DOI : 10.17577/IJERTV5IS110341
- Open Access
- Total Downloads : 366
- Authors : L. Arun Raja, M. Shahul Hameed, P. Kumar, S. Karthik Ragunath
- Paper ID : IJERTV5IS110341
- Volume & Issue : Volume 05, Issue 11 (November 2016)
- DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.17577/IJERTV5IS110341
- Published (First Online): 29-11-2016
- ISSN (Online) : 2278-0181
- Publisher Name : IJERT
- License:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Study on Flexural Behaviour of Concrete by Partially Replacing Fine Aggregate with E-Plastic Waste
L. Arun Raja
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
P.S.R. Engineering College, Sivakasi, India.
P. Kumar
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
P.S.R. Engineering College, Sivakasi, India.
Abstract – In this experimental work, the behavior of E- plastic waste (Bakelite) in concrete as partial replacement of fine aggregate was investigated regarding Mechanical and Flexural strength. Totally 6numbers of beam specimens and 54numbers of cube specimens were casted with partial replacement of fine aggregate. The size of plastic used in the concrete mixtures was less than 4.75 mm. The E-plastic waste was used to replace fine aggregate and the percentage of replacement carried out in this work is 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10% by weight of total aggregate. The flexural behavior, deflection characteristics, and crack patterns of reinforced E- plastic waste concrete beams were calculated.
Keywords-E-Plastic waste, Fine aggregate, Recron fiber.
I.INTRODUCTION
E waste describes loosely discarded, surplus, obsolete, broken, electrical or electronic devices. Rapid technology change ,low initial cost have resulted in a fast growing surplus of electronic waste around the globe
.Several tones of E waste need to be disposed per year. Traditional landfill or stockpile method is not an environmental friendly solution and the disposal process is also very difficult to meet EPA regulations. How to reuse the non disposable E waste becomes an important research topic. However, technically, electronic waste is only a subset of WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment).According to the OECD any appliance using an electronic power supply that has reached its End of life would come under WEEE. E plastic waste is one of the fastest growing waste streams in the world. In developed countries, previously, it was about 1% of total solid waste generation and currently it grows to 2% by 2010. In developing countries, it ranges 0.01% to 1% of the total municipal solid waste generation.
Dr. M. Shahul Hameed
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
P.S.R.Engineering College, Sivakasi, India.
S. Karthik Ragunath
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
-
Engineering College, Sivakasi, India.
The E waste inventory based on this obsolescence rate and installed base in India for the year 2005 has been estimated to be 146180.00 tones. This is expected to exceed 8, 00,000 tones by 2012. In India, e waste is mostly generated in large cities like Delhi, Mumbai and Bangalore. In these cities a complex e waste handling infrastructure has developed mainly based on a long tradition of waste recycling. Sixty five cities in India generate more than 60% of the total e waste generated in India. Ten states generate 70% of the total e waste generated in India. Maharashtra ranks first followed by Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Delhi, Karnataka, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Punjab in the list of e waste generating states in India. Among top ten cities generating e waste, Mumbai ranks first followed by Delhi, Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata, Ahmadabad, Hyderabad, Pune, Surat and Nagpur. There are two small WEEE/E waste dismantling facilities are functioning in Chennai and Bangalore. There is no large scale organized e waste recycling facility in India and the entire recycling exists in unorganized sector.
BAKELITE:
Bakelite is an early plastic. It is a thermosetting phenol formaldehyde resin, formed from an elimination reaction of phenol with formaldehyde, usually with wood flour filler. It was developed in 1907 by Belgian chemist Leo Baekeland.
Bakelite was used for its electrically nonconductive and heat-resistant properties in radio and television casings and electrical insulators, and also in such diverse products as kitchenware, pipe stems, and children's toys. In 1993 Bakelite was designated a National Historic Chemical Landmark by the American Chemical Society in recognition of its significance as the world's first synthetic plastic.
Fig 1: Bakelite
TOXIC EFFECTS OF BAKELITE
Generally toxic effects of Bakelite are due to the presence of phenol and also methyl and ethyl alcohols. The influence of Bakelite on water quality can be seen in an increase in ox disability and in the appearance of phenol in the water. In rabbits that had received water from a container coated with Bakelite, there was some retardation of increase in body weight by the end of a 1-month experiment. Abnormalities were also noted in the condition of mice and rats. On dissection, an increase in the relative mass of the liver was discovered. Hence disposal of Bakelite should be avoided to prevent water pollution.
-
MATERIALS USED
Following are the materials used for the experimental investigation of flexural strength of steel mill concrete with silica fume.
Cement
Fig 2: E plastic waste
Recron Fibre
Shape – Triangular
provide higher surface bonding and results in three dimensional crack controls.
It improves bonding by 40% over circular fiber.
Circular fiber tends to slip out from cement matrix when load is applied.
Aspect ratio – 175
Ratio of length to diameter.
Diameter
35 m
Specific Gravity
1.36
Tensile Strength
1000 MPa
Modulus of Elasticity
17250 (N/mm2)
Dispersion
Excellent
Acid resistance
Good
Thermal conductivity
Low
Length
6 mm
Diameter
35 m
Specific Gravity
1.36
Tensile Strength
1000 MPa
Modulus of Elasticity
17250 (N/mm2)
Dispersion
Excellent
Acid resistance
Good
Thermal conductivity
Low
Length
6 mm
TABLE1: Properties of Recron fiber
The cement used for this study is ordinary Portland cement (OPC) of 53-grade.
Fine Aggregate
The sand is of river sand screened and washed to remove all te organic and inorganic compounds that are likely to present in it. Sand has been sieved2.37mm (passed) and retained
Coarse Aggregate
The material which is retained on BIS test sieve 4.75mm is termed as a coarse aggregate. The broken stone is generally used as a coarse aggregate. The nature of work decides the maximum size of the coarse aggregate. Locally available coarse aggregate having the maximum size of 20mm was used in our work. The aggregates were washed to remove dust and dirt and were dried to surface dry condition. The aggregates were tested as per Indian Standard Specifications IS: 2386-1963.
E plastic waste
Bakelite is an early plastic. It is a thermosetting phenol formaldehyde resin, formed from an elimination reaction of phenol with formaldehyde, usually with wood flour filler. It was developed in 1907 by Belgian chemist Leo Baekeland.
-
MIX RATIO
Water
Cement
Fine Aggregate
Coarse Aggregate 188.79
Kg/m3.
496.82
Kg/m3.
511.71 Kg/m3.
1186.37 Kg/m3.
0.38
1
1.03
2.49
Water
Cement
Fine Aggregate
Coarse Aggregate
188.79
Kg/m3.
496.82
Kg/m3.
511.71 Kg/m3.
1186.37 Kg/m3.
0.38
1
1.03
2.49
TABLE 2: Mix Ratio
Sl No.
Identification of beam specimen
% of waste plastic replaced
No of cubes
7 day
28 day
1
control
0
3
3
2
Sp1
2
3
3
3
Sp2
4
3
3
4
Sp3
6
3
3
5
Sp4
8
3
3
6
Sp5
10
3
3
Sl No.
Identification of beam specimen
% of waste plastic replaced
No of cubes
7 day
28 day
1
control
0
3
3
2
Sp1
2
3
3
3
Sp2
4
3
3
4
Sp3
6
3
3
5
Sp4
8
3
3
6
Sp5
10
3
3
-
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM TABLE 3: Experimental program
Casting of specimens
Cube:
150*150*150mm
Beam:
1200*150*100mm
Casting of specimen:
The specimens were casted in the laboratory. Steel moulds were used for casting. Reinforcement cage was made and placed inside the moulds during casting. Required quantities of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, bakelite is weighed and mix is prepared according to the mix proportions. The mix is poured into the mould and compacted by using vibrator. The specimen is kept for 24 hours and curing is done for 28 days.
Reinforcement details:
At bottom 3 nos of 10 mm diameter bars are used . At top 2 nos of 10mm dia bars are used. To arrest shear shear reinforcement are provided. 8 mm stirrups are used at 100mm spacing.
Fig 3: Reinforcement details
-
TESTING OF SPECIMENS
-
Compression Strength Test
-
Flexural Strength Test
Compression Strength Test:
The compression test is used to determine the hardness of cubical and cylindrical specimens of concrete. The strength of a concrete specimen depends upon cement, aggregate, bond, w/c ratio, curing temperature, and age and size of specimen. Mix design is the major factor controlling the strength of concrete
Fig 4: Compression testing of cube
Flexural Strength Test:
It is the resistance of concrete to tension under flexural loading. The tensile strength of concrete is primarily made to estimate the load under which cracking develops.
Fig 5: Testing of Beam Specimen
-
-
RESULTS
Compressive Strength
TABLE 4: Compressive Strength of Concrete cube
S.
No.
Description of specimen
% of plastic waste replaced
7th day Compressive Strength (N/mm2)
28th day Compressive Strength (N/mm2)
1.
Control
0
28.33
38.62
2.
Sp1
2
35.59
41.23
3.
Sp2
4
24.66
33.90
4.
Sp3
6
29.97
38.23
5.
Sp4
8
35.11
45.43
6.
Sp5
10
16.07
25.63
Fig 6: Compression Strength results
Flexural strength
S. No.
Identification of beam specimen
% of plastic waste replaced
Ultimate Load (kN)
Flexural Strength N/mm2
1.
Control
0
87
45.653
2.
Sp1
2
63
32.106
3.
Sp2
4
72
38.270
4.
Sp3
6
77
40.160
5.
Sp4
8
86
45.333
6.
Sp5
10
58
29.44
S. No.
Identification of beam specimen
% of plastic waste replaced
Ultimate Load (kN)
Flexural Strength N/mm2
1.
Control
0
87
45.653
2.
Sp1
2
63
32.106
3.
Sp2
4
72
38.270
4.
Sp3
6
77
40.160
5.
Sp4
8
86
45.333
6.
Sp5
10
58
29.44
TABLE 5: Flexural strength of Beams
Fig 7: Load vs Deflection for all specimens
-
CONCLUSION
-
From the above findings, it is concluded that E- Plastic waste up to 8% may be used for replacement of fine aggregate in concrete without any reduction in compressive strength and flexural strength.
It is also concluded that the use of industrial wastes such as E-Plastic waste in concrete provides some advantages, like reduction in the use of natural resources, disposal of wastes, prevention of environmental pollution and energy saving.
REFERENCES:
-
Lakshmi. R, Nagan. S Studies on concrete containing E plastic waste International Journal of Environmental sciences Vol. 1, No. 3,2010.
-
S.S. Aldonkar, P.P. Savoikar(2011) Pulverised PET bottles as partial replacement for Sand International Journal of Earth sciences and Engineering, Vol.4,PP 1009 -1012.
-
D.W. Fowler, R.L. Carrasquillo Recycled Materials as aggregates in concrete The University of Texas Austin, USA(2011).
-
Osmani.M, Pappu.A Utilization of glass Reinforced plastic waste in concrete and cement composites Journal of Material Processing Technology 162-163. 725-729 June 30, 2010.
-
BabooRai, S.K. Duggal Study of waste plastic mix concrete with plasticizer International Scholarl Research Network Vol.2 March 2012.
-
Dr. Prahallada, Dr. Prakash. K.B Strength and workability characteristics of waste plastic fibre reinforced concrete produced from Recycled aggregates International Journal of Engineering Research and applications Vol 9, Issue 4, pp 1791-1802 (2009).
-
Chandra Suresh, Bata P. Saha(2012) A study of sustainable Industrial Waste materials as partial replacement of cement Journal of material in Civil Engineering Vol 28.
-
Lakshmi. R Investigations on Durability characteristics of E-plastic waste incorporated concrete Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, 11 April 2011, Vol. 12, No.6 (2011) Pg. 773- 787.
-
Baron W. Calber and Zhompoing You Properties of modified Asphalt Binders blended with Electronic waste powders 10.1061/(ASCE) MT 1943 5533, 0000504© 2012.
-
Mohammad Osmani and AsokanPappu An assessment of the compressive strength of glass reinforced plastic waste filled concrete for potential applications in construction Asian Pacific Journal of Structural Engineering, vol.1,March 2010.
-
JirangCui,EricForssberg Mechanical Recycling of Waste electronic and Electric equipment Journal of Hazardous materials B99 243 263, February 2003.
-
Madan Mohan Reddy.K, Ahitha. B, Medium densifiedpost consumer Recycled plastic bags used as Light weight aggregate in concrete International Journal of Engineering and Research and application Vol. 2 Issue 4, July-August 2012, , PP109 1101.
-
Ashraf M, Ghaly and Michael S Ghill Compression and deformation performance of concrete containing post consumer plastics 10.1061/ASCE 0899 -1561(2012).
-
RaghatateAtul. M Use of plastic in a concrete to improve its properties International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research Vol. 1, Issue IIIApril-June, 2012/109-111.
-
Hai Yong Kang, Julie Electronic Waste recycling A review of U.S. Infrastructure and Technology options Resources Conservation and Recycling 45(2005) 368400.
-
Ms. K.Ramadevi, Ms. R. Manju Experimental Investigation on the Properties of Concrete With Plastic PET (Bottle) Fibres as Fine AggregatesJournal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering , Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2012.
-
Enas A. Al-Hashmi, Zainab Z. Ismail Validation of Using Mixed Iron and Plastic Wastes in Concrete International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
, ISBN 978-1-4507-1490-7, July 2006.
-
MalekBatayneh, Iqbal Marie, Ibrahi Use of selected waste materials in concrete mixes International Journal of waste management, June 2007 (1870-1876).
-
S. Gavela, C. Karakosta, C. Nydriotis A Study Of Concretes Containing Thermo Plasticwastesas Aggregates National Technical University of Athens, School of Chemical Engineering, Greece (2009).
-
A. Bhogayata, K. D. Shah, B. A.vyas, N. K. Arora Feasibility of Waste Metallised Polythene Used As Concrete Constituent International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249 8958, Volume-1, Issue-5, June 2012