Performance Enhancement of Achievable Throughput in Multi-Taper Spectrum Sensing

Performance Enhancement of Achievable Throughput in Multi-Taper Spectrum Sensing

Mohamed Ismail

Electronics & Communications Department

Modern Academy for Engineering and Technology

Cairo, Egypt

Atef Ghuniem

Department of Electrical Engineering Suez Canal University

Ismailia, Egypt

Abdelhamid Gaafar Electronics & Communications Department

ASST- Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport Cairo, Egypt

AbstractNowadays, many researchers pay much attention to spectrum sensing techniques. Many methods are proposed earlier to sense the spectrum of different selective bands. In this paper, a proposed Multi-Taper Spectrum Sensing (MTSS) technique is used to sense the spectrum trying to enhance the achievable throughput criteria in a small sensing time. The simulation results of the proposed MTSS will be compared to the results of Energy Detection Spectrum Sensing (EDSS) method for two scenarios. The first scenario is the single user detection while the second one is the Co-operative spectrum sensing detection.

KeywordsMulti-Taper Spectrum Sensing; Energy Detection; Cooperative Spectrum Sensing; Throughput;

1. INTRODUCTION

   Cognitive Radio Spectrum Sensing (CRSS) is considered a hot spot for many researchers. They used CRSS to efficiently utilize the overall band. This can be done by exploiting the free frequency bands (spectrum holes) [1]. Hence, this frequency band can be utilized by SUs in the current time slot. There are many spectrum sensing techniques among are used earlier. The most used technique is EDSS, because it does not require prior information about the Primary User (PU) signaling and has minimal complexity. Such advantages come at the expense of moderate performance due to the use of single rectangular window. There are many problems in spectrum sensing such as hidden node and trade-off between time of sensing and transmission time.

   A survey is done and relevant studies proposed earlier are presented in this section. The first study [2] discussed the depleted frequency spectrum in wireless communication systems. Authors of [3] used The Energy Detector (ED) to detect an unknown signal in the presence of additive noise. The signal is detected by emulating the output of the energy detector with a threshold which relies on the noise floor [4].Thomson [5], works slightly like but it utilizes various orthonormal prototype filters to get better the variance of estimated power and minimize the leakage. Multi-Taper spectrum sensing (MTSS) [6], utilizes orthogonal tapers; known as the Discrete Prolate Spheroidal Sequence (DPSS). It results a single spectrum estimate with minimal spectral leakage and good variance. Authors of [7] derived that MTSS is an approach of the optimal spectrum estimate (the Maximum-likelihood method) with minimal computation complexity. Authors of [8] enhanced the achievable throughput using co-operative spectrum sensing.

   Cognitive radios can operate in both authorized and unauthorized bands. Users with a license is operate in a specific band are called primary users (PU's) and have priority access to that band. Cognitive radio users/secondary users (SU's) are capable of sensing the radio environment and determining spectrum holes. SU's can make use of the best available spectrum holes in a pragmatic manner, as long as they do not overlap with the authorized users. In this manner, cognitive radios can overcome the problem of spectrum reduction and underutilization [8].

   In this paper, MTSS is used to maximize the SU throughput and decreasing the time of sensing more than EDSS. Detection probability vs. false alarm probability and throughput vs. sensing time are simulated at different scenarios of EDSS and MTSS (either single user detection or multiple user detection); trying to have a higher achievable throughput of the proposed co-operative MTSS than conventional co-operative EDSS in small sensing time.

   The rest of the paper is organized as follows, In Section II the proposed primary user system model, the effect of MTSS on the detection probability and the false alarm probability are presented. Sensing throughput is mentioned in Section III. In Section IV Cooperative spectrum sensing is presented. Discussion of the numerical results, simulations in the mentioned MTSS Cooperative spectrum sensing and Conventional Cooperative spectrum sensing are presented in Section V. Finally, in Section VI the conclusions are given.

2. SYSTEM MODEL

   The proposed system model is consisted of OFDM signaling scheme for the PU as shown in Fig.1. The PU transmitter with N-subcarriers (N-IFFT/FFT) transmits OFDM- QPSK signal over each subcarrier. The CR transceiver also consisting of (N-IFFT/FFT) processor which performs tasks of sensing and transmission as shown in the CR frame structure.CR frame structure is divided into two parts sensing times (S) and transmission time (T-S) as the total frame time is

   T. Additionally Energy detector or Multi-taper spectrum detector is added.

   Energy detector is a widespread way, also known as Periodogram or radiometry, is the most common approach of spectrum sensing because of its minimum computational and implementation complexities. The reliability of this way is reduced by: first, the estimated spectrum variance s(f) at

   every frequency 'f' (the spectrum often appears noisy) while the

   second, is the leakage of power across different frequencies. The leakage is outcome due to the fact that we select a finite band of signal, which equivalent to multiplying the selected

   Fig.3. The used K-tapers with low spectral leakage side band power

   The difference between the estimated spectrum of multi- taper spectrum estimation and conventional estimator (Energy detector) is discussed in this section. Assuming that the received PU signal, at CR receiver, is sampled to generate a finite discrete time samples series{Rt ;t 0,1, 2,… N1}, where t is the time index. The discrete time samples are multiplied by various tapers k (N, B) such that B is the selected

   th

   bandwidth. The associated eigenvalues of the k taper is

   v k (N, B) . The result of multiplication is applied to a Fourier Transform to compute the energy concentrated in the

   bandwidth (B , B) cantered at frequency f [9]. The power

   Fig.1. Proposed System Model Structure

   spectral density estimation of MTSS detector is shown in (1) [7]:

   band of signal by a rectangular window. The Fourier

   K 1

   (v

   N 1

   (N, B) R .

   2

   (N, B)e j 2 f i t

   transform of a rectangular taper (window) produces multiple side bands and this causes the leakage of power

   SMTSS (f i )

   K 0

   k t

   t 0

   K 1 v

   (t ,k )

   (N, B)

   (1)

   problem as shown in Fig.2. A solution to minimize the leakage in the frequency domain is to first multiply the signal in the time domain with a non-rectangular window described by a Fourier transform with less energy in its side bands as shown in Fig.3 [9]. Of course, the usage of a window which also called a taper affects the estimate by

   minimizing leakage but it does not change the variance of

   K 0 k

   Where SMTSS (f i ) is the power spectrum density of multi-taper spectrum estimator. Otherwise the power spectrum density estimation of conventional system (Energy Detector) as shown at (2):

   ED t

   1 N 1 2

   the estimate at every frequency f. A common approach to

   S (f ) R e j 2 ft

   (2)

   N l 0

   To evaluate the MTSS performance, suppose that the

   probability of detection Pd

   , the false alarm probability

   Pf and the miss detection probability Pm . Pd

   is the

   probability that CR detector decides correctly the presence of

   the PU's signal,

   Pf is the probability that CR detector decides

   the PU's signal is present when it is absent, and Pm

   is the

   probability that CR miss to detect the PUs signal when it is present. The binary hypothesis test for CR spectrum sensing at

   Fig.2. Leakage of power problem

   the l th

   time is given by:

   H 0 : Rt (l ) nt (l )

   H 1 : Rt (l ) st (l ) nt (l )

   (3)

   Where H 0

   indicates PU absent, H 1

   indicates PU present,

   l =0, 1, 2 L-1 is the received samples length, Rt (l ) denotes CR received signal, nt (l ) is noise and st (l ) is PU transmitted samples. The transmitted primary user samples is affected by the zero mean additive white Gaussian noise

   n (l ) C N(0, 2 ) .We now consider the mean (E), and the

   ED L (1 SNR)

   t n

   variance (VAR) of the decision statistic DECMTSS (fi ) for both hypotheses. The decision statistics over L samples using MTSS

   P Q ( )

   d 2L 4L SNR)

   (18)

   detector is as follows [7]:

   K 1

   v

   N 1

   (N, B) R .

   2

   (N, B)e j 2 f i t

3. SENSING THROUGHPUT TRADEOFF

   IN THE PAST SECTION, THE RELATION BETWEEN

   DETECTION probability and false alarm probability has been

   L 1

   DECMTSS (fi )

   l 0

   K 0

   k t

   t 0

   v

   K 1

   K 0 k

   (t ,k )

   (N, B)

   (4)

   determined for Energy Detection and Multi-taper detection. In this section, we study the fundamental tradeoff between sensing capability and achievable throughput of the SU. Using Multi- taper scheme, we will obtain that there exists indeed the optimal sensing time which achieves the best trade-off

   f i MTSS i

   P MTSS (f ) P(DEC (f ) / H 0)

   (5)

   compared to ED. The channel capacities C 0

   and

   C

   1

   are

   P

   MTSS

   f

   (f ) E(DECMTSS (fi ) / H 0)

   i Q ( )

   V AR (DECMTSS (fi ) / H 0)

   (6)

   considered the capacities when the PU is absent or present respectively [8].

   Where Q(.) denotes the complementary Gaussian distribution

   C 0 log2 (1 SNRs )

   (19)

   function (CGDF) and represents the detection threshold.

   P MTSS (f ) P(DEC (f ) / H1)

   (7)

   C1 log2 (1

   SNR s ) 1 SNR

   (20)

   d i MTSS i

   Where SNR s

   is the secondary user signal to noise ratio,

   d i

   P MTSS (f ) Q ( E(DECMTSS (fi ) / H1) )

   (8)

   P (H0 ) is the probability that the channel is idle and P (H1 ) is

   V A R (DECMTSS (fi ) / H1)

   m i MTSS i

   P MTSS (f ) P(DEC (f ) / H1)

   P MTSS (f ) 1Q ( E(DECMTSS (fi ) / H1) )

   (9)

   (10)

   the probability that the channel is busy. The throughputs R 0 and R1 are considered the throughputs with idle and busy channel respectively [8].

   m i

   Where [7]

   V A R (DECMTSS (fi ) / H1)

   R0 (S)

   T S T

   C 0 (1 Pf ) P(H0 )

   (21)

   E(DECMTSS (fi ) / H 0) KL

   (11)

   S

   T

   R1 (S) T

   C1 (1 Pd ) P(H1 )

   (22)

   MTSS i

   VAR(DEC (f ) / H 0) 2C 2 Lv

   Q ( )

   f

   P MTSS KL

   (12)

   (13)

   While the achievable throughput for SU is:

   RT (S) R0 (S) R1 (S)

   1

   Where

   2C 2Lv

   RT (S)

   T S T

   [C 0 (1 Pf ) P(H0 ) C1 (1 Pd ) P(H1 )]

   (23)

   v kk

   K 1 2

   C K 1 0

   (14)

   Assuming that the probability P(H1) of PU is 0.5 and P(H0) is

   0.5 such that we do not know the probability at which the channel is idle or busy. Notice that C0 > C1. Thus the first term

   in (23) controls the achievable throughput.

   v v k

   2v 0v 1 2v 0v 2 .. 2v 0v K 1

   k 0

   2v 1v 2 2v 1v 3 .. 2v 1v

   K 1 2v 2v 3

   (15)

4. COOPERATIVE SPECTRUM SENSING

   CR Cooperative spectrum sensing takes place when a group

   .2v 2v K 1 2v k 2v K 1

   Q ( )

   d

   P MTSS KL (1 SNR)

   2C 2Lv 4C 2Lv SNR)

   (16)

   of CRs share the sense information they gain for PU detection. This supply additional accuracy of spectrum sensing over the area where the CRs are located. Cooperative spectrum sensing plays a very significant role in the research of CR due to its capability to enhance sensing performance especially in the

   Such that SNR is assumed to be the received primary user signal-to-noise ratio. Energy Detection performance metrics [8]

   L

   fading, shadowing and noise uncertainty [1].Figure 4 shows that the cooperative spectrum sensing has two different channels, 1 from PU to SU called sensing channel and second

   P ED Q ( )

   f 2L

   (17)

   called reporting channel between SU and the Fusion Canter (FC) at which each SU send the sensing decision to FC and finally the FC take the final decision of existence PU or not

   according to some different rules (AND Rule, OR Rule, and MAJORITY Rule).

   cooperative spectrum sensing, throughput will change relying on the type of fusion rule. Then the throughput in this case which has two hypotheses is given by [8]:

   1. Logical-OR Rule

      The decision rule of "OR" assigns that if any one of the local decisions sent to the FC is a logical one, the final decision

      RT (S)

      T S T

      [C 0 (1 Pf ) P(H0 ) C1 (1 Pd ) P(H1 )]

      (30)

      is one (i.e. when at least 1 out of M SUs detect a PU, it is

      adjudged that a PU signal is present) [10].

      M

5. SIMULATION RESULTS

   The CR frame as shown in Fig.1 the total frame time is

   Pd 1 (1 Pd ,i )

   i 1

   M

   Pf 1 (1 Pf ,i )

   i 1

   (24)

   (25)

   T=40 ms, sampling frequency 0.1 MHz, target probability of detection is set to 0.9 and number of tapers taken is 4. Fig.5 compares between MTM sensing and Conventional sensing (ED) under SNR=-12 dB. We can get Pd=0.9 and 0.4 in case of MTM and Conventional Sensing respectively at Pf=0.1 which indicate the enhancement of detection probability in case of MTM more than Conventional sensing.

   Fig.6 shows that Pd of cooperative spectrum sensing is improved compared to conventional sensing (SNR=-15 dB and K=3 CR users) Pd= (0.29 , 0.28,0,3 and 0.21) for (AND, OR,

   Majority and Conventional Sensing) respectively in case of Pf

   =0.1.

   Fig.7 shows the enhancement of detection probability Pd=(0.9 , 0.91 , 0.95 and 0.3) in case of (AND , OR , Majority and MTSS method) respectively which indicate detection improvement compared to conventional sensing and its cooperative sensing. Cooperative spectrum sensing is used to solve the hidden node problem so we can conclude that MTM sensing can solve the hidden node problem such that Pd=0.3 in case of cooperative spectrum sensing by using energy detection and also MTM sensing Pd=0.3 under same conditions. Also MT cooperative spectrum sensing can be used to enhance the

   Fig.4. Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Model

   Pd more which will protect the PU signal more and more.

   1. Logical-AND Rule

   The decision rule of "AND" is used when all the local decisions sent to the FC are one; that makes the final decision being one [10].

   M

   1

   0.9

   0.8

   MTM

   Pd Pd ,i i 1

   M

   (26)

   Probability Of Detection

   0.7

   Conventional Sensing

   C. Logica MAJORITY Rule

   Pf Pf,i

   i 1

   (27)

   0.6

   0.5

   The decision rule "MAJORITY" is used when half or more of the local decisions sent to the FC are one; that makes the terminal decision to be one.

   0.4

   0.3

   0.2

   M M i

   (M i )

   0.1

   Pf i Pf,i

   (1 Pf ,i )

   (28)

   i j

   i

   M M

   Pd Pd,i

   (1 Pd,i

   (M i ) )

   (29)

   0

   0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

   Probability Of False Alarm

   i j i

   Fig.5. MTM Spectrum Sensing compared to Conventional Sensing (SNR= -12 dB)

   Where j is the integer number selected between 1 and M. If j equals 1, the fusion rule becomes OR fusion rule. Else if j equals M, the fusion rule becomes AND rule. Throughput will change relying on the type of spectrum sensing if it is single user or cooperative (ED and MTSS). Furthermore, in

   1

   0.9

   0.8

   Probability Of Detection

   0.7

   0.6

   0.5

   0.4

   Conventional Sensing AND Rule

   OR Rule

   MAJORITY Rule

   1.4

   1.2

   Throughput(b/s/Hz)

   1

   0.8

   0.6

   Conventional Sensing AND Rule

   OR Rule

   MAJORITY Rule

   0.3 0.4

   0.2

   0.1

   0

   0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

   Probability Of False Alarm

   0.2

   0

   0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

   Sensing Time (ms)

   Fig.9. Conventional Throughput Vs Sensing time

   Fig.6. Conventional Cooperative Spectrum Sensing compared to Single user Sensing (SNR=-15 dB ,K=3 CR Users)

   2.5

   (SNR=-15 dB ,K=3 CR Users)

   1

   0.9

   MTM Sensing

   AND Rule 2

   MTM Sensing AND Rule OR Rule

   0.8 OR Rule

   Throughput(b/s/Hz)

   MAJORITY Rule

   MAJORITY Rule

   Probability Of Detection

   0.7

   0.6

   1.5

   0.5

   1

   0.4

   0.3

   0.2

   0.5

   0.1

   0

   0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

   Probability Of False Alarm

   0

   0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

   Sensing Time (ms)

   Fig.7. MultiTaper Cooperative Spectrum Sensing compared to Single user Sensing (SNR=-15 dB ,K=3 CR Users)

   Fig.10. Multi-Taper Throughput Vs Sensing time (SNR=-10 dB , K=3 CR Users)

   1.8

   1.6

   1.4

   MTM Sensing AND Rule OR Rule

   MAJORITY Rule

   1.6

   1.4

   1.2

   Conventional Sensing AND Rule

   OR Rule

   MAJORITY Rule

   Throughput(b/s/Hz)

   Throughput(b/s/Hz)

   1.2 1

   1 0.8

   0.8

   0.6

   0.6

   0.4

   0.4

   0.2

   0

   0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

   Sensing Time (ms)

   Fig.8. MultiTaper Throughput Vs Sensing time (SNR=-15 dB ,K=3 CR Users)

   0.2

   0

   0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

   Sensing Time (ms)

   Fig.11. Conventional Throughput Vs Sensing time (SNR=-10 dB , K=3 CR Users)

   The used conditions (SNR=-15 dB, K=3) in Fig.8 shows that the optimum achievable throughput for MTM Cooperative Spectrum Sensing is (1.75 , 0.55 , 1, 1) b/s/Hz in case of (AND

   , OR , MAJORITY and MTM Sensing) Respectively at sensing time (4, 18 , 10, 10 ) msec respectively.

   Comparing results obtained in case of Conventional Co- operative spectrum sensing under same conditions as shown in Fig.9 get Achievable throughput (1.05 , 0.001 , 0.15 , 0.4) b/s/Hz for (AND , OR , MAJORITY, and Conventional Sensing) respectively at sensing time (4,12,12, 4) msec.

   The throughput in AND rule is the best because the probability of false alarm is minimum as the SU transmits when any user decides that the channel is free. Inversely, the OR rule has a high probability of false alarm because the SU transmits when all SUs decide that the channel is free and the Majority rule has acceptable throughput with high probability of detection. AND rule also optimizes sensing time which has the maximum throughput in low sensing time.

   Fig.10 shows the effect of increasing (SNR=-10 dB, K=3 CR users) get the achievable throughput (2.1 , 1.45 , 1.65 , 1.7) b/s/Hz at sensing time(1.5 , 5 , 2.8 , 4) msec in case of (AND, OR ,MAJORITY, MTM Sensing ) respectively but in case of (AND , OR , MAJORITY , Conventional Sensing) the achievable throughput are (1.6 , 0.42 , 0.9 ,0.9) b/s/Hz at

   sensing time (7, 20, 14 , 12) msec respectively as shown in Fig.11.

6. CONCLUSIONS

In this paper, a proposed Multi-Taper Spectrum Sensing (MTSS) technique is used to enhance the achievable throughput in a small sensing time. The simulated results indicate that the proposed model is working properly. As the achievable throughput for secondary user in case of proposed MTSS technique has a better values compared to conventional spectrum sensing under different scenarios. MTSS is a good technique for hidden node problem which make more protection for primary user, moreover, MT Co-operative spectrum sensing is used to improve the achievable throughput at low sensing time. Cooperative MT Spectrum sensing is more efficient than Conventional Cooperative spectrum sensing at low SNR of PU. The MTSS AND fusion rule has the maximum throughput but has less detection performance compared to other MT fusion rules. Furthermore study can be done on the future which would study the effect of MT-MIMO (Multi-Taper-Multiple Input Multiple Output) spectrum sensing on sensing achievable throughput in case of different hypothesis including the effect of primary user attack during sensing time.

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