Photovoltaic and Fuel Cell Hybrid Generating System Grid Simulation and Harmonics Analysis

Photovoltaic and Fuel Cell Hybrid Generating System Grid Simulation and Harmonics Analysis

Omendra Singh Shekhawat1,

1PG Scholar,

Jaipur Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India, 302037

Prashant Singp,

2Assistant Professor, Arya College of Engg. &I.T.,

Jaipur, India, 302028

Alok Kumar Singp,

3, Assoc. Professor, Jaipur Institute of Technology,

Jaipur, India, 302037

Suman Dhariwal6 6 A.En.

RRVPN, Jaipur, INDIA

Jitendra Sharma4,Vibhor Chauhan5

4,5 Assistant Professor, Jaipur Institute of Technology,

Jaipur, India, 302037

Abstract As of late, hybrid photovoltaic-fuel cell energy system have been mainstream as energy generation system for various applications. This paper proposes a hybrid system comprising of photovoltaic and fuel cell to understand a dependable force supply for grid connected loads. Both the sources are worked autonomously or in conjunction according to prerequisite. The developed photovoltaic and fuel cell hybrid model might be straightforwardly connected with dc-side of the voltage source inverter utilized for utility grid PV and fuel cell interaction as a part of request to assess its execution. The dynamic model of photovoltaic and fuel cell hybrid generating system is simulated in matlab/Simulink environment.

Keywords PV Array, Fuel Cell, Harmonics, active power, Reactive power

1. INTRODUCTION

   In recent years the development in the field of renewable energy sources has attracted a lot of attention from both the researchers and industrialist since few decades. This attention is mainly due to the energy crises like fossils fuel shortage, suddenly increases oil rates, an earth-wide temperature boost and harm to environment and biological community. There are various renewable energy sources but some of them gained good accolades in last few decades due to their potentiality [1]. Hybrid power system consolidate two or more sources of renewable energy into one or more customary energy sources [2-4]. The renewable vitality sources, for example, photovoltaic and wind don't convey a steady power, yet because of their complementarities their combination gives more ceaseless electrical output. Hybrid power system are for the most part free from expansive interconnected systems and are regularly utilized as a part of remote zones [5,6]. The reason for Hybrid power system is to deliver as much energy from renewable energy sources to guarantee the load request. The increase in power demand and growth in fuel price, we have to develop alternative energy technologies solar energy sources are one of them. These energy sources are ecological benevolent, diminishes transmission and dissemination misfortunes, crest load shaving, can be utilized as reinforcement sources and so on. Fuel cell (SOFC) is a promising gadget as it is effective, particular and can be set at

   any site for enhancing framework effectiveness [7]. Thus a Photovoltaic and Fuel Cell Hybrid generating system ends up being best to give a dependable force source to grid connected applications than a system involving a solitary asset. This proposed work show a grid connected photovoltaic and fuel cell hybrid generating system [8]. With a specific end goal to associate into people in general grid, photovoltaic and fuel cell hybrid power must be inverted first. However, this procedure will create harmonics also, voltage waveform distortion. Therefore, the harmonics of the photovoltaic and fuel cell hybrid generating system must be recognized, dissected and filtered. The paper proposes a hybrid photovoltaic and fuel cell generating system to figure it out a reliable power supply for a system associated basic load. The power modelling unit comprises of two DC-DC boost converters where one of them is encouraged by a photovoltaic array and the other by a fuel cell. The output of the two DC-DC converters is associated with a typical DC-bus. The power from the DC-connection is sustained to the utility grid through the VSC (Inverter). The control circuit for the VSC (inverter) which separated from sustaining active power to the utility grid additionally gives reactive power. Figure 1 shows the single line diagram of Photovoltaic and Fuel Cell Hybrid generating system.

   FUEL Cell

   DC/DCBoost Converter

   Solar PVArray

   DC DC Boost

   (MPPTControl)

   VSC(Inverter)

   Utility Grid

   Fig. 1 Single line diagram of Photovoltaic and Fuel Cell Hybrid generating system

2. MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF PV-FUEL CELL SYSTEM

   The power circuit of the proposed hybrid Photovoltaic and Fuel Cell generating system comprises of two DC-DC boost converters. One of the converters is nourished by the photovoltaic exhibit and the other by the fuel cell. The P&O MPPT control calculation is executed in the DC-DC boost converter associating the PV exhibit to the DC bus. This guarantees extraction of most extreme power from the photovoltaic array under all conditions. The distinction of required power and the photovoltaic power is given by the fuel cell and controlled through proper control of DC-DC boost converter interfacing the fuel cell to the dc bus. The power from the DC-connection is encouraged into the utility grid through a VSC (inverter). An inductive channel is associated at the yield of the inverter to decrease the sounds presented by the inverter [8].

   1. Photovoltaic Cell Model

      Various PV cells together structures PV modules, which assist interconnected in arrangement and parallel way to frame PV exhibits for desired voltage and current output levels. Numerous identical circuits have been proposed [9-12] keeping in mind the end goal to evaluate the conduct of the photovoltaic cell. The mathematical model of photovoltaic cell is to be entitled by a steady current source with a diode associated in parallel as appeared in [13] Figure 2. This model has consistent current source (ISC), associated with a diode an arrangement resistance (RS) and shunt resistance.

      Figure 2. Single Diode exponential model of solar cell

      The diode I-V characteristics for a module are characterized by the conditions

      = [ ( ) 1] (1)

      = × × (2)

      A genuine recreation model was produced by utilizing these parameters appeared as in Table 1.The internal Simulink model of sunlight based PV system is appeared in Figure 3.

      Fig.3. Simulink Model of Solar PV Cell

   2. PV MPPT Control Algorithm [14]

      The P&O technique works occasionally increasing then again decrementing the output terminal voltage of the PV furthermore, contrasting the power got in the present cycle with the power of the past cycle. On the off chance that the voltage fluctuates furthermore, the power increases, the control system changes the working point in that direction, generally change the operating point the other way. Once the direction for the change of current is known, the current is changed at a consistent rate. This rate is a parameter that should be conformed to permit the harmony between speedier reactions with less fluctuation in steady state. The flowchart of this calculation is exhibited in Figure 4. A adjusted variant is acquired when the means are changed as per the separation of the MPP, bringing about higher productivity. A continuous inconvenience in P&O techniques is that the output terminal voltage of the PV is perturbed each MPPT cycle notwithstanding when the MPP is come to, bringing about loss of power.

   3. Mathematical model of SOFC (Fuel Cell) [15]

   A fuel cell works lie a battery by changing over the compound vitality into electrical vitality, however it contrasts from a battery in that the length of the hydrogen and oxygen is supplied it will deliver DC power consistently. Fuel cells assume an imperative part in dispersed era as a result of their focal points, for example, high productivity, no toxin gasses furthermore, particular structure adaptability. The operation of fuel cell components is anticipated on the response of hydrogen with oxygen to create water.

   2H2 +O2 =H2O (3)

   So as to concentrate current, and hence control, from a Fuel cell, the on top of response ought to be isolated into 2 half responses. In a SOFC, these half-responses take the structure

   2 2

   H +O= =H O+2e-

   2

   O + 4e- =2O=

   (4)

   (5)

   Fig.3. Test circuit developed in Matlab Simulink

   Read: V(t), I(t)

   The proposed Fuel Cell model [15] is shown in Fig.5.

   P(t)=V(t).I(t)

   V=V(t)-V(t-t)

   P=P(t)-P(t-t)

   Yes

   P=0

   No Yes

   P<0

   Fig.5 SOFC Model developed in MATLAB

   No

   V<0

   Increase Vref

   Yes

   V(t-t)=V(t)

   P(t-t)=P(t)

   Return

   No

   Reduce Vref

   Increase Vref

   Reduce Vref

   V<0

   Yes

   Fig.6 shows the proposed grid connected photovoltaic and fuel cell hybrid generating system that has been developed in matlab Simulink environment.

3. SIMULATION RESULT AND ANALYSIS

   The proposed Photovoltaic and Fuel Cell Hybrid generating system connected with grid model is executed using Matlab/Simulink simulation Interface and generated result are given below. This Simulation was executed for 3 seconds. The Photovoltaic and Fuel Cell Hybrid generating system connected with grid system is evaluated with PV Array & fuel cell both.The fuel cell is come in Circuit after 0.1 second. PV array current and voltage under Standard Test Condition, 250C and 1000 W/m2) showed up in Fig. 7. PV array worked of string of PV modules associated in parallel comprise of 64 parallel string. Every string comprises of module associated in arrangement and can have 5 arrangement associated module

   Figure. 4 Flowchart of the P&O Algorithm

   for each string. These outcomes match with the Sun Power SPR-315E-WHT-D sun powered exhibit.

   Fig.7. Photovoltaic Model Output current and output Voltage

   Sun Power SPR-315E-WHT-D sun oriented module current voltage (I-V) curve was gotten from the created model and it can be seen in Fig. 8 I-V curve confirms the PV board cut off current value and open circuit voltage value. And also p-v curve is shown in fig. 9.

   Fig.8. I-V Characteristics of Photovoltaic Module

   Fig.9. Photovoltaic module P-V Curve

   PV module current altogether changes when the insolation changed and this change is greater than the voltage change and is shown in fig. 10.

   Fig. 10 Photovoltaic module irradiance and Maximum Output Power

   Inverter model was used for interfacing SOFC and PV framework to the utility system. DC/DC converter yield voltage feds the DC side of the inverter and desired current is another commitment of the inverter. A Voltage Source Converter (VSC) changes over the 500 V DC to 260 V AC and keeps solidarity power part. A 100-kVA 260V/25kV three-phase coupling transformer is used to interface the converter to the utility network. The framework model includes regular 25-kV flow feeders and 120-kV practically identical transmission framework. 3-stage current and voltage and adjustment record of VSC are likewise showed up in fig. 11.

   Fig. 11 Grid AC voltage and Current

   It is observed that the designed filter works satisfactorily and the output wave forms are sinusoidal. Fig. 12 shows the active and reactive power waveforms. The FFT analysis is done for filter output for different values of inductor L and capacitance C of LC filter. FFT analysis is displayed in Fig. 13.

   Fig.12. Active power and Reactive power of grid

   Fig. 13. Grid current spectrum for an irradiance of 1kW/m2

4. CONCLUSION

The paper presents a new Photovoltaic and Fuel Cell Hybrid generating system connected with Grid system. Instead of connecting the photovoltaic and fuel cell sources to the grid with VSC (inverters), the energy sources are first connected to a common dc bus by separate DC-DC converters and then connected to the grid through a VSC (inverter). The proposed system works flexibly, exploiting maximum solar energy and optimum energy from fuel cell. Appropriate control schemes have been designed for the inverter incorporating the active filtering capability thus compensating for reactive and harmonic power of PCC load as well and thus maintaining the grid current of good quality. All outcomes results from the simulated photovoltaic and fuel cell hybrid power system were clarified in the paper.

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