Reducing Power Losses and Improving The Voltage Profiles of Akure Distribution Network using Compensators

Michael Rotimi Adu; Adegoke Oladipupo Melodi

doi:10.17577/IJERTV12IS060056

Volume 12, Issue 06 (June 2023)

Reducing Power Losses and Improving The Voltage Profiles of Akure Distribution Network using Compensators

DOI : 10.17577/IJERTV12IS060056

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Authors : Michael Rotimi Adu, Adegoke Oladipupo Melodi
Paper ID : IJERTV12IS060056
Volume & Issue : Volume 12, Issue 06 (June 2023)
Published (First Online): 05-01-2019
ISSN (Online) : 2278-0181
Publisher Name : IJERT
License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

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Reducing Power Losses and Improving The Voltage Profiles of Akure Distribution Network using Compensators

Michael Rotimi Adu

Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Federal University of Technology,

Akure, Nigeria

Adegoke Oladipupo Melodi

Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Federal University of Technology,

Akure, Nigeria

Abstract The power distribution losses of Nigeria power systems are very high, due to this, the distribution power network of Akure Township in Ondo state of Nigeria was considered in this work to see how the high losses can be mitigated and at the same time improve the voltage profiles. With the aid of NEPLAN (Power System Analysis Software), the entire network was simulated and analysed before and after introduction of compensators. The voltage profiles of all the feeders as well as power losses on the existing system and when compensators were introduced were evaluated, the size and location of the compensators were also determined for all the feeders considered. The results show that the power losses on the existing network to be 24.89 MW. With the Installation of compensators and new substations the power losses reduced to 18.3 MW. It was also observed that the voltage profile of all the feeders of the existing network fall out of acceptable limit but this was corrected with the aid of installed compensators and new substations. (Abstract)

Keywords Compensators; Distribution Power Losses; New Substations; Voltage Profile (key words)

INTRODUCTION

Akure Distribution Network in Ondo State of Nigeria is situated at Longitude 5Âº 12 East and Latitude 7 Âº 18 North. The Akure township distribution network contains all the components and facilities that distribute electrical energy being supplied to about 75,000 consumers in the Akure community from the National Control Centre, Oshogbo. Benin Electricity Distribution Company (BEDC) is the Distribution Company (DISCO) in charge of Akure network. Fig. 2 shows that the 132/33/11 kV, the main power supply to Akure Township originated from 132 kV bus at Osogbo. Akure has two groups of 33/11 kV distribution substations namely; Oba- Ile and Ilesha road 33/11 kV substations. Seven numbers of feeders exist according to specific areas. The network as at 2022 consists of a total of 470 distribution transformers. The power distribution network is being confronted with high power losses [1-3] as well as high deviation from acceptable voltage profiles according to [4]. The acceptable regulatory limit of voltage drop on the 11 kV distribution lines should fall

within 11 kVÂ±10% according to [5]. Voltage drop outside this range will have serious consequence on the electrical equipment connected. Electrical equipment utilizes electric power at specified voltages. A deviation from this voltage level adversely affects the efficiency, life span and performance of the equipment.

The most efficient losses reduction techniques in distribution systems are: feeder reconfiguration, distributed generation (DG), VAR compensation, and installation of smart metering for non-technical losses [6]. The use of capacitor for adequate compensation is considered in this work.
MEHODOLOGY

In order to determine the power loss reduction technique (scheme) for Akure distribution network, heuristic simulation approach was considered. According to [7], heuristic methods are faster and lead to a solution that is near to the optimal solution.

In the search for the optimal loss reduction technique, power flow and the application of the following possible solutions were simulated and tested using NEPLAN (Power System Analysis Software) to obtain losses as well as the voltage profiles of all the feeders. The tested possible hth solutions are: application of reactive power compensators; feeders interconnection only; feeders interconnection with application of compensators; and feeders interconnection and installation of new lines.

A: Evaluating the Application of Reactive Power Compensators to Existing Radial Network

The existing radial network was reinforced with the introduction of compensators at the 33 kV substations as well as on the 11 kV feeders. The load flow of the entire system under this condition was also carried out, the losses of the feeders and the voltage profiles were obtained. In order to identify possible location of compensator, consideration was given to unilateral injection of reactive power into the network to obtain the voltage profile. In addition, the spot where the

voltage level crosses the minimum permissible voltage is considered as appropriate secondary location for a compensator or a voltage booster (Fig.1). This heuristic search method for appropriate location is termed, in this study, as method of successive voltage horizons; this is with the consideration that the network is radial under maximum loading scenario.

B: Evaluating the Network in an Interconnected Mode without Compensators

This test scenario evaluates the steady state operation of the Akure network when all the existing open points between feeders were closed without the introduction of compensation. This is depicted in Fig. 2. The total network losses and bus-voltage profiles were obtained by carrying out a load flow simulation on the interconnected network.

100% voltage

90 km

90% voltage

OSO_132 132 kV

TA_132 132 kV

Load points

TA_33 33 kV

0.005 km

T2B_33 33 kV

T2B_11 11 kV
meet these solution conditions in order to identify optimal techniques or scheme

The summary of this approach is generalized as in equation

(2)

Where Z represent the objective, is network losses, which is product of power flow simulation for given test scenario, is the cost of lost energy and this is derived from obtained

(3)

(4)

Where, Vnom is nominal feeders voltage, Vi is voltage at ith node, Iij is current between node i and j, and Ith is thermal capacity of feeder and conductor

Hence,

(5)

where h is the scenario of reinforcement, h is going to be optimal when power loss and cost of lost energy is minimum

Fig. 2: Single Line diagram of Akure Distribution Network

C: Evaluating the Network in an Interconnectd Mode with Compensators

This test scenario is similar to the one described in Section B but with the introduction of compensation. The total network losses and bus-voltage profiles were obtained by carrying out a load flow simulation on the interconnected network. Optimal solutions were obtained considering the size and location of the connected compensators. The optimum location was determined heuristically to give minimum power loss.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Shown in Table 1 is the range of total active losses and voltage deviation from k mode computation of all the feeders in Akure Network.

a n

5

092

23

092

M

a x

11

.5

5

– 526.

179

14.

31

81

– 19.0

35

2.90

94

Oke Eda

M

i n

11

.5

5

– 791.

655

8.2

17

– 57.7

447

– 1.08

99

M

e a n

11

.5

5

– 700.

519

9.5

95

4

– 55.7

87

– 0.88

93

M

a x

11

.5

5

– 599.

251

10.

99

57

– 53.7

71

-0.7

Oye mek un

M

i n

11

.5

5

– 171.

279

2.5

34

6

– 15.7

56

2.58

97

M

e a n

11

.5

5

– 138.

133

3.2

39

1

– 14.7

966

2.70

15

M

a x

11

.5

5

– 107.

676

4.0

35

5

– 14.0

858

2.77

43

Table 1: Range Statistics of Total Active Losses and Voltage Deviation from k mode computation on all Feeder Networks

Feed er

Ur ef, kV

loss, kW

%l oss

min Ude v%

Max Ude v%

Ijapo

M

i n

11

.5

5

– 375.

539

6.4

50

8

– 40.9

799

1.22

9

M

e a n

11

.5

5

– 340.

03

7.4

57

– 39.9

173

1.31

85

M

a x

11

.5

5

– 297.

701

8.2

5

– 38.7

392

1.40

55

Alag baka

M

i n

11

.5

5

– 169

4.1

12.

0

– 90.6

-3.7

M

e a n

11

.5

5

– 149

0.1

14.

2

– 87.3

-3.5

M

a x

11

.5

5

– 126

3

15.

9

– 85.5

-3.3

Ilesa RD

M

i n

11

.5

5

– 320

9.1

33.

4

– 72.9

-0.9

M

e a n

11

.5

5

– 292

6.2

37.

6

-71

-0.8

M

a x

11

.5

5

– 265

6.1

41.

7

– 69.1

-0.7

Ondo Rd

M

i n

11

.5

5

– 461.

176

5.8

74

9

– 45.8

409

– 0.20

65

M

e a n

11

.5

5

– 397.

036

7.9

77

4

– 43.8

677

– 0.02

65

M

a x

11

.5

5

– 307.

553

9.5

03

4

– 41.7

955

0.17

32

Isink an

M

i n

11

.5

5

– 679.

031

11.

03

61

– 20.8

354

2.75

69

M

e

11

.5

– 593.

12.

45

– 19.8

2.83

13

A: Obtained Mode Profile of Existing Radial Network After Reinforcement with Capacitors and Substations

Before any reinforcements, the obtained load flow of the entire township network shows that the active and reactive losses are 24.89 MW and 36.21 Mvar respectively. The

enormous power loss could be traceable to the cascaded

voltage failure at specific 11 kV buses. The load flow did not converge and the voltage profiles of all the different feeders did not fall within the regulatory limit of 11 kV Â±10%. This indicates that the network feeders could not be operating without significant load shedding in order to supply at useable quality of voltage to the end users.

Figures 3 to 9 present network diagrams of Alagbaka, Ijapo, Ilesha Road, Isikan, Oke-Eda, Ondo Road, and Oyemekun feeders respectively, showing the locations of proposed capacitors and substations. Figures 10 to 16 show obtainable voltage profiles of the respective feeders before and after reinforcement with capacitors and new substations, when the township network is on load. Fig. 10 shows that Alagbaka feeder, before reinforcement, does not operate within the acceptable voltage limits. The on load voltage level starts to drop below permissible level immediately after node 1. After reinforcement with 15 Mvar capacitors and one new 33/11 kV substation, the feeders permissible voltage profile of 90% to

33/11kV Section	Akure_bus2	1	20
33/11kV Section	Akure_bus1A	1	20
Alagbaka	57al	1	10
Alagbaka	41al	1	10
Ijapo	14ij	1	20
Ilesha	17il	1	10
Ilesha	36il	1	10
Isikan	14is	1	10
Oke-Eda	27ok	1	10
Ondo Rd.	10on	1	10
Ondo Rd.	24on	1	20
Oyemekun	18oy	1	15

110% was obtained. The 15 Mvar capacitor is installed at node 51 and the substation at node 29.

Fig. 11 shows that Ijapo sub-network requires installation of a total 35 Mvar capacitors to provide normal operating voltage profile, out of which 5 Mvar, 25 Mvar and 5 Mvar are installed at load nodes 6, 13 and 28 respectively. Installation ofnew substation is not necessary for this network.

For Ilesha sub-network, Fig. 12 shows that before reinforcement, the voltage profile falls outside minimum limit immediately after the first node. Normal voltage profile required installation of 20 Mvar capacitors and 33/11 kV substation.10 Mvar and another 10 Mvar are installed in nodes 13 and 27 respectively, while the new substation is installed in

node 42.

Fig. 13 shows that the Isikan sub-network requires installation of a total 10 Mvar capacitors to provide normal operating voltage profile. No new substation is required for this network. The 10 Mvar capacitors is installed in node 14. For Oke-Eda sub-network, Fig. 14 shows that before reinforcement, the voltage profile falls outside minimum limit immediately after the first node. Normal voltage profile required installation of 5 Mvar capacitors and 33/11 kV substation. The 5 Mvar capacitors is installed in node14 while the new substation is installed in node 28.

Fig. 15 shows that the Ondo road sub-network requires installation of a total 22 Mvar capacitors to provide normal operating voltage profile, out of which 6 Mvar, 10 Mvar and 6Mvar are installed at load nodes 5, 10 and 23 respectively. No new substation is required for this network.

For Oyemekun sub-network, Fig. 16 shows that before reinforcement, the voltage profiles falls outside minimum limit immediately after the second node. Normal voltage profiles required installation of 10 Mvar capacitors, which is installed at node 18. No new substation is required for the network.

Table 2 shows that a unit Compensator was required

at Ilesha and Oba-Ile 33/11 kV buses each. In total, four units of 20 Mvar, seven units of 10 Mvar and a unit of 15 Mvar Compensators were required at the specified and optimum locations on the Akure 11 kV distribution network.

The total network power loss before and after reinforcements is presented in Fig. 17.

From the analyses above, it is established that the township distribution network is inadequate by normal mode requirement and needed to be reinforced using capacitors, and new substations.

Consequent to the unacceptable power loss and sagging voltage profile values obtained on the network, alternative power loss reduction schemes were proposed by considering the addition of compensators into this interconnected configuration. The number, location and size of the added compensators are presented in Table 2.

Table 2: The Number, Location and Size of Compensators Added

Partial NW

Node Names

No. of

Compensator

Size (Mvar)

19al

18al

0.6 km

0.8 km

17al

16al

km

0.6 km

13al

14al

1.2 km

0.8 km

11al
km
km
km

10al

8al

5al

3al

1.2 km

2al

1al

56al

1 km

20al

15al

1.1 km

0.5 km

12al

1.2 km

9al

km

7al

0.18 km

1 km

0.6 km
.6 km

0.1 km

55al

54al

43al

44al

27al

22al

21al
km 0.4 km

28al

0.6 km

0.8 km

0.6 km

23al

6al

4al

60al

0.6 km

58al

0.6 5km3al

52al

1 km

0.6 km

45al

29al

31al

0.6 km

0.9 km

km
km

30al

32al
km 0.14 km

24al 25al

26al

59al

61al

51al

50al

0.4 km

0.6 km

46al

0.6 km

39al 38al

0.6 km

0.8 km

33al

0.4 km

0.6 km

0.9 km

34al

0.6 km

41al

42al

km
km

63al

49al 62al

0.6 km

0.6 k4m8al

0.6 km

47al

0.6 km37al

0.6 km

36al

0.6 km

35al

40al

Fig. 3: Existing Alagbaka Network showing new capacitor and sub-station.

28ij

26ij

16ij

17ij u=95.55 %

18ij u=94.34 %

21ij u=92.69 %

23ij u=91.40 %

u=100.00 %

u=97.50 %

u=95.75 %

1.3 km 0.8 km 1.2 km 1 km 1.5 km 1.3 km

1.2 km

1.1 km

27ij

1.4 km

km

25ij
km

13ij

0.5 km

19ij u=93.93 %

20ij u=93.13 %

22ij

1.1 km

24ij

29ij u=99.73 %

12ij

u=98.95 %

u=96.63 %

1.7 km

u=100.00 %

0.5 km

u=91.87 %

u=91.30 %

1.3 km

30ij

km

u=98.60 %
u=97.33 %

1.1 km

8ij

7ij u=97.83 %
km
km

4ij u=98.67 %

1.2 km

u=98.36 %

2.2 km

1ij u=100.42 %

2ij u=99.36 %

u=97.40 %

5ij u=99.37 %

0.9 km

6ij

0.8 km

1.2 km

u=100.00 %

Fig. 4: Existing Ijapo network showing newly installed capacitors.

1il u=100.42 %

3il

4il u=99.18 %

km

14il u=97.65 %

1.2 km

13il u=98.51 %

19il

23il u=96.01 %

22il

1.1 km
km

24il u=96.62 %

0.9 km

u=99.24 %

1.2 km

12il

0.7 km 1.3 km

u=94.81 %

u=95.55 %

1.2 km

0.9 km

2il

u=99.20 %

1.1 km

21il u=95.07 %

26il

1.1 km

u=99.68 %

5il u=99.12 %

6il

0.7 km

11il u=100.00 %

0.9 km

17il

u=95.60 %

1 km

0.9 km

1.2 km

20il

u=94.80 %

1.2 km

27il

1.4 km

u=98.25 %

1.2 km

25il

u=97.33 %

8il u=98.91 %

u=98.95 %

0.9 km

0.7 km

7il u=98.88 %

1 km

10il

15il

u=96.73 %

0.7 km

18il

u=95.01 %

16il u=96.11 %

u=100.00 % 0.8 km

28il u=98.99 %

0.7 km

29il

1.5 km 1.1 km

u=99.54 %

u=98.31 %

42il u=100.00 %

9il u=99.07 %

37il

35il

33il

30il u=97.54 %

km
km

41il u=98.75 %

km

38il

u=95.81 %
km

u=95.42 %
km

36il

u=95.29 %

1.2 km

1.1 km

34il

u=95.98 %

1.3 km

1 km

32il

0.8 km

31il

1.2 km

u=95.21 %

u=95.57 %

u=96.41 %

u=96.73 %

1.4 km

1.6 km

40il u=97.49 %

39il u=96.53 %

Fig. 5: Existing Ilesha network showing new capacitors and sub-station.

1is u=100.42 %

23is u=95.51 %

0.6 km

19is u=96.58 %

km

20is

0.6 km u=96.21 %

0.8 km

0.61 km

21is u=95.81 %
km

22is u=95.62 %

4is u=98.84 %

1 km

km

5is

3is u=99.50 %
km

2is u=99.88 %

18is u=96.98 %

17is u=97.51 %
km

km
km

16is

15is u=98.56 %

1 km

13is u=99.31 %

0.8 km

14is

km

12is

u=98.66 %
km

7is

6is u=98.43 %

0.5 km

u=97.93 %

u=100.00 %

u=98.95 %

0.5 km

u=98.30 %

0.7 km

km

8is u=98.27 %

11is u=98.70 %

10is u=98.52 %
km

0.8 km

9is u=98.36 %

Fig.6: Existing Isikan network showing newly installed capacitor.

1ok u=100.42 %

34ok u=92.49 %
km

35ok u=92.30 %

0.5 km

36ok u=92.22 %

37ok u=92.10 %

Isikan Fdr.

30ok u=95.98 %
km

1.6 km

33ok u=94.02 %

1.2 km

1 km

1.4 km

29ok

km

31ok

28ok
km

u=98.14 %

u=95.35 %

2ok u=99.40 %

u=100.00 %

25ok u=97.75 %

1.2 km

26ok u=98.42 %

27ok

km
km

24ok

1.1 km 0.7 km

20ok

19ok

u=98.75 %

18ok

3ok u=99.02 %

u=97.39 %

u=96.67 % u=96.82 %u=96.98 %

11ok

u=98.26 %

1 km

0.8 km 1.3 km 1.5 km

1.1 km

0.9 km

23ok

22ok u=96.88 %

21ok u=96.67 %

0.7 km

14ok

13ok

1.4 km

1.3 km

0.6 km

u=97.03 %

u=100.00 % u=99.61 %

10ok

u=97.67 %

17ok u=97.18 %

1.1 km

16ok

1.5 km

15ok

1 km

0.8 km

1.1 km

12ok

0.9 km

0.8 km

9ok

8ok

1 km

7ok

1.3 km

1.1 km

6ok

1.4 km

5ok

4ok u=98.87 %

u=97.89 %

u=99.32 %

u=98.97 %

u=97.52 %u=97.53 % u=97.61 % u=97.78 %u=98.14 %

Fig.7: Existing Oke-Eda network showing new capacitor and sub-station.

18on

km

1on u=100.42 %

26on

u=97.48 %

1.6 km

17on

u=92.26 %
km

u=92.67 %

16on

27on u=97.15 %

1.7 km

25on u=97.96 %

1.6 km

15on u=92.45 %

1.6 km

km

14on

u=92.09 %

6on u=99.03 %
km

1.7 km

22on u=98.08 %

20on u=95.04 %

13on

u=93.20 %
km

11on u=98.31 %

7on u=98.92 %

1.8 km

24on

u=99.05 %

km

23on
km
km

21on

1.4 km

1.8 km

19on

u=94.58 %

1.7 km

km

0.9 km
km

1.2 km

2on

u=98.90 %

u=100.00 %

u=96.19 %

u=93.53 %

12on u=96.62 %

1.2 km

8on u=99.07 %

1.4 km

3on u=98.46 %

9on u=99.63 %

10on

0.8 km

5on u=100.00 %

1.6 km

4on u=98.63 %

u=100.00 %

1.3 km

Fig. 8: Existing Ondo road network showing new capacitors.

P=0.320 MW PF=0.640

P=0.064 MW PF=0.639

P=0.320 MW PF=0.640

P=0.064 MW PF=0.639

P=0.128 MW PF=0.639

P=0.064 MW PF=0.639

23oy u=98.87 %

P=0.192 MW PF=0.639

7oy u=98.46 %

0.6 km

6oy u=98.66 %

0.5 km

5oy u=98.81 %

0.6 km

4oy u=99.09 %

0.7 km

3oy u=99.49 %

0.5 km 0.8 km

2oy u=99.74 %

1oy u=100.42 %

P=0.192 MW PF=0.639

1.2 km

P=0.320 MW PF=0.640

0.8 km

P=0.192 MW PF=0.639

8oy

P=0.320 MW11oy

P=0.128 MW PF=0.639

12oy

22oy

u=99.03 %

u=98.17 %

0.5 km

PF=0.64u0=98.08 %

u=98.12 %

0.5 km

9oy

u=98.09 %

0.6 km

0.9 km 0.5 km 0.4 km

10oy u=98.04 %

13oy u=98.16 %

P=0.192 MW PF=0.639

21oy u=99.11 %

0.6 km

P=0.192 MW PF=0.639

20oy u=99.25 %

P=0.320 MW PF=0.640

P=0.128 MW PF=0.639

P=0.320 MW PF=0.640

1 km

19oy u=99.77 %

P=0.320 MW PF=0.640

18oy u=100.00 %

P=0.128 MW PF=0.639

0.6 km

0.5 km

0.8 km

17oy u=99.76 %

16oy

u=99.20 %

15oy

u=99.03 %

0.5 km

0.8 km

14oy u=98.72 %

1.2 km

P=0.192 MW PF=0.639

P=0.000 MW PF=0.000

P=0.192 MW PF=0.639

Fig.9: Existing Oyemekun network showing new capacitor.

Fig. 10: Alagbaka network voltage profile before and after reinforcements.

Fig. 11: Ijapo network voltage profile before and after reinforcements.

Fig. 12: Ilesha network voltage profile before and after reinforcements.

Fig. 13: Isikan network voltage profile before and after reinforcements.

Fig. 14: Oke-Eda network voltage profile before and after reinforcements.

Fig. 15: Ondo road network voltage profile before and after reinforcements.

drops causing huge power losses at all the sub-networks. This interconnection scenario is inadequate to provide normal operating mode of the township network without additional reinforcement measures

CONCLUSIONS

The total active power loss on the existing radial Akure 11 kV network amounted to 24.89 MW after carrying out the load flow operation using NEPLAN software. The load flow operation on the existing system did not converge; the network voltage did not fall within the acceptable operating limits of 90% and 110% nominal voltage of 11 kV.

Fig. 16: Oyemekun network voltage profile before and after reinforcements.

Fig. 17: Total network power loss before and after reinforcements of Radial network.

It could be seen from Fig.10 to 16 that there was significant improvement in the voltage profile on all the feeders. The voltage profiles fall within the acceptable range in all the feeders.

Fig. 17 shows that the existing Akure Township incurred 24.89 MW loss when all the partial network are on- load before reinforcement and reduced to 18.3 MW power loss after reinforcement with compensator.

It can be seen from these analyses that installation of capacitors and new substations can effectively reinforce the network to achieve normal operating profile and Technical loss reduction of 26.5%.

In summary, for the interconnected feeder networks scenario, there are no instances of voltage values exceeding 100% of the normal operating value of 11 kV. The power loss in the township network is 18.3 MW. The existing township network would collapse if permitted to operate under the given peak loads due to critical voltage

On reinforcement of the existing radial network with the addition of compensators, the active power loss reduced to 18.3MW per day; there was a daily saving of

6.59 MW of power with this arrangement, the load flow converged and the voltage profiles fell within the acceptable operating limits of 90% and 110% nominal voltage of 11 kV.

REFERENCES

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Pp 322-326

[2] Komolafe, O.M. and Udofia, K.M. (2020). Review of Electrical Energy Losses in Nigeria.Nigerian Journal of Technology. Vol. 39.

No. 1. Pp 246-254

[3] Orovwode, H., Matthew, S., Amuta, E. and Alashiri O.(2020). Lossesin the Nigerian Distribution Systems: A Review of Classification and Strategies for Mitigation. International Journal of EngineeringResearchand Technology. Vol. 13. No.11. Pp 3251-3254

[4] Melodi, A.O. and Adu, M.R. (2016). A Review of Prevailing Model Energy Loss Values in Typical 11kV Township Distribution System of Nigerian Electricity Sector. IEEE PES Power Africa Conference. Pp. 31-35.

[5] Adejumobi I.A. and Adebisi O.I. (2012) Power Loss Reduction on Primary Distribution Networks Using Tap Changing Technique.

IJRRAS Vol 2 pp 272-279

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[7] Metia A. and Ghosh S. (2015). A literature Suvey on Different Loss Minimization Techniques Used in Distribution Network. International Journal of Scientific Research and Education. Vol.3. Issue 6. Pp 3861-3877

Reducing Power Losses and Improving The Voltage Profiles of Akure Distribution Network using Compensators

Isikan Fdr.