

     authentication scheme and time analysis for secure transmission and attack identification through broadcasting messages.

   • Second, LEACH protocol has been introduced for secure route discovery and maintains energy adopted for the specified actions. Due to proper energy distribution traffic will be easily maintained.

   • Third, proposing algorithm for high secure communication and discussion about the effectiveness and energy considerations for the proposed wormhole attack resistant scheme.

     The paper has been organized as following in section 2, the problem formulation has been designed for the attack detection in wireless networking and in section 3, proposed network architecture and then in section 4, analyze about beam forming in 60GHZ direction using directional antenna then in section 5, we develop an algorithm for key authentication scheme and in section 6, we emphasize the advantages of utilizing the LEACH protocol in the proposed system in section 7, finally we conclude the paper.

2. PROBLEM STATEMENT

   In this section we formulate the design for the attack detection in the wireless network and encapsulate necessary conditions.

   1. Network Communication

      From the usage of model 802.15.3c and 802.11ad, it is known that all the applications are based on centralized design, i.e., the SDFC will be located in the center of the divisional network and supports for data transmission in concurrent point to point between different pairs of devices. We consider 60GHZ directional network composed of multiple wireless nodes N= {n1, n2, n3} with single SDFC. Normally the wireless nodes are distributed randomly in a network with density p per square meter. We will be providing L number of beams through directional antenna with angle 2/L radians.

      All beams will be collectively having the same density for coverage area in all directions. The beams are constructed in a clockwise direction. The SDFC use its directional antenna to communicate with other nodes up to the distance R. Transmitter and Receiver are placed in directional antenna with average power. The fig.1 shows the wireless node distribution in the network.

      Fig 1 Divisional Network

      All the wireless nodes do not have specialized hardware such as a GPS module to know its own global position, but they do have a kind of electronic compass which is much cheaper than the GPS module and used to align the beam direction, i.e., different antennas with the same beam number point to the same sector.

   2. Attack Consideration

      Wormhole attack is one type of active attack, in which malicious nodes relay packets for two legislate nodes to fool them believing that they are direct neighbors. Normally there are two type of wormhole attack.

      1. One type of attack is that there will be one malicious node M1 between the source and the destination node.

      2. second type of attack there will be more number of malicious nodes (M1,M2Mn) located between the source and the destination node

      In this paper we are considering the second type of attack in wireless network and to overcome from this we will be going for some assumptions.

   3. Assumptions

      The main aim of the paper is to override from multiple wormhole attack within the 60GHZ directional network. We should consider some assumptions necessary as follows.

      • Assumption1:The SDFC should be considered as the trusted centralizer which will be providing proper authentication, neighbor discovery, malicious node detection, etc

      • Assumption2: The key based authentication has been developed for secure communication between SDFC and nodes vice versa. The malicious nodes will be having same power for computation but they will not able to attain the key materials of the legislative nodes.

   4. PROPOSED SCHEME FOR WORMHOLE ATTACK RESISTANCE

   In this, we proposed the main idea for multiple wormholes resistant in the directional network. As we are finding more difficulties in finding malicious nodes in the Omni directional network we are going for directional network. We will be having three different phases for the project development namely broadcasting phase, responseauthentication phase, time analysis phase.

   Fig 2 Cluster formation structure

   Normally nodes are spread in wireless network. The SDFC will be provided in the middle of the network and it will be connected with the nodes within the 360 degree. Therefore the attack detection is complicated we will split the 360 into eight 60 degree directional network with help of beam construction. Due to this divisional network we can able to easily find out the malicious nodes. Then we will be using the LEACH routing protocol for transmitting data with low energy and with less time. This protocol will be forming a cluster head in the distributed network.

   Fig 3 Flow diagram

   Before forming the cluster head the base station will be calculating the distance between source and the destination node and according to the distance the cluster head will be allocated.

   The cluster head will be broadcasting the hello message to the nodes which has to be bounded to it within a particular directional network. After receiving the message each node will be replying with authentication or response message. The message in bidirectional method should follow the secure key authentication.

   For secure communication, will be using the private/public key in both transmitting and receiving side. Therefore the key value will be known only by the transmitting and the receiving node. We will be providing time analysis for response/ authentication phase because according to the time for acknowledgement we can able to recognize the attack in the directional network.

3. CODING FOR WORMHOLE

   void ProbingTimer::expire(Event*) { t_->timeout();

   }

   //base class for worm: host is invulnerable by default static class WormAppClass : public TclClass {

   public:

   WormAppClass() : TclClass("Application/Worm") {} TclObject* create(int, const char*const*) {

   return (new WormApp());

   }

   } class_app_worm;

   //Initialize static variables

   double WormApp::total_addr_ = pow(2, 32); int WormApp::first_probe_ = 0; WormApp::WormApp() : Application() {

   //get probing rate from configuration bind("ScanRate", &scan_rate_);

   //get probing port from configuration bind("ScanPort", &scan_port_);

   //get probing port from configuration bind("ScanPacketSize", &p_size_);

   }

   void WormApp::process_data(int nbytes, AppData* data) { recv(nbytes);

   }

   void WormApp::recv(int nbytes) { if (!first_probe_) { first_probe_ = 1;

   printf("D FP %.2f\n", Scheduler::instance().clock());

   }

   //printf("D U %.2f %d\n",

   //Scheduler::instance().clock(), my_addr_);

   }

   When the cluster head gets acknowledgement at proper time from every nodes within the cluster will start to transfer message to the destination nodes though its cluster. Thus the cluster head will be changing for each rotation it will be difficult for the attacker to destroy the node considered as the head of the cluster formation.

4. ANALYSIS OF BEAM FORMING IN 60GHZ DIRECTIONAL NETWORKS

   The demand for high speed wireless communication systems has made it necessary to move to millimeter wave frequencies. The path loss at these frequencies becomes severe as the effective antenna area scales proportionally with the square of wavelength to maintain Omni-directional operation. Thus, use of arrayed antennas providing adaptive beam forming becomes very important. Adaptive beam forming provides high link gains because of antenna directivity, and the radios can conform to different signal directions. Adaptive beam forming requires complex digital algorithms for computing the direction of signal arrival and transmission to set

   Up a communication link. Even when the radio directions are known, controlling phases of transmit and receive signals to achieve proper directionality becomes difficult.

   Exploiting retro directivity to achieve instantaneous link acquisition, in addition to much simpler analog implementation and automatic phasing of the beam forming arrays. A retro directive antenna is an arrayed antenna that transmits in the direction of the incoming electromagnetic signal without prior knowledge of its direction. In the absence of an incoming signal, most of the transmitted power goes Omni-directionally. When a signal is present at the receiver input, power is transmitted in the direction of the incoming signal.

5. KEY AUTHENTICATION SCHEME

   In order to set the PKI in the network some distinct features have to be considered based on initialization and maintenance. Before deploying the nodes in the network it should be configured by the base station. Base station will be taking role of initializing and dataflow between the nodes in the network. The base station should be considered as a certification authority. The creation of digital certificate is associated with the identity of node with their public/private key pair. The base station can also create public/private key if the node is not efficient to develop its own key.

   According to this project, the SDFC calculates the distance between the source and destination. As per the distance it will be forming the cluster head then it will select some of the nodes into its cluster formation based on the destination node location. Then the broadcasting of message takes place within the cluster formation. As the information reaches the destination node it will send acknowledgement to the source with Response/Authentication field. For both broadcasting and Response/Authentication phase we require secure communication using public/private key authentication. This process to be carried out at each phase of the directional network in order to provide security between communicating nodes.

6. ADVANTAGES OF UTILIZING THE LEACH PROTOCOL IN THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

   Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) is an energy efficient hierarchical-based routing protocol. After a number of simulations, it was found that the stability regions length is considerably increased by choosing an optimal value of heterogeneity; energy is not properly utilized and

   throughput is decreased in networks compromised by selective forwarding attack but the number of cluster- heads per round remains unaffected in such networks.

   Fig 4 No of cluster heads Vs energy dissipation

   Fig 4, X-axis indicates the No. of cluster heads and Y-axis indicates the energy consumed in joules.

   LEACH is a hierarchical-based routing protocol which uses random rotation of the nodes required to be the cluster-heads to evenly distribute energy consumption in the network. The development of clustered sensor networks has recently been shown to decrease system delay, save energy while performing data aggregation and increase system throughput.

   Fig 5 Cluster Head and Base station connection

   Also LEACH has a few but very significant disadvantages like it assumes all the nodes to have same energy, which is not the case always in real- time problems, its cannot be applied for mobile nodes, failure of cluster-heads creates a lot of

   problems and it will not be take into account that the systems might have multiple base stations.

   Fig 6 Parameters and Value information Depending on the protocol operation, routing

   protocols can be classified into multipath-based. In multipath-based routing, multiple paths are used to enhance network performance i.e. faults tolerance, balance energy consumption, energy-efficiency and reliability.

   Fig 7 LEAH protocol with worm holes

   Fig 7, denotes the wormhole attack in the network. As per the above simulation we calculated the energy dissipation using leach protocol. At this stage we are introducing two nodes as wormhole nodes and calculating the performance with network simulator.

   Fig 8 Clusters Vs Lifetime

   Fig 8, X-axis indicates the No. of cluster heads and Y-axis indicates the lifetime of network in Milliseconds.

   At this stage we will be calculating the lifetime of the cluster nodes. Therefore we are considering the number of nodes in the cluster and the cluster head and noticing the standby period of these nodes using network simulator.

7. CONCLUSION

   According to the proposed system, LEACH protocol will be playing main role. As this protocol follows the cluster based communication the energy utilized for communication will be set lower. To maintain security during the communication, key authentication process has been carried out. The time for acknowledgement simplifies finding of attack in directional wireless network. To design directional network beam forming with help of antenna directivity makes it simple. To develop this proposed system we should consider the SDFC as trust worthy.

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