Techno-Economic Optimization of Solar/Wind Turbine System for Remote Mosque in Saudi Arabia Highway: Case Study

Techno-Economic Optimization of Solar/Wind Turbine System for Remote Mosque in Saudi Arabia Highway: Case Study

Hazim Moria

Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology Yanbu Industrial College

Yanbu Al-Sinaiyah City 41912, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

AbstractThis paper presents a study of optimizing hybrid power system for a remote travelers mosque on the highway of the western coastal region at Alrais town, Saudi Arabia. Typical energy consumption profiles were estimated based on a medium-sized mosque over the four seasons as per energy requirements. The HOMER Pro software is used as a tool to size and optimize the optimal system. The optimal finding shows that hybrid solar with wind turbine achieved the lowest net present cost (NPC) and cost of energy (COE) due to the high potential of solar radiation and wind speed. The proposed configuration system can contribute in a wide renewable energy application in Saudi Arabia especially in remote region. A comprehensive analytical, descriptive, and modeling of the configurations also presented here.

Keywords Saudi Arabia; Solar energy; wind energy; hybrid PV wind system; techno-economic analysis.

1. INTRODUCTION

   The world began investing heavily in renewable energy resources. This trend has been driven by continuous climate change that has led to global warming [1-4]. The increased exploitation aims at reducing carbon emissions from energy generation and enhancing energy security/reliability [5]. Population growth has a direct effect on energy needs. Saudi Arabia’s growth plan demonstrates that in the future, increasing power will be needed, thereby increasing power generation capacity. The increased consumption of fossil fuel has forced the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to concentrate more on renewable energy generation. The Kingdom is aware that decreasing dependence on fossil fuels will have a positive impact on economic growth and environmental issues in the country. The generation of electricity from renewable energy resources instead of fossil fuels will increase the Kingdom’s petroleum revenue. Also, CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel energy systems are predicted to increase by around 20% of current global energy-related CO2 emissions by 2030 [6].

   Solar and wind energy in Saudi Arabia’s are the largest source of renewable energy due to the strategic geographic location in the so-called sunbelt and clear skies over the year [7]. The average sunlight power is 2,200 kWh/m2 [8], and therefore, it is worth to generate power from the sun in different technology. Photovoltaics is semiconductor devices able to convert the solar sunlight into electricity. It is clean energy, low maintenance and worthy candidate for generating power [9,10]. Therefore, utilize the solar energy in several applications such houses, mosques, and telecommunication towers. The wind energy takes second place in Saudi Arabia

   as a source of renewable energy [11]. The viable wind velocity potential and the solar radiation is around 5.7 m/s and 2200 kWh/m2 respectively [8, 12-15]. Saudi Arabia has relatively large solar and wind energy that can be harvested, especially in coastal areas. Wind and solar are intermittent resources and depend on conditions of climate and geography. Wind/solar electricity hybridizations are usually more reliable and cheaper than standalone wind or solar power systems [16- 19]. The time of day, the year and the type of terrain also vary with renewable energy such as wind or solar, which all influence electricity production and energy consumption [20,21]. Rehman et al. (2003) have present a cost calculation methodology at twenty locations across the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for each kWh of electricity produced using long-term mean wind speed data. The results of this study indicated that, lowest cost (US$ 0.0234 per kWh) for the power generation in Yanbu, while Qaisumah city was one of the best sites, costing US$ 0.0256 per kWh for power generation. The potential of the hybrid wind and solar energy in Saudi Arabia’s west coast area was investigated by Ramli et al. (2015). The results show that wind and solar energy is adequate to provide electricity in the western coastal zone of Saudi Arabia. The wind turbine generates lower power than the same size and site PV array.

   Muslims gather in the mosque for their daily congregation, weekly speeches, annual events, and other religious and social activities. Mosques vary considerably in size: from small to 50,150 people to large and tens of thousands of worshippers. Elshurafa et al. (2019) have carried out a technological, economic analysis of an installed solar photovoltaic system on the rooftop of the mosque. The analysis showed that the annual mosque bill could be reduced to almost zero under a net metering mechanism. Further research designed a hybrid micro-grid system for a remote mosque in Libya state by Mustafa et al. (2014). The authors proposed the incorporation of a PV system to reduce dependence on diesel. A grid- connected mosque will have different dynamics and constraints than an off-grid one. Furthermore, a study on a specific mosque in Malaysia showed that the installation of a PV system would reduce the energy bill by 47% [25]. The objective of this study is to investigate the economic analysis of using hybrid solar and wind system to generate electric power for remote mosque on western coastal highway named Alrais town 23°58′ N, 38°64′ E. The investigation was performed using HOMER Pro software based on Net Price Cost (NPC), Cost of Energy (COE) and operation cost. This

   study will contribute widely to the development of Saudi Arabia’s renewable energy system.

2. SITE STUDY

   The proposed project is travelers mosque in Alrais allocated on the western coastal highway 50 Km from Yanbu towards Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The latitude and longitude of the allocated mosque are 23°58′ N, 38°64′ E, respectively (Figure 1). The summer climate is long, sweltering, muggy and dry; the winters are short, comfortable, dry and windy; and the weather is mostly clear throughout the year. The temperature typically ranges between 15 °C and 39 °C throughout the year and is rarely less than 11 °C or above 43

   °C. The hot season lasts 4.9 months, with an average daily high temperature above 36 °C, from May 15 to October 10. August 22, with an average high of 43 °C and a low of 27 °C, is the hottest day of the year. The cold season lasts 2.8 months, with an average daily high temperature below 29 °C, from December 11 to March 4. January 21 is the coldest day of the year, with an average 15 °C low and 27 °C high. The importance of the proposed location is considered to have more payers due passing the Meqqat to Makkah and high number of people who are working at industries in Yanbu. Hence, extending the grid to this site is not an economical choice, as the energy required is minimal, which increases the Kw/h cost. As an alternative, this study will investigate the available hybrid off-grid renewable energy.

   Fig. 1. Site location of the proposed mosque

3. METHODOLOGY

   HOMER Pro is a software developed by the Laboratory of US National Renewable Energy. It is used for designing and evaluating the configurations for on-grid and off-grid power systems for remote, standalone, and distributed generating forms technically and financially. It is also a model of optimization that simulates and sorts of varied configurations of energy sources systems based on NPC. The software, however, evaluates the technical feasibility of the energy source systm whether it can fulfill electric and thermal loads and other limitations of the user. Also, it evaluates the system’s NPC, which is the cost of the installation and operation of the system for the entire system lifetime.

   HOMER Pro model all system configurations by simulating its process for an hourly period of one year. HOMER Pro designs each system configuration by simulating its operation for one year in an hourly time step. The renewable energy available is calculated and compared to the required electricity, where the energy supply system is estimated to satisfy demand. Any excess electricity then expanded to other secondary requirements. Although the 1-hour time step by HOMER Pro is small enough to record the largest statistical variability in load and fluctuating renewable resources, the calculation does not become excessively slow. Following one- year calculation, any system restrictions imposed by a user will be evaluated; for example, the fraction of the total electrical demand served or the share of energy generated from renewable sources.

4. HYBRID SYSTEM COMPONENTS MODELLING
   1. Components Considered

      Hybrid power system enables various combinations. This benefits in setting up a system based on the available energy resources, costs, and load requirements at any site. A combination of PV, wind turbine, battery and converter (DC to AC) included in this study to meet the mosque load requirements. The hybrid power optimization tool was used in this study to simulate the hybrid system’s best size and to meet the specific city demand based on the present minimum net cost. Figure 2 shows the schemas configuration of the hybrid system in this study. The software assumes when calculating the present value of the components that all costs rise at the same rate over the lifetime as the real interest rate rather than the nominal interest rate. This study considers discount rate, inflation rate and annual capacity shortage of 8%, 2%, and 0% during the project lifetime as 25 years.

      Fig. 2. Schemas configuration of a hybrid system using HOMER Pro

   2. Loads Demand

      The proposed mosque is a simple walled, rectangular wall with a roofed hall of prayer. The rectangle’s long side is oriented towards the holy mosque in the city of Makah kiblah. On a daily and hourly basis, a 20% safety factor has been added to the calculated load estimated to randomize the load profile and make it more realistic. Table 1 shows the number of equipment and electrical loads for the proposed mosque.

      Average Wind Speed (m/s)

      Average Wind Speed (m/s)

       

      6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

      Fig. 5. Monthly average wind speeds variation over the year at Alrais town

      Fig. 6. Density as a function of wind speeds at Alrais town

      6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

      Fig. 5. Monthly average wind speeds variation over the year at Alrais town

      Fig. 6. Density as a function of wind speeds at Alrais town

       

      TABLE I. NUMBER OF EQUIPMENT AND ELECTRICAL LOAD

      Load Type	No. of Unit	Max Power, kW	Total Power, kW
      Fan	10	0.075	0.75
      Air Condition	5	0.75	3.75
      Water Pump	1	0.55	0.55
      External lighting	16	0.02	0.40
      Internal lighting	20	0.02	0.40
      Audio Sound System	1	0.4	0.40
      Total			6.25

      As shown in Figure 3, the load profile found in this investigation was based on a typical intermittent operation of the mosque use during the daily five prayers based on Umm- Alqura prayer calendar and the weather conditions. The average energy consumption and the peak load over the year is 33.27 kWh/day and 5.3 kW respectively. The peak month in August was observed due to high energy consumption by air conditioning and fan. The average maximum and minimum load are assumed to be recorded in August and January as

      14 Winter 12 Spring Summer 10 Autumn 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Daily Time [H]

      Fig. 3. Load needs over the year in four seasons

      14 Winter 12 Spring Summer 10 Autumn 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Daily Time [H]

      Fig. 3. Load needs over the year in four seasons

       

      51.99 and 12.61 kWh/day. It is also found that at 17:00, the highest consumption while the lowest was recorded from 8:00 to 10:00 due to no activities. The annual load factor is 0.26.

   3. Renewable Resources

      Solar insolation and wind speed data were acquired from solar energy database and NASA surface meteorology. HOMER Pro can use Graham algorithm, latitude, and monthly average values to synthesize hourly solar radiation data for any location over the year. The data generated in this manner will not replicate the area’s solar radiation data characteristics perfectly. The average clearness index is 0.683, and the average annual solar insolation in Alrais town is 6.28 kWh

      Daily Radiation (kWh/m2/day)

      Daily Radiation (kWh/m2/day)

       

      9 Radiation 1 8 Clearness 0.9 7 0.8 6 0.7 5 0.6 0.5 4 0.4 3 0.3 2 0.2 1 0.1 0 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

      Fig. 4. Monthly solar radiation profile and clearness index at Alrais town

      9 Radiation 1 8 Clearness 0.9 7 0.8 6 0.7 5 0.6 0.5 4 0.4 3 0.3 2 0.2 1 0.1 0 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

      Fig. 4. Monthly solar radiation profile and clearness index at Alrais town

       

      /m2/day. Hence, in the summer months, solar radiation is higher than in other months, and thus higher energy output is expected. Figure 4 illustrates the average annual solar radiation and cleanness index in this area.

   4. Solar Photovoltaic
      

      Load [KW]

      Load [KW]

       

      The Photovoltaic panels were selected according to high reliable performance in temperature, humidity, extreme desert, and coastal environments. The details of the technical and economic parameters of the selected PV are shown in Table 2. The Solar decline as the angle from the equator to the center of the Sun varies between +23.45° and -23.45° [26,27].

      TABLE II. PV TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC PARAMETERS

      </tr

      Parameter	Value and Unit
      Cell Type	Thin-film CdTe semiconductor, up to 216 cells
      Model Size	117.5 W
      Efficiency	16.32%
      Derating Factor	90%
      Lifetime	25 Years
      Temperature Effect Power	– 0.28 % per °C
      Voltage at Pmax	71.2 V
      Current at Pmax	1.65 A
      Length × Width × Thickness	1200 × 600 × 6.8 mm
      Initial Capital Cost	1500 $/kW
      Replacement Cost	1000 $/kW
      Operation and Maintenance Cost	10 $/kW/year
      Tracking System	No

      Clearness Index

      Clearness Index

       

   5. Wind Turbine

      The wind turbine was selected according to lowest start-up speed, high efficiency and extreme desert and coastal environments. The details of technical parameters and economic assumptions of the selected wind turbine are shown in Table 3.

      Parameter	Value and Unit
      Rated Output	5.1 kW
      Speed Cut in	2.7 m/s / 6 mph
      Number of Blades	3
      Voltage	48 V
      Lifetime	20 Years
      Initial Capital Cost	5000 $
      Replacement Cost	4500 $
      Operation and Maintenance Cost	20 $/year

      Parameter	Value and Unit
      Rated Output	5.1 kW
      Speed Cut in	2.7 m/s / 6 mph
      Number of Blades	3
      Voltage	48 V
      Lifetime	20 Years
      Initial Capital Cost	5000 $
      Replacement Cost	4500 $
      Operation and Maintenance Cost	20 $/year

       

      TABLE III. WIND TURBINE TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC PARAMETERS

      =

      (1 + )

      (1 + ) 1 (2)

      Where,

      $

      =

      ,

      + + , ,

      (3)

   6. Battery Storage

      To fulfill continuous operation, even in the hottest and hardest operating environment, the selected kinetic Battery (EnerSy) delivers exceptional cycle performance in both floating and fast-charging applications. The details of technical and economic parameters of the selected battery are given in Table 4. In this study, the sizing was investigated using HOMER Pro optimizer.

      TABLE IV. BATTERY TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC PARAMETERS

      Parameter	Value and Unit
      Model Type	Thin plate pure lead
      Capital Cost	800 $/battery
      Replacement Cost	800 $/battery
      Operation and Maintenance Cost	10 $/battery/year
      Nominal Voltage	12 V
      Nominal Capacity	9.16 kWh
      Maximum Capacity	763 Ah
      Roundtrip Efficiency	97%
      Minimum Battery Life	15 Years

   7. Convertor

      HOMER Pro simulated the power switched between the inverter and generator for every system that operated parallel. The power comes from both the generator and the batteries at the same time. Further details of technical and economic parameters of the selected battery are shown in Table 5.

      Capital Cost	300 $/battery
      Replacement Cost	300 $/battery
      Operation and Maintenance Cost	0 $/battery/year
      Inverter Efficiency	95%
      Inverter Lifetime	15 Years
      Rectifier Relative Capacity	100%
      Rectifier Efficiency	95%

      Capital Cost	300 $/battery
      Replacement Cost	300 $/battery
      Operation and Maintenance Cost	0 $/battery/year
      Inverter Efficiency	95%
      Inverter Lifetime	15 Years
      Rectifier Relative Capacity	100%
      Rectifier Efficiency	95%

       

      TABLE V. CONVERTOR TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC

      Rprim = Primary load, kWh/yr; Rdef = Deferrable load, kWh/yr;

      Rtot,grid sales = Total grid sales, kWh/yr

      The optimal configuration has the minimum values of renewable resources as shown in Figure 7 compare to other configurations. It involves hybrid of PV/wind turbine/battery and converter. The optimal configuration is consisting of 10 kW panel photovoltaic, 6 kW MPPT, one wind turbine and 8 batteries. The system can generate all loads required based on solar and wind resources as shown in Figure 8.

      Fig. 7. Screenshot of HOMER Pro Optimization Results

      Parameter

      PARAMETERS

      Value and Unit

      Fig. 8. System time series

      Fig. 8. System time series

       

      1. Economic Analysis

         Figure 9 demonstrated the net present cost by component for the optimum configuration in $ included battery bank, PV, PV dedicated converter, system converter, and wind turbine. The findings revealed that most feasible economically obtained with a minimum total NPC of 35449.35$ and

5. OPTIMAZIATION RESULTS

   The key parameters for this study that are used to evaluate the techno-economic optimization of the selected remote mosque allocated in the central of western coastal region are: NPC, COE, and monthly average electricity production. NPC and LCOE and computes as illustrated in Eq. (1) and (3).

   minimum COE of 0.226 $/kWh, although the system represents a higher initial capital of 28932$ and 100% of renewable fraction. The operating cost is estimated to be

   504.18 $/year. The cost summary in $ included capital, operation, and maintenance, replacement, salvage and resources for the system can be found in Figure 10.

   Where,

   ,

   =

   =

    

   (,)

   (1)

   Cann,to = Total annualized cost, $; CRF (i,N) = Capacity recovery factor; i = discount rate;

   N = project lifetime.

   18000

   Net Present Cost by Component ($)

   Net Present Cost by Component ($)

    

   16000

   14000

   12000

   10000

   8000

   6000

   4000

   2000

   0

   PV Battary Bank Wind Turbine System Converter PV Dedicated Converter

   Fig. 9. Net present cost of different component for optimum configuration

   Fig. 13. PV power output pattern

   23,000

   Cost Summary ($)

   Cost Summary ($)

    

   18,000

   13,000

   8,000

   3,000

   -2,000

   System

   System Converter CAT 117.5W

   BAE Secura Block Solar 12V AWS HC 1.5kW Wind Turbine

   Capital Operating Replacement Salvage Resource

   Fig. 14. Wind turbine power output pattern

   C. Comparative Analysis

   Fig. 10. Cost summary of different component for optimum configuration

   1. 1. Electricity Production

   Fig. 11. PV and wind turbine monthly average electricity production

   Fig. 12. Battery state of charge from PV and wind turbine over the year

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   Fig. 11. PV and wind turbine monthly average electricity production

   Fig. 12. Battery state of charge from PV and wind turbine over the year

    

   Figure 11 illustrates the distribution of monthly average electricity produced in MW/h by the solar PV and wind turbine. The uses of PV and wind turbine are 71.7% and 28.3% respectively. Hence, according to obtained results, solar energy is more economical than electrical energy and has also more potential. The battery state of charge over the year as a function of days and months are shown in Figure 12.

   The PV system produces output energy only during the sunset. As displayed in Figure 13, the approximate peak sunshine during the summer period is between 6:00 to 18:00 while in winter is to from 8:00 to 17:00. The high air temperature has an impact on the generated power from PV since it reduces the PV panels efficiency. The pattern of wind turbine power output is illustrated in Figure 14.

   The detailed comparative analysis of the obtained simulated configurations using renewable power systems and the rating of all the components considered for the analysis are given in Table 5.

6. CONCLUSIONS

Solar and wind energy are an attractive alternative, ample, reliable and clean resource for sustainable development based on the Kingdom and its current energy status and plan. Due to the insufficient and proper mosques and rests on the high ways in Saudi Arabia, this study has investigated the adoption of solar and wind hybrid system. It can be seen from the load profiles that the loads in the summer, autumn and second half of spring are higher than winter due using the air conditioning. Excess electricity can be used in winter and autumn in other applications or sold to the power grid in future in order to reduce energy costs. However, the simulation results revealed that all the renewable resources in each remote mosque configuration promoted energy efficiency and alternatives to fossil fuels and eliminate the emission of greenhouse gases. Results indicate that the most economical and environmental power supply could be generated for the mosque by installing a hybrid of photovoltaic, 6 kW MPPT, wind turbine, eight battery units, and 5.44 kW converters. The NPC from the optimum configuration was found 35449.35$ and minimum COE of 0.226 $/kWh, although the system represents a higher initial capital of 28932$ and 100% of renewable fraction. The operating cost is estimated to be 504.18 $/year. The result for the cases when the PV or wind turbine operated separately with the same solar and wind resources, the NPC, COE, and MOC has been found higher and not utilizing the renewable resources compared to the optimum case.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The author owes heartfelt thanks to Professor Dato Dr. Kamaruzzman bin Sopain, Dr. Ahmed Abdulmula, Dr. Asmaa Soheil Najm for their knowledge, advice and technical assistance in this study.

TABLE VI. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS CONFIGURATIONS OF RENEWABLE SYSTEMS

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