Use of High Resolution Remote Sensing Data , GIS and GPS Techniques at Large Scale Urban Landuse and Infrastructure Mapping for Farrukhabad- Fatehgarh Regulatory Area, Uttar Pradesh, India

Use of High Resolution Remote Sensing Data , GIS and GPS Techniques at Large Scale Urban Landuse and Infrastructure Mapping for Farrukhabad- Fatehgarh Regulatory Area, Uttar Pradesh, India

Virendra Kumar & Kamlesh Bhalavi

Remote Sensing Applications Centre-Uttar Pradesh Sector-G, Jankipuram, Kursi Road, Lucknow, India-226021

Abstract- High resolution remote sensing data provides a lucid and effective means for identification and mapping of small features on earth surface/urban area environment and its change at regular interval. It provide vital informatio on type and extent of uban landuse and infrastructure in any urban area. Over the years satellite based remote sensing data with its improved devices have been successfully utilized for urban area mapping , monitoring and proper landuse planning and management activietis and it is considerd as essential element for monitoring and modelling for understanding the earth as a system. This paper presents the results based on the use of Quickbird sattelites (pan plus multispectral ) 60 cm high resolution remote sensing data and Geographical Information System (GIS) and Global Positioning System (GPS) Techniques for Farrukhabad- Fatehgharh Regulatory Area , Uttar Pradesh, India, which is spread over an area of 100 sq km and lies between the lattitude 26046N to 27043 N and longititute 790 07E to 800 02 E. In study area eleven landuse /landcover categories are identified and mapped. They are – Built-up (urban-7.3 sq km), Built-up (rural-2.26 sq km), Transportation/communication-0.25 sq km, Industrial area-

1.39 sq km, commercial area-0.97 sq km, Institutional/utilities-4.06 sq km, Religious/cultural-0.20 sq km, Forest-1.40 sq km, Non-Built-up Land -Agricultural land-58.33 sq km, River/Water bodies-19.1 sq km and others-

1. sq km accordingly and the percentage of each and every category is same as area estimates respectively. This database would be very useful for Farrukhabad-Fatehgarh Regulatory Authority for proper land use planning & management.

   Key Words- Quickbird Satellite High Resolution Data, Urban landuse and Infrastructure, GIS And GPS Techniques

   INTRODUCTION

   Landuse map is an important thematic map for all future planning exercises. As per census of India, 2011, 7933 cities are reported in our country, only few cities had up to date land-use map. In planning of cities or an urban area, a large part of work involved, often the major part is the determination of the relevant facts to base the plan. The

   plan or the base/existing urban Infrastructure and land use map has to be there to represent spatial information for providing accurate and authentic information for proper planning and management for developmental activities in any city. (Patkar, 2003) Remote sensing can provide an important source of data for urban landuse/land cover mapping and environmental monitoring. (Gopalan A.K.S. 2009) High resolution remote sensing data of various satellites including of our country and United States of America, coupled with Global Positioning System (GPS)/mobile mapper can be used to identify and delineate the small land parcels for generation of detailed information. (Kumar, V. et al 2009). In order to achieve such data in time, satellite based remote sensing techniques has proved its potentiality with high resolution data. The importance of this technique in urban settlement and landuse/landcover mapping is established and accepted worldwide too, to know the present actual status as well as trend of changes in city and its environs, Remote Sensing, GIS and GPS Technology is a vital tool to create the detailed information of any city and its changes. In the entire state of Uttar Pradesh 0.06 lakhs sq. km area comes under urban built up land, which is around 1.0% of the total geographical area of the state. The role of planning agencies is becoming increasingly more complex & is extending to a wider range of activities. (Minakshi Kumar et. al , 2002), Consequently there is an increased need for these agencies to have timely accurate & cost effectively data of various forms. Here we will discuss utility of on screen image interpretation and area estimation of detailed urban land use /land cover categories in study Area, which covers an area of 100 sq. km. Uttar Pradesh is most populous state in the country which has 724 cities as per census of India, 2011,i.e. Nagar Panchayat / Nagarpalika Parishad / municipal corporations including cantonment board & industrial township in a span of 110 years. Various cities/ towns of the state have achieved the status of first class towns/ cities in the recent years. (Kumar, V. 2012) Due to excessive pressure of population, rapid urbanization

   took place and as resultant, numbers of colonies has been developed by development authorities. These colonies has been taken up by urban local bodies and as a results the urban density of the state is now reported around 4937 persons per sq. km, whereas overall population density of the state is only 473 person/sq. km. In the beginning of 20th century, 548 cities were reported in the state of Uttar Pradesh. An endeavor has been made to prepare a detailed digital database for the study area on various categories of urban landuse/landcover i.e. built-up-urban/rural- residential(lowrise/highrise buildings), commercial- hotel/marrige hall/godowns, industrial-industries and brick- kilns, others-wasteland cantonment/defence land, non- built-up land-agriculture land/orchard/plantation, transportation/communication-bus station/depot railway/roads, forest, religious/cultural-temple/mosque, graveyard, institutional/utilities-school/college, river/water bodies in GIS domain for Farrukhabad-Fatehgarh Regulatory Area of Uttar Pradesh. This database would be very useful for urban planners/decision makers, urban development authorities/Farrukhabad-Fatehgarh Regulatory Authority for future realistic land use planning & management.

   OBJECTIVES

   The broad objective of the present study is to prepare a digital database on urban landuse/landcover and infrastructural facilities with area estimation/statistics of Farrukhabad-Fatehgarh Regulatory area using high resolution remote sensing data of Quick bird satellite, Geographical Information System (GIS) and Global Positioning System (GPS) Techniques.

   HISTORY OF STUDY AREA

   The Farrukhabad district is under Kanpur commissionary of U.P. which is situated in the middle part of Ganga- Yamuna Doab, in shape, it is roughly rectangular its length from east to west varying between 11 to 12 km and its breadth from North to South is about 14 kms. On the North it is bounded by the district of Badaun and Shahjahanpur and in South with Kannauj and in East Hardoi and in West it is bounded Etah and Mainpuri districts. The Ganga river forms its natural boundary on the east and separates it on the district of Hardoi. The total geographical area of the Farrukhabad-Fatehgarh city and its environs which has been taken up for the study is 100.00sq.km.

   LOCATION OF STUDY AREA

   Farrukhabad-Fatehgarh city is located in central part of Uttar Pradesh. It lies between latitude 26046N to 27043 N and longitude 790 07E to 800 02 E. (Fig.1). Farrukhabad- Fatehgarh city and its regulatory area are spread over an area of 100.00 sq km. The city and surrounding area is almost a level plane, varied only by a few gentle undulations and slopes and highest elevation of the area is 167 m from mean sea level at Mohammadabad and the lowest 145.69 at Mau-Rasulpur in the trans-Ganga flats of tehsil Farrukhabad.The upland of doab and the low lands or tarais, cut awy from the upland by the erosive action of the river.

   Location Map of Study Area

   Figure: 1

   MATERIALS & DATA USED

   • Survey of India topographical sheet No.54M/11 & 7, 10, 12 & 15 of Farukhabad-Fatehgarh & its environs on 1:25,000/ 1:50,000 scales surveyed between 1974-75.

   • Guide map of Farrukhabad city on 1:20,000 scale.

   • Regulatory area/ boundary map of Farukhabad- Fatehgarh.

   • Ground truth data collected from study area.

   • Quickbird satellites 60 cm. high resolution data acquired on 18th June, 2008

METHODOLOGY

The procedure followed for identification and mapping on 1:1,000 scale and for preparation of digital database using remote sensing GIS and GPS techniques is discussed in brief as under: The Farukhabad-Fatehgarh city settlement and environs of Uttar Pradesh, India, is selected to prepare a digital database on urban landuse and infrastructure map using Remote sensing, Geographical information System (GIS) and Mobile Mapper/Global Positioning System (GPS) Techniques. At first city/regulatory area boundary map provided by Farukhabad-Fatehgarh Regulatory Authority has been geo-referenced in conjunction with Quick bird satellites (pan plus multispectral merged) 60 cm. resolution data acquired in 2008, to carry out this work for the study area. After geo-referencing of boundary map and high resolution data using digital image processing software (ERDAS IMAGINE)/Arc-GIS, all available/ collected maps are corrected and referenced to real earth coordinates. The road /transport-network/ city major/minor roads/ streets, railway line, river/water bodies, drainage/nala features etc. were identified and interpreted as a linear, polygon feature using Quick bird 60 cm. resolution data and Arc-GIS software 10.0 v. and area names and important locations has been included in base/transport-network map. After preparation of base map, land use categories existing in the study area were identified and mapped in study area using high resolution data. The rectified data and map overlaid on it, has also been further checked /verified on the ground for conducting field survey. Different land use /land cover categories i.e. urban built-up, rural-built-up- residential, commercial, industrial, Non built-up, forest, river/waterbodies, religious places and in others wastelans and restricted areas are identified and mapped as broad categories, govt. offices-central/state, semi govt. institutions- govt./semi-govt., retail shopping complex and places of facilities are also identified and mapped in city core and its surroundings. Vector layers were overlaid on satellite image/ have been used in ground surveying for collection of field information. A detailed ground truth verification/field survey has been carried out with the help of single frequency Global Positioning System /Mobile Mapper (GPS) to know the exact location of various urban land use/land cover categories and facilities with their actual extent and purpose of use. The individual polygons have been given attributes coding in GIS environment. After field survey of the study area through Mobile

Mapper/GPS, the necessary corrections are incorporated before finalization of the land use map in reference of data collected during field survey. The Mobile Mapper/GPS field data was converted in to tabular format and it has been linked and matched with digitized map in GIS domain for preparation of final map of study area on 1:8,000, 1:16,000 scales.

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

To create the digital database on urban land use/land cover of Farukhabad-Fatehgarh city and surroundings as a base map for master plan map of the area, the high resolution 60 cm. imagery of Quick bird satellite (Pan plus multispectral) has been used to identify and demarcate the different landuse/landcover categories. Apart from this survey of India topographical map sheet no. 54M/11 & 7, 10, 12 & 15 on 1:50,000 scale has also been used for identification, mapping and ground truth/G.P.S. data collection purpose for the study area. At first base map including road/ transport-network, city major/minor roads, railway line, canal/distributaries, river, drainage/nala, water bodies were prepared on 1:1,000 and the final landuse maps has been composed on 1:8,000 and 1:16,000 scale (Fig.3). After preparation of base map eleven land use/ land cover categories are identified and mapped in the study area (Fig.7). They are – Built-up (urban), Built-up (rural), Transportation/communication, Industrial area, commercial area, Institutional/utilities, Religious/cultural, Forest, Non- Built-up Land -Agricultural land, River/Water bodies and Others (Fig.4 & 5). These eleven categories are further subdivided up to three levels (Table-2). They are built-up Urban (residential area)- low-rise buildings(up to four storeyed) and high-rise buildings (above four storeyed), Transportation/ communication- bus station/depot, roads/transport-network- primary roads-state/national highway/ major/minor roads, railway line/railway station/railway land/railway yard , Institutional/ utilities/facilities- government /semi govt. offices/educational institutes, power house, petrol pump, govt./private hospitals, police thana and policeline, banks/atm and clubs, Commercial- market/bazar, dairy, godowns, mandi samiti and marriage hall and hotels, Religious/cultural places- temple, mosque, church and graveyards/burial grounds, Industrial area- industries like fertilizer, cloth printing and brick kilns,Nonbuilt-upland- agricultural/ cropland, orchard/plantation, land with/without infrastructure, Forest- forested area, Rural built-up-rural settlement/villages are mapped outside the urban area surrounded by agricultural land, Water bodies- river, canal/distributaries, drainage/nala and ponds/lake has been identified and mapped, similarily in Others category- Restricted/ cantonment area and in Wastelands- open scrub are identified and mapped in the study area. (Table-1 & 2) shows the different landuse/landcover categories with statistics detail and their percentage has also been given before their name as Built-up land (urban)- The areas identified and mapped under lowrise buildinds are occupying an area of 7.3% and high rised building area is negligible, thats why the statistics of high-rised buildings

are not given in the table, during field survey/GPS data collection, almost low-rise/high rised residential buildinds/ colonies locations has been taken and their name has also Narvasa, Bangaspura, Shivnagar, Awas Vikas Colony, Christian colony, Railway colony, Forest Deptt. colony, Nawadia, Kasimbagh and Civil court colonies, in Built- up(rural)- it estimate as 2.26%, Transportation/communication category- bus station/depot (0.02%), roads/transport-network under state highway/national highway and major roads in city and its environs area are estimated (1.52%), railway station/railway land(0.25%), railway yard(0.26%) and chauk/chauraha area percentage is negligible. In Commercial category-maket/bazar (0.2%), dairy(0.01%), godowns(0.53%), mandi-samiti (0.2%), marriage hall(0.02%), hotel/general business(0.01%), Public utilities/facilities/govt. offices/Educational institutes category is further sub-divided into govt./semi-govt. offices like district collectrate, public works deptts. and other offices are identified and mapped in the study area which occupies 0.31%, college/degree colleges/inter college/schools occupy 0.51%, police station/police line(0.83%), power house(0.05%), petrol pumps(0.01%), govt./private hospital(0.21%), club occupy an area of (0.01%) of total geographical area and area of post office, cinema hall and bank/atm are negligible, in Religious/cultural places-temple, mosque and graveyard occuppies an area of 0.02%, 0.03% and 0.15% respectively and the area of church is negligible and parks/playgrounds occupy (0.1%) . Industrial- in this category- factory of cloth printing, iffco fertilizers and brick-kilns are occupying an area of 0.08%, 0.02% and 1.29% acordingly. Non Built-up land-in this category agricultural land/cropland occupy (53.79%) and orchard/plantation (4.52%) and land with/without infrastructure in environs of city area, is occupying an area of 0.02% in total geographical area. Forest category occupies 1.58%, Water bodies/river (19.01%) and drainage/nala occupy (0.04%),

been given in geodatabase as P.W.D colony, Shyamnagar, Kashiram awasiya Yojna, Civil Lines area, Navlakha,

Ganga is the main river of study area. In others category- Wasteland (open scrubs) and restricted/cantonment (army/defence area) has been identified and demarcated, these categories are occupying an area of 0.76% and 4.01% respectively. Non-built up land, river/waterbodies and urban built-up land are the major categories in study area. Table-3 & Fig.6 shows the name of different object/locations in polygon/as point location, has been collected during field survey with the help of Global Positioning System (GPS) to know the exact location of the particular object, the details of data collected during field survey, which has been converted into tabular format, matched and linked with map in GIS domain.

RECOMMENDATIONS:

Before preparation of Master Plan map of city, the following should be considered.

• Prime Agricultural land should be avoided for future urban growth/ expansion.

• To develop any colony in urban periphery, at first wastelands should be used if non availability of wastelands, the c quality of land(less fertile land) can be used for residential use as well as for commercial use.

• From environmental point of view, all large scale industries should be at a minimum distance of five kilometers and wastelands should be used for establishment of industry.

• Govt. /semi-govt. institutions / schools / college / universities, which also occupy large area, should also not be established in fertile land.\

• Landfill site selection should be in low lying area/unfertile or wastelands

TABLE-1: LANDUSE/LANDCOVER STATISTICS OF STUDY AREA

TABLE-2: LANDUSE/LANDCOVER STATISTICS OF STUDY AREA AT LEVEL-III

TABLE-3:G.P.S LOCATION OF VARIOUS URBAN LANDUSE/ LAND COVER CATEGORIES/INFRASTRUCTURE

& FACILITIES AT FARRUKHABAD FATEHGARH REG. AREA

CONCLUSION

The remotely sensed data and Geographical Information System (GIS) have proved an effective tool in urban land use/land cover mapping, monitoring and analysis. The spatial extent of various urban land use/land cover categories prepared for the study area will be useful for planners and decision makers at city level planning & management. Furthermore, the development of intelligent GIS with high resolution panchromatic & multispectral data from Quikbird, IKONOS, Worldview-2 & 3, Resourcesat-I, Resourcesat-2, Cartosat-I & Cartosat-2 & Geoeye may enable generating parcel level land use/land

cover inventories necessary for future/ sustainable development of land resource and may facilitate monitoring the input of implementation of suggested land use programs in urban areas.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are very grateful to Subscribed officer, Farrukhabad – Fatehgarh Regulatory Area for providing funds to carry out this project and author also acknowledge the Director, Remote Sensing Applications Centre, Uttar Pradesh and Scientists of this centre to give their valuable suggestions in this study.

REFERENCES:

1. Patkar, V.N. (2003) Directions for GIS in urban planning.GIS@development,http/www.gisdevelopment.net/applic ation/urban/overview/urban0042p1/htm, map Asia conference, urban planning.

2. Kumar. V, (2009), Application of Remote Sensing & GIS in Landuse/ Landcover Mapping of Pratapgarh district. ISPRS Nagpur Symposium

3. Gopalan A.K.S. (2009), High Resolution Imagery for developmental Planning with spatial references to development.GIS@development.net,http:/www.GISdevelopmentm et.net/ technology/ rs/ techrsr0014pf.htm.

4. Minakshi Kumaret. al (2002) Extraction of Large scale urban infrastructure information using visual interpretation of high resolution IKONOS Data. IAPRS &SIS, vol-34, part-7. Resource and Environmental Monitoring.

5. Kumar, V. (2012), Unpublished Technical Report on Urban Landuse Mapping of Meerut City & Its Environs Using Remote Sensing & GIS Techniques.

6. Kumar, V. (2012), Unpublished Technical Report on Urban Landuse Mapping of Baghpat-Baraut-Khekra Development Authority Area Using Remote Sensing & GIS Techniques.

7. Kumar, V. (2012), Unpublished Technical Report on House Property Tax Assessment Mapping at Nagarpalika Parishad Ramnagar, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh Using Remote Sensing & GIS Techniques

8. Kumar, V. (2012), Unpublished Technical Report on Urban Landuse Mapping of Farrukhabad-Fatehgarh Regulatory Area Using Remote Sensing, GIS & GPS Techniques.

URBAN CENTRES IN UTTAR PRADESH

Figure: 2

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Figure: 7