DOI : 10.17577/IJERTV5IS090188
- Open Access
- Total Downloads : 504
- Authors : Sona K Raju, Basil Johny
- Paper ID : IJERTV5IS090188
- Volume & Issue : Volume 05, Issue 09 (September 2016)
- DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.17577/IJERTV5IS090188
- Published (First Online): 09-09-2016
- ISSN (Online) : 2278-0181
- Publisher Name : IJERT
- License:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Study of Properties of Concrete using Marble Powder and Dredged Sand
Sona K Raju M Tech Student
ICET
Muvattupuzha, India
Basil Johny Asst.Professor ICET
Muvattupuzha, India
Abstract Concrete is the most widely used construction material because of its high structural strength and stability. Its main constituents are cement, sand, fine ,coarse aggregates, and water. Most of the aggregates and raw materials for cement used in the manufacture of concrete come from quarries or alluvial rivers. Production of cement also involves large amount of carbon dioxide gas into the atmosphere, a major contributor for green house effect and the global warming . It is important to optimize the consumption of aggregates and also enhance their replacement by other alternative sources. The Marble industry has major environmental problems due to waste generation at different stages of mining and processing operation. It can be can be use as admixtures or used instead of cement so that resources are used more efficiently and the environment is protected from waste deposits. Dredged sand which is obtained from the removal of sediments and debris from the bottom of lakes, rivers, harbors, and other water bodies is used as a partial replacement for fine aggregate. The Dissertation work is carried out with M40 grade concrete for which the marble powder is replaced by 5%, 10%, 15%, by weight of cement and dredged sand replaced by 10%,15%,20%,25% by weight of fine aggregate The fresh properties and mechanical properties for all the mixes were studied. The aim of this work is to study the possible use of Marble powder and dredged sand in concrete production, which would reduce both the environmental impact and the production cost.
Keywords-Fine aggregate, marble powder, dredged sand,
-
INTRODUCTION
Concrete is the important material in the construction other than steel and timber. Its main constituents are cement, sand, fine and coarse aggregates, and water. As there are several wastes coming from the industries we can use those wastes as the constituents of concrete by replacing or partially replacing the cement, sand or aggregates which makes it economical and also conserves the natural resources. With the increase in production of marbles it increases the waste that obtained from it. As marble powder is the waste product, obtained during the process of sawing and shaping of marble by parent marble rock, contains heavy metals which makes the water unfit for use. Marble powder creates environmental problems. Due to environmental problems, it has a great impact on human health as well as on nature. To control its effects we have to use this waste. In this study, we reviewed the waste marble powder obtained from the industry and investigate its effects on the concrete mix and also compare the compressive, flexure and split tensile strength, workability of concrete mix. Most of the aggregates used in the manufacture
of concrete come from quarries or alluvial rivers. Nowadays, these sources of natural aggregates are in the process of depletion and their extraction also has harmful consequences for the environment. For these reasons, it is important to optimize the consumption of natural aggregates as well as to enhance their replacement by other alternative sources. This research will examine the potential use of fine marine aggregates resulting from maintenance dredging activities as substitutes for natural aggregates for the manufacture of concrete. In this study a sustainable concrete is proposed which consists of substantial amount of supplementary cementitious material as a replacement to cement and dredged sand instead of natural aggregates. Recycled marble powder is used as the supplementary cementitious material. The mix proportion is to be done to obtain a M40 grade concrete. Mixes with different contents of dredged sand (10%,15%, 20%, 25%, )as replacement to natural aggregates is examined and marble powder (5%, 10%, 15%, ) as replacement to cement is 6 aggregates and marble powder to cement. The strength properties of concrete are also to be studied for various replacement percentages of marble powder and dredged sand. Different mixtures were produced using dredged sand (DS) in different proportions from 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% as per the finalized trial of the design mix. The concrete were submitted to compressive strength tests after 3, 7 and 28 days of moist curing, as well as flexure and splitting tensile strength tests for M-40 grade.
-
Marble Powder
Marble is obtained from the transformation of pure limestone. The purity of marble depends upon the colour of the marble. Since the ancient times, marble is widely used in monuments and historical buildings for decorative purpose. In India, tons of waste has been produced from the industries. But there are some impurities present in the waste that cannot be easily disposed off. Such type of impurities mixed with soil and water. When they mix with soil, it reduces the porosity and permeability of the soil and also reduces the fertility of a soil. Also, if it mixes with water it pollute the water and make the water unfit for use. So it is necessary to use the waste in functional manner.
Advantages of Marble Powder
-
Marble powder can be used as filler in concrete and paving materials and helps to reduce total void content in concrete.
-
Marble powder can be used as an admixture in concrete, so that strength of the concrete can be increased.
-
We can reduce the environmental pollution by utilizing this marble powder for producing the other products.
-
Marble dust is mixed with concrete, cement or synthetic resins to make counters, building stones, sculptures, floors and many other objects.
-
Marble dust is also used to make paint primer for canvas paintings, and as paint filler.
-
Used as a component for manufacture of white cement.
Fig.1 Marble Powder
-
-
Dredged Sand
To meet the ever rising demand for fine aggregate in the construction industry, river sand has been exploited unconditionally in various parts of our country. This has led to various environmental issues. Hence we have to restrict river sand mining, mainly from rivers in which water level is decreasing. As a remedial measure, the government has imposed various restrictions on the extraction, but all of these leads to instability of the construction industry. The research reported here is on Dredged sand, which is considered the most viable alternatives to river sand, with respect to availability, ease of extraction, environmental impact and cost.
The dredged for this research work was obtained from the Cochin. The offshore sand was dredged to increase the sea bed depth of the Cochin port for the accessibility of mother ships. Nearly 21 million cubic meters of offshore sand should be dredged from Cochin port every year. The offshore sand obtained for this project work was subjected to rain and atmospheric conditions for a year.
Fig.2 Dredged sand
-
-
LITERATURE REVIEW
-
Nitisha Sharma studied the properties of Waste Marble Powder as a Partial Replacement in Cement Sand Mix This was done by replacing cement by a percentage of marble powder. Four basic concrete mixes were considered. When cement is replaced with marble powder up to 10% weight, high strength concrete was achieved.
-
A. Shirule Studied the Properties of Partial Replacement of Cement With Marble Dust Powder. IS 4031-1968 was adopted in this work. The result shows that the inclusion of Marble powders the srength of concrete gradually increases upto ascertain limit but it gradually decreases. With the inclusion of Marble powder up to 10%the initial strength gain in concrete is high. At 10% there is 17.7% increase in initial Compressive strength for 28 days.
-
Dr. Ravindra, Anil Kumar Buraka .In this study. A unique design mix will be done based on the entire material test results. Different mixtures were produced using DMS in different proportions from 15% to 100% as per the finalized trial of the design mix. It is observed that flexural strength is increasing 90 days of age in all mixes except in 100% replacement. For split tensile strength also 15% replacement is showing the maximum value for 28days. Except an increase of 4.2% in DMS 15% rest of all mixes are observed to be decreasing w.r.t normal mix.
-
-
METHODOLOGY
-
Determination Of Material Properties
-
Cement Specific Gravity, Standard consistency, initial setting time, Final setting time
-
Marble Powder- Specific Gravity, physical properties and chemical properties
-
Fine Aggregates Sieve analysis, Specific gravity, water content and water absorption, , Bulk density and Percentage voids
-
Coarse Aggregates Sieve analysis, Specific gravity, water absorption, Bulk density and Percentage voids,
-
Dredged sand Sieve analysis, Specific gravity, water absorption, Bulk density and Percentage voids
-
Super Plasticizer Master Glenium SKY 8233
-
Water
-
-
Mix Proportioning (M40)
Mix design can be defined as the process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and determining their relative amounts with the objective of producing a concrete of the required strength, durability and workability as possible. The mix design is carried out as per IS 10262:2000. The grade of concrete adopted for the study is M40.
-
Mix Preparation And Specimen Preparation
-
Preparation of control mix (M40)
-
Preparation of concrete with partial replacement of marble powder for cement (5%, 10% , 15%,) and find out the optimum percentage
-
Preparation of mix with partial replacement of dredged sand for fine aggregate (FA)(10%,15%, 20% , 25%,) and Find the optimum percentage
-
Preparation of concrete with the optimum percentage of marble powder in cement and dredged sand as partial replacement for fine aggregate
-
-
Tests
-
Fresh properties
-
Slump Test
-
Compaction factor test
-
-
Mechanical properties
-
Compressive strength
-
Flexural strength
-
Splitting tensile strength
-
-
-
MATERIAL TESTING
TABLE 3 PROPERTIES OF COARSE AGGREGATE
Sl.No
Property
Magnitude and unit
1
Specific gravity
2.67
2
Water Absorption
0.8%
3
Bulk density of aggregate (kg/l)
1.4kg/l
-
Dredged Sand
Dredged sand is available in plenty across the globe in the shores of seas.
TABLE 4 PROPERTIES OF DREDGED SAND
Sl.No
Property
Magnitude and unit
1
Specific gravity
2.6
3
Water Absorption
4.5%
-
Marble Powder
TABLE 5 PROPERTIES OF MARBLE POWDER
-
Cement
An OPC 53 grade Dalmia cement was used in this study. The physical properties of the cement used were found based on the respective IS codes.
TABLE 1 PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
Sl.No
Property
Result
1
Specific gravity
3.125
2
Standard consistency
35%
3
Initial setting time
240 minutes
4
Fineness of cement
Residue 5%
-
Fine Aggregate
Aggregates are important constituents in concrete.
Manufacture sand was used as fine aggregate
TABLE 2 PROPERTIES OF FINE AGGREGATE
SL.NO
PROPERTY
MAGNITUDE AND UNIT
1
Specific gravity
2.69
2
Sieve Analysis
Zone II.
4
Bulk Density
1.22
5
Percentage Air Voids
54.44%
6
Water absorption
1.5%
-
Coarse Aggregate
Coarse aggregate with 20mm size was used for the study. The tests for specific gravity, bulk density, void ratio, % voids and water absorption were conducted as per IS 2386-1970.
Sl.No
Property
Magnitude and unit
1
Specific gravity
2.8
-
-
MIX PROPORTIONING
TABLE 5 MIX PROPORTIONING
Mix grade
M40
Mix designation
CM
Water-cement ratio
0.38
Cement
3
414kg/m
Fine aggregate
3
801kg/m
Coarse aggregate
3
1095kg/m
Chemical admixture
1.24
Water
3
178kg/m
-
TESTING OF CONCRETE
-
Compressive Strength Test
The compression test is carried out on a specimen cubical or cylindrical in shape. For compressive strength, cubes of size 150mm x 150mm x 150mm were casted.
-
Conventional Mix
Cubes for compressive strength are tested at 3 day, 7 days, and 28 days using compression testing machine.
TABLE 6 AVERAGE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CM
Mix ID
Average compressive strength
CM
3-day
7-day
28-day
28.9
39.99
50.22
-
Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Dredged Sand Mixes are made by replacing fine aggregate with 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% dredged sand.
TABLE 7 AVERAGE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF DS
Mix ID
Average compressive strength(N/mm2)
3-day
7-day
28-day
CM
28.9
39.9
50.2
DS-10
22.46
33.1
44.93
DS-15
29.5
40.1
54.44
DS-20
26.84
36.6
49.8
DS-25
24.83
33.7
46.96
0
10
20
30
0
10
20
30
Age in days
Age in days
60
50
40
30
p>20
60
50
40
30
20
CM DS-10 DS-15 DS-20
DS-25
CM DS-10 DS-15 DS-20
DS-25
10
0
10
0
Compressive strength N/mm2
Compressive strength N/mm2
Fig 3 Variation of compressive strength with age for DS mixes
The result shows that, for DS-15 compressive strength increases at all ages compared with CM. The obtained value of compressive strength for the DS-20 mix is more than the theoretical value. But for DS-10, and DS-25 compressive strength decreases at all ages. The result obtained for 28-day compressive strength confirms that the optimal percentage for replacement of fine aggregate with dredged sand is about 15%. So for further studies DS-15 is used.
-
Replacement Of Cement With Marble powder
Mixes are made by replacing cement with 5%, 10%, 15% marble powder
TABLE 8 AVERAGE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF MP
Mix ID
Average compressive strength(N/mm2)
3-day
7-day
28-day
CM
28.9
39.9
50.2
MP-5
26.6
32.95
38.6
MP-10
29.44
40.33
51.11
MP-15
18.24
32.3
37.2
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
CM MP-5 MP-10
MP-15
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
CM MP-5 MP-10
MP-15
0 10 20 30
Age in days
0 10 20 30
Age in days
Compressive strength N/mm2
Compressive strength N/mm2
Fig 4 Variation of compressive strength with age for MP mixes
The result shows that, for MP-10 compressive strength increases at all ages compared with CM. But for MP-5, and MP-15 compressive strength decreases at all ages.
-
Replacement of Cement With 10 % Marble Powder And Fine Aggregate With 15 % Dredged Sand (DS+MP)
Mixes are made by replacing 10% cement with marble powder and 15% fine aggregate with dredged sand (MP+DS).
Compressive strength N/mm2
Compressive strength N/mm2
TABLE 7. AVERAGE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF DS+MP MIX
Mix ID
Average compressive strength(N/mm2)
3-day
7-day
28-day
CM
28.9
39.9
50.2
DS+MP
29.1
40.4
52.4
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
CM
DS+MP
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
CM
DS+MP
0 10 20 30
Age in days
0 10 20 30
Age in days
Fig 5 Variation of compressive strength
-
-
Flexural Strength
-
Conventional Mix
Beams are casted for determining flexural strength of concrete and they are tested 7 day and 28 day.
TABLE 8 AVERAGE FLEXURAL STRENGTH FOR CM
Mix ID
Average flexural strength(N/mm2)
7 day
28 day
CM
7.5
10.5
-
Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Dredged Sand
12
10
8
6
12
10
8
6
TABLE 9. AVERAGE FLEXURAL STRENGTH FOR DS
Mix ID
Average flexural strength(N/mm2)
7 day
28 day
CM
7.5
10.5
DS-10
5
6.75
DS-15
6.25
8.5
DS-20
6
8
DS-25
5.2
6.25
Age in days
Age in days
CM
CM
4
2
0
4
2
0
DS-10
DS-15
DS-20
DS-25
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
DS-10
DS-15
DS-20
DS-25
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Flextural strength N/mm2
Flextural strength N/mm2
Fig.6 Variation of strength with age for DS mixes
The result shows that, for DS-10, DS-15 DS-20 and DS-25 flexural strength decreases at all ages compared with CM but it is greater than the theoretical values.
-
Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Marble Powder
Mix ID
Average Flexural strength(N/mm2)
7 day
28 day
CM
7.5
10.5
MP-5
5.75
7
MP-10
7.2
8.5.
MP-15
5.65
6.25
Mix ID
Average Flexural strength(N/mm2)
7 day
28 day
CM
7.5
10.5
MP-5
5.75
7
MP-10
7.2
8.5.
MP-15
5.65
6.25
TABLE 9. AVERAGE FLEXURAL STRENGTH FOR MP
12
10
8
6
4
2
CM
MP-5 MP-10 MP-15
12
10
8
6
4
2
CM
MP-5 MP-10 MP-15
0
0
0
10
20
Age in days
30
0
10
20
Age in days
30
Flextural strength N/mm2
Flextural strength N/mm2
Fig.7 Variation of strength with age for MP mixes
The result shows that, for MP-10 flexural strength increases at all ages compared with CM. But for MP-5, and MP-15 flexural strength decreases at all ages.
-
Replacement Of Cement With 10 % Marble Powder And Fine Aggregate With 15 % Dredged Sand (MP+DS)
Mixes are made by replacing 10% cement with marble powder and 15% fine aggregate with dredged sand.
TABLE 11: AVERAGE FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF DS+MP
Mix ID
Average flexural strength(N/mm2)
7 day
28 day
CM
7.5
10.5
DS+MP
6.75
7
12
10
8
6
CM
12
10
8
6
CM
0
10
Age in days
20
30
0
10
Age in days
20
30
4
4
DS+MP
DS+MP
2
0
2
0
Flextural strength N/mm2
Flextural strength N/mm2
Fig 8 Average Flexural Strength of DS+MP
The result shows that, for DS+MP flexural strength decreases at all ages but it is greater than the theoretical value.
-
-
Splitting Tensile Strength
-
Conventional Mix
TABLE 12 AVERAGE SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH OF CM
Mix ID
Average splitting tensile strength
7 day
28 day
CM
2.26 N/mm2
2.82N/mm2
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-
Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Dredged Sand
Splitting tensile strength
Splitting tensile strength
TABLE 12 AVERAGE SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH OF DS
-
Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Marble Powder
TABLE 13 AVERAGE SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH OF MP
Mix ID
Average splitting tensile strength
7 day
28 day
CM
2.26 N/mm2
2.83N/mm2
MP-5
2.23N/mm2
2.6 N/mm2
MP-10
2.4N/mm2
2.97 N/mm2
MP-15
2.25 N/mm2
2.8 N/mm2
CM
MP 15 MP-10 MP 5
CM
MP 15 MP-10 MP 5
0 5
10 15 20
Age in days
25
30
0 5
10 15 20
Age in days
25
30
Mix ID
Average splitting tensile strength
7 day
28 day
CM
2.26 N/mm2
2.83N/mm2
DS-10
1.81 N/mm2
2.4 N/mm2
DS-15
2.51N/mm2
3.03N/mm2
DS-20
2.43N/mm2
2.68 N/mm2
DS-25
2.12N/mm2
2.5N/mm2
Mix ID
Average splitting tensile strength
7 day
28 day
CM
2.26 N/mm2
2.83N/mm2
DS-10
1.81 N/mm2
2.4 N/mm2
DS-15
2.51N/mm2
3.03N/mm2
DS-20
2.43N/mm2
2.68 N/mm2
DS-25
2.12N/mm2
2.5N/mm2
3.5
3
Flextural strength N/mm2
Flextural strength N/mm2
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
CM DS-10 DS-15 DS-20 DS-25
0 10 20 30
Age in days
Fig 10.Variation of splitting tensile strength with age for MP mixes
The result shows that, for MP-10 splitting tensile strength increases at all ages compared with CM. But for MP-5, and MP-15 splitting tensile strength decreases at all ages
Splitting tensile strength
Splitting tensile strength
-
Replacement of Cement with 10 % Marble Powder and Fine Aggregate with 15 % Dredged Sand
-
3.5
3
2.5
2
3.5
3
2.5
2
CM
CM
1.5
1.5
Fig 9.Variation of splitting tensile strength with age for DS mixes
The result shows that, for DS-15 splitting tensile strength increases at all ages compared with CM. But for DS-10, DS- 20 and DS-25 splitting tensile strength decreases at all ages.
DS+MP
DS+MP
1
0.5
0
1
0.5
0
0
10
Age in days
20
30
0
10
Age in days
20
30
Fig11 Variation of splitting tensile strength with age for DS+MP mixes
The result shows that, for DS+MP splitting tensile strength increases at all ages compared with CM.
-
-
CONCLUSIONS
-
The material properties of cement, natural aggregate, dredged sand and marble powder used for the study was conducted.
-
Slump testes and compaction factor test were used to find out the workability of concrete. All mixes prepared show adequate workability.
-
Mix design was done to obtain M40 grade mix according to IS 10262:2009. The mix show adequate strength in terms of Compressive strength, flexural strength and splitting tensile strength
-
Mixes were made by replacing 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% fine aggregate with dredged sand (DS-10, DS-15, DS-20, DS-25). Compared to CM for DS-15 the compressive strength and splitting strength increased, while the flexural strength decreased but it is greater than the target strength. The increase in compressive strength may be due to fineness of dredged sand.
-
Mixes were made by replacing 5%, 10%, 15%, cement with marble powder shows good result in -terms of compressive, splitting and flexural strength
-
Mixes were made by replacing fine aggregate with 15% by dredged sand and cement by 10% marble powder. The mix shows a good result in terms of compressive, splitting and flexural strength.
REFERENCES
-
NitishaSharma,RaviKumarUse of Waste Marble Powder as Partial Replacement in Cement Sand Mix, International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology,Vol-4 Issue -5, May-2015
-
PoojaJ.Chavhan*, Prof. S. D. BholeTo Study the Behaviour of Marble Powder as SupplementryCementitious Material in ConcreteInternational Journal of Engineering Research and TechnologyVol. 4, Issue 4, April 2014
-
Hassan A. MohamadienThe Effect of marble powder and silica fume as partial replacement for cement on mortar,International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology ,Volume-3, No 2, 2012
-
12.W. Sai Deepak1, G. Tirupathi Naidu2 Effect On Compressive Strength Of Concrete Using Sea Sand As A Partial Replacement For Fine Aggregate,International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, Volume: 04 Issue: 06, June-2015
-
A. R. Dolage1*, M. G. S. Dias2 and C. T. Ariyawansa3,Offshore Sand as a Fine Aggregate forConcreteProductionBritish Journal of Applied Science & Technology 3(4): 813-825, 2013
-
Girish C. G, Tensing DandPriya K. L dredged offshore sand as a replacement for fine aggregate in concrete,International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Emerging Technologies, Nov., 2015. ISSN: 22316604 Volumes 8, Issue 3
-
J. Limeira, M. Etxeberria, L. Agullo, D. MolinaMechanical and durability properties of concrete made with dredged marine sand,2011
-
Dr.V.Ravindra, Anil Kumar Buraka Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Marine Sand as Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate, Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications , Vol. 6, Issue 2, (Part – 2) February 2016