Vulnerabilty Assessment of Soil Erosion of Panchganga Basin Using Geoinformatic Technique

Vulnerabilty Assessment of Soil Erosion of Panchganga Basin Using Geoinformatic Technique

Panhalkar S. S. & Amol P. Jarag

Dept. of Geography, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, MS, India

Abstract-Water is a vital natural resource and at the

plants

etc.

in our

daily

life.In

view of

ever

same time very complex to manage. In order to meet the

increasing

population,

economic

development,

growing demand

for

food, fuel

and fodder of ever

rapid

urbanization, industrialization,

land and

increasing population,

economic

development,

rapid

water

resources need to

be optimally utilized&

urbanization, industrialization,

land and water

proper steps should be taken to manage &

resources need to be optimally

utilized. Watershed

conserve them in time, we require various natural

prioritization has gained importance in sustainable

resources like soil, water, Plants, minerals etc for

resource development. River basin

Morphometric

characteristics are an important aspect of the

livelihood. In future,

tremendous

hardship will

characterization of watershed. The present study aims

befaced by human

beingwith

respect to

to assess the prioritization of the panchganga basin. If

availability

of resources.Watershed

prioritization

has

been

done

on the

basis of

morphometric

has

gained

importance

in sustainable

resource

characteristics and land use/land cover categories for its

development. River basin Morphometric analysis

planning and sustainable development of water

is an important aspect of the characterization of

resources. The study area is about 2511 km2 and lies

watershed. Watershed is an ideal unit for

between 16° 13 to 17°11 North latitudes and 73°41 to

management of natural resources i.e., land, water,

74°42 E longitude. This basin covers some part of

forest, soil etc. Physiography, drainage,

Shahuwadi, Radhanagri, Karveer,Hatkanangle and

Shirol tehsil. The entire study region is divided into 09

geomorphology, soil,

land use/land

cover are

sub-watersheds by demarcating its boundaries and

some of the important

parameters

which play a

named as

PB-01 to

PB-09 by

using

GIS

software.

significant role in watershed planning. Watershed

Various River

basin morphometric characteristics of

management

involves

properutilization

of land,

the Panchganga basin have been assessed by applying

water, forest and soil resources of a watershed for

GIS techniques and using CartoDEM data. Strahlers,

optimum production with minimum hazard to

Hortons and Schumms methods have been employed

natural resources (Biswas et al. 1999).

to assess the fluvial characteristics of sub-watersheds.

Morphometric analysis requires measurement of

Final compound value for final ranking to each

linear features, areal aspects, gradient of channel

morphometric parameter &land use/land cover has

been assigned by considering its role in priority for

network

and contributing

ground slope

of the

conservation and management of natural resources.

drainage

basin

(Nautiyal

1994).Shrimali

et al.,

The compound parameter values are calculated and the

2001

has

presented

studied

of the

Sukhana

lake

sub-watershed with lowest compound weight is given highest priority. The analysis reveals that PB-1, PB-2, and PB-3, sub-basins should be given highest priority,

catchment in the Shiwalik hills for the delineation and prioritization of soil erosion areas by GIS and remote sensing. Katpatal et al. (2004) conducted

on the basis of land use/land cover analysis for

study on remote sensing and GIS application for

conservation of natural resources as they are much

monitoring and management of Pioli watershed

more susceptible to soil erosion.

near Nagpur urban area. Balakrishna H B, 2008

Key words: Watershed, Geoinformatic, Morphometry,

carried out Morphometric analysis for

Prioritisation Land use /Land cover

Tippagondanahalli River basin for prioritization of

sub

watersheds.The present

study aims

to assess

1. NTRODUCTION

   the prioritization of the panchgangabasin on the

   Water and land are the

   most important

   basis of morphometric characteristics and

   land

   naturalresource of environment and society as a

   use/land cover categories for its planning

   and

   whole.We use air, water, soil, minerals, animals,

   sustainable development of water resources.

   1. STUDY REGION:

      The study area lies between 16o13' north to 17o11'

      elevation of the area is 550 meter and 1020 meter respectively. North western part of the basin is hilly

      north latitudes and 73o41' east to 74o42' east

      with rugged topography and plain surface is towards

      longitudes. This basin covers some part of

      eastern part. The monsoon climate dominates the

      Shahuwadi, Panhala, Radhanagri, Karveer,

      region.

      Hatkanangle and Shiroltahsils of Kolhapur district. The total area of the study region is 2511 sq. kmThe

      region

      has

      diversified

      physiography

      with

      complex

      geological

      structure.

      Minimum

      and

      maximum

      Fig.1: Location Map of Study Area

   2. DATA & METHODOLOGY

      For the present study, data from different sources has

      system.

      Less

      than a

      pixel

      RMSE

      error

      was

      been

      integrated

      on a

      GIS

      platform,

      for

      watershed

      achived.Morphometric characteristics such as linear

      prioritization.

      The present study has integrated data

      aspects and aerial aspects of the drainage basin were

      from

      different

      sources

      and

      used

      different

      computed. The order was given to each stream by

      methods.For analysis this work is basically based on following Strahler (1964) stream ordering technique.

      morphometric

      analysis &

      Land

      use/

      Land

      cover

      The attributes were assigned to create the digital data

      analysis of Panchganga basin. At first, entire study base for drainage layer of the river basin. The map

      area

      is delineated

      with

      the

      help

      of ArcSWAT

      showing

      drainage

      pattern in

      the

      study

      area.

      The

      software. Inlet and outlet are defined to demarcate

      different

      morphometric

      parameters

      have

      been

      Panchganga

      watershed.

      Sub-basins

      are

      also

      determined as per table no.1

      demarcated by using the same software to carry out

      Base

      map

      of the

      study area

      has

      been overlaid on

      the sub-basin wise Morphometric & Land use/ Land

      satellite

      data to

      delineate

      various

      classes

      of land

      cover analysis. For base ap preparation, four SOI use/land cover. Land use and land cover map was

      toposheets

      on 1:50000 scale

      in paper

      format

      were

      prepared

      using

      knowledge

      based

      classification

      used. The SOI toposheets and digital satellite data were geometrically rectified and georeferenced with

      techniques with help of Erdas Imagine softwareand digital satellite remote sensing data i.e: IRS-P6 LISS-

      the help of Arc-GIS &ERDAS IMAGINE software

      IV Data

      was

      also

      verifiedthrough

      standard

      visual

      assigning WGS 1984/ UTM Zone 43 N projection

      image

      interpretation

      techniques

      based on

      photorecognition elements and field knowledge. The categories and sub-basin wise prioritization has been

      thematic

      maps

      weregenerated

      through

      satellite

      suggested for planning & sustainable development of

      data.Weighted

      overlay technique

      has

      been

      used to

      water & land resources.

      assign

      weightage to

      Morphometric &

      LU/LC

   3. BASIN MORPHOMETRY:

      1800 are 2nd order stream, 434 are 3rd order stream, 82 are 4th order stream, 11 are 5th order stream and 2

      The drainage basin has been characterized

      is indicating 6th order stream respectively.

      Drainage

      with linear, areal and relief indices. These measures pattern of the stream network is dendritic type. All

      have

      been

      used

      to assess

      Morphometric

      the streams of the watersheds of panchganga River

      characteristics of the basin.

      basin

      have

      been

      designated

      according to

      the

      STREAM ORDER (U)

      The designation of stream orders is the first

      Strahlers system as shown in table 1.1.

      STREAM LENGTH (LU):

      step in drainage basin analysis and expresses the

      Stream length was computed on the basis of

      hierarchical

      relationship

      between

      segments.

      Horton law (1945), for the entire sub basins of the

      Numerical

      ordering

      of streams

      begins

      with

      the

      study

      area.

      Total

      lengths

      of stream

      segments

      tributaries at the stream assigned with the values. A

      aremaximum in first order streams and decreases as

      stream segment has been resulted from joining of the

      the stream order increases. In the present study,

      two 1st order segments which was given as order II

      Stream length of sub-basin PB-01 has the highest

      and so on using the method given by Strahler (1964). It has observed that the maximum frequency is in the case of first order streams. It has also noticed that there is a decrease in stream frequency as the stream

      length of first order stream that is around 1382.53 km. and the 7th order stream length is only 40.53km. The lowest stream length belongs to PB-05 sub-basin that is only 10.49 km for first order streams and 3.82

      order increases.

      km for

      4th

      order

      stream. In

      the

      Panchganga

      river

      The total number of 9846 stream

      basin total length of stream is 7062.16 km.

      are

      identified

      of which

      7515

      are

      1st

      order

      stream,

      Fig 2: Stream Ordering of Panchganga River

      BIFURCATION RATIO (Rb):

      Fig 3: Drainage Density of Panchganga River

      Horton

      (1945)

      and

      Schumm

      (1956)

      control dominates (Strahler, 1969). The lower values

      considered the bifurcation ratio as an index of relief

      of Rb

      are

      characteristics

      of the

      watersheds or

      and dissection. Bifurcation ratio (Rb) is the ratio of the number of streams of order n to the number of

      drainage basins, which have suffered less structural disturbances (Strahler, 1969) and the drainage pattern

      streams

      of the

      next

      higher

      order

      (n+1). It

      is a

      has

      not

      been

      distorted

      because

      of the

      structural

      dimensionless

      property

      and

      shows

      only a

      small

      disturbances (Nag, 1998). If Rbis high, that means

      variation

      for

      different

      regions

      with

      different

      the

      flow of

      energy is

      low,

      which

      in turn

      gives

      environment

      except

      where

      powerful

      geological

      sufficient

      time

      for

      infiltration

      and

      groundwater

      recharge, as well as low probability of flooding and

      conditions and drainage pattern of the basin.

      High

      vice versa.

      Bifurcation

      ratio

      values

      for

      the

      different

      value of the Circularity ratio indicates old stage of topography. Circularity and elongation ratios may be

      sub-watersheds of

      the

      study

      area

      have

      been

      of practical

      use

      in predicting

      certain

      hydrological

      calculated. The mean bifurcation ratio of all orders

      characteristics

      of a

      drainage

      basin.

      The

      circularity

      varies from 1.23 to 8.67.The highest value of mean bifurcation ratio is found in PB-1, PB-9, PB-8, PB-6

      ratio varies from 0.14 to 0.21 & if shows the sub- watersheds (Table no. 1.2) indicating mature stage of

      and

      PB-3

      suggesting

      structural

      control

      and

      low

      topography.

      permeability.

      This

      relatively

      lower

      value of

      mean

      bifurcation

      ratio

      suggests

      the

      geological

      STREAM FREQUENCY (FS):

      heterogeneity,

      higher

      permeability

      and

      lesser

      Horton

      (1932)

      defined

      stream

      structural control in the area.

      frequency as the total number of stream segment of all order per unit area. The stream frequency varies

      FORM FACTOR (FF):

      from

      basin to

      basin

      (Table

      No.

      1.2).

      Stream

      frequency for watersheds of the study area has shown

      Quantitative

      expression of

      drainage

      basin

      outline

      positive correlation with the drainage density. If

      form

      was

      made

      by Horton(1932)

      through a

      form

      indicate

      that

      stream

      population

      increases

      with

      the

      factor ratio (RF).If is the dimensionless ratio of basin

      increase of drainage density in watershed. PB-1 sub-

      areato the square of basin length. Basin shape may be

      basin has maximum stream frequency that is 3.75

      indexed by simple dimensionlessratios of the basic

      km/km2. The minimum stream density is 1.64

      measurements of area, perimeter and length (Singh, 1998).

      The form factor of sub-basins varies from

      km/km2 which is in PB-6 sub-basin.

      DRAINAGE DENSITY (Dd):

      Horton (1932) defines drainage density as a

      0.14 to 1.21 (Table No.1.2). This represents more or

      ratio

      between

      total

      length

      of stream

      of all

      order

      less elongated shape. The PB-09 watershed is having low value of Ff. The elongated basin with low form factor indicates that the basin will have a flatter peak

      &drainage area. The significance of drainage density is recognized as a factor determining the time travel by water (Schumm,1956). On the one hand, Dd is a

      of flow for longer duration. Flood flows of such

      result of interacting which are factors controlling the

      elongated basins are easier tomanage than of the

      surface runoff; on the other hand, it is itself

      circular basin. (Christopher et al., 2010).

      ELONGATION RATIO (Re):

      influencing the output of water and sediment from the drainage basin (Ozdemir and Bird, 2009).In the present study, drainage density varies from 1.64 to

      Schumm (1956) defined elongation ratio

      .75 (Table No 1.2). Higher the value, higher would

      (Re) as the ratio of diameter of a circle of the same

      be the runoff and lower the drainage density lesser

      area as the drainage basin and the maximum length of

      would be the runoff and higher the probability of

      the basin. It is a very significant index in the analysis of basin shape which helps to give an idea about the

      groundwater potential zones.In the study region, PB- 1, PB-2, PB-3 & PB-8 sub-basins have high drainage

      hydrological character of a drainage basin. Values

      density while other sub-basins have medium to low

      near to 1.0 are typical of regions of very low relief (Strahler, 1964).

      The value Re in the study area was found to be 0.42 to 1.24 which indicates low relief and flat ground

      drainage density.

      DRAINAGE TEXTURE (Dt)

      The drainage texture is considered as one of

      slope. Low elongation ratio is in PB-9 sub-basin and

      the important concept of geomorphology which

      high is observed in PB-4 sub-basin as per Table

      shows the relative spacing of the drainage lines

      No.1.2

      (Chorley, et al, 1957). In the present study, drainage

      CIRCULARITY RATIO (RC):

      Miller (1953) defines circularity ratio (Rc)

      texture varies from 16.49 to 0.76 (Table No: 1.2). Drainage density values are variable and suggest that the study area falls into very coarse to coarse texture

      as the ratio of the basin area to the area of a circle

      category and indicates good permeability of sub-

      which is having the same circumference parameter as

      surface material in the study area except the first

      the basin. It is a dimensionless index to the form

      order streams.

      outline of drainage basins. The ratio is influenced by

      the

      length

      and

      frequency

      of stream,

      geological

      structure,

      vegetation

      cover,

      climate,

      relief,

      slope

   4. LAND

      USE

      /LAND

      COVER

      CHANGE

      times

      (Singh,

      1989).

      Timely

      and

      accurate

      change

      ANALYSIS:

      detection

      of Earths

      surface

      features

      provides

      the

      foundation for better understanding the relationships

      Land use / land cover change analysis is a

      and

      interactions

      between

      human

      and

      natural

      key to

      many

      diverse

      applications

      such as

      phenomena to optimize land

      resources. In general,

      environment,

      forestry,

      hydrology,

      agriculture,

      change detection involves the application of multi-

      geology

      and

      ecology.

      Various

      natural

      resource

      temporal

      datasets to

      quantitatively

      analyze

      the

      management,

      planning

      and

      monitoring

      programs

      temporal effects of the phenomenon (Lu et al., 2004).

      depend on accurate information about the LU/LC in a region. When it comes to connecting earth science, land use / land cover is the major research activity,

      Land use/land cover mapping was prepared at sub – watershed level using IRS P6 LISS IV 2012 data. If

      &this information at different scales is of

      utmost

      also verified through

      visual image interpretation

      importance to many facets of the society.

      techniques led to the identification and delineation of

      Identification of land cover establishes the

      land use/ land cover categories such as agriculture, fallow land, barren land, water body, cultivated land,

      baseline from which monitoring activities (change

      forest& Settlement etc.Figure 4 shows land use/land

      detection) can be performed. If provides the ground cover information for baseline thematic maps. Land

      cover map ofthe study area.

      use

      refers to

      economic

      use

      of land,

      for

      example,

      FOREST:

      recreation, wildlife habitat, or agriculture. Land use

      applications

      involve

      both

      baseline

      mapping

      and

      The area under forest includes all lands which are

      subsequent

      monitoring.

      Timely

      information is

      under forest, whether private or state owned. There is

      required to know which current quantity of land and

      close association between the nature of the terrain,

      which

      type of

      use

      and to

      identify

      the

      land

      use

      the amount of rainfall received and the area under

      changes from year to year (Sabins, 1997; Read and

      forests

      (Diddee,

      et al.,

      2002).

      The

      maximum

      area

      Lam, 2002; Campbell, 2002). Change detection is the process of identifying differences in the state of an

      (22.63%) under forest can be seen in sub-watershed PB-08, whereas the minimum area is found in PB-09

      object

      or phenomenon by observing it at

      different

      (2.1%).

      Fig.4. Land use/land cover analysis from IRS p6 LISS IV data of 2012

      AGRICULTURAL LAND: topographical situation, technology, socio-economic

      and

      organizational

      factors.

      The

      Agriculture

      land

      Agriculture is described as the backbone of Indian

      cover is

      found

      from

      all

      the

      sub

      -watersheds of

      economy. Agricultural land may be defined broadly

      Panchganga

      river

      basin.Highest

      area

      under

      as land used primarily for production of food and Agriculture land is reported from PB-04with 61.39%,

      fiber.

      Agricultural

      land

      use

      depends

      upon

      good

      while

      lowest

      area is

      reported

      from

      PB-08

      with

      suitable

      weather

      condition,

      water

      resources,

      19.93%.

      Table 3.Land use/land cover analysis of Panchganga Basin

      Land use/Land Cover Classes	Sub-basin wise Area (In Percentage)
      	PB-01	PB-02	PB-03	PB-04	PB-05	PB-06	PB-07	PB-08	PB-09
      Forest	13.9	6.98	2.52	1.52	4.93	5.15	5.55	22.63	2.1
      Agriculture	27.05	42.86	28.35	61.39	50.9	43.26	31.2	19.93	42.19
      Barren Land	31.28	18.38	37.64	18.64	30.86	25.06	45.25	33.41	30.34
      Fallow Land	26.39	28.75	28.09	16.66	10.96	8.06	12.55	22.81	18.95
      Water	1.36	3.01	3.38	1.76	2.33	0.77	5.41	1.2	6.39
      Settlement	—	—	—	—	—	17.67	5.55	—	—
      TOTAL	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100

      BARREN LAND:

      The Barren land cover is reported from all thesub – watersheds of Panchganga river basin.Highest area

   5. PRIORITIZATION OF SUB-WATERSHEDS ON THE BASIS OF MORPHOMETRIC

      under barrenland is reportedfrom PB-07with

      ANALYSIS:

      45.25%, while lowest area is reported fromPB-02

      with 18.38%. Higher

      priority has

      been given to

      The morphometric parameters i.e. drainage density,

      thesub-watersheds having higher

      percentage of

      stream frequency, mean bifurcation ratio, drainage

      Barren land cover andvice versa.

      texture, length of overland flow, form factor,

      circularity ratio, elongation ratio, basin shape and

      FALLOW LAND:

      In thepanchganga basin some area is covered with fallow land.fallow lands are regular part of the

      compactness coefficient, are also termed as erosion risk assessment parameters and those can be used for prioritizing sub-watersheds (Biswas et al. 1999). The

      cultivated land on which cultivation has been

      linear parameters such as drainage density, stream

      temporarily suspended due to some reasons like

      frequency, mean bifurcation ratio, drainage texture,

      unfavourable climatic conditions, topographic &

      length of overland flow have a direct relationship

      irrigation conditions etc. The maximum area

      with erodibility whereas shape parameters such as

      (28.75%) under fallowlandcan be seen from PB-02, whereas the minimum area is can be seen from PB-06

      elongation ratio, circularity ratio, form factor, basin shape and compactness coefficient have an inverse

      (8.6%).

      relationship with erodibility (NookaRatnam et al.

      BUILT-UP LAND/SETTLEMENTS:

      2005).. Therefore, the higher value was rated as rank 1, second highest value was rated as rank second and

      Built-up land/settlements are comprised of areas

      so on. The sub watershed which got the highest Cp

      of intensive use with much of the land is covered by

      values were assigned last priority. The sub watershed

      Structures. It is defined as an area of human

      were then categorized into three classes as high (3.3

      habitation developed due to non-agricultural use and

      4.5), medium (4.6 5.6), and low (5.7

      that which has a cover of Settlement, transport,

      6.2).Priorityhas been given range of cp values. On the

      Industries, Educational Institutes, utilities in

      basis of morphometric analysis, PB-01, PB-02, PB-

      association with water, vegetation and vacant lands.

      03, fall in the high priority, PB-04, PB-06, PB-08 and

      The maximum area (17.77%) under settlement has

      PB-09 fall in medium priority and PB-05 & PB07

      been shown from PB-06, whereas the minimum area is shown from PB-03.

      are in the low priority category

      Fig 5. Priority of sub-watershed based on Morphometric Analysis

   6. PRIORITIZATION OF

      SUB-

      classes as high (4.0 4.8), medium (4.9 5.2) and

      WATERSHEDS ON

      THE

      BASIS OF

      LAND

      low (5.3 6.6) priority. Out of 09 sub-watersheds,

      PB-01, PB-02, PB-03 and PB-07,

      fall

      under

      high

      USE/LAND COVERS ANALYSIS:

      priority,

      PB-05,

      PB-08

      and

      PB-09

      sub-watersheds

      The land use depends upon the soil, topography,

      indicate a medium priority.Whereas, PB-04, and PB-

      weather condition and water resources. Therefore, the

      06 fall under low priority category .Figure no.6

      agricultural activities of man are restricted as per

      shows priority of sub-watersheds based on land

      land. The sub-watersheds were classified into three

      use/land cover analysis.

      Fig 6. Priority of sub-watershed based on Land use/land cover analysis

      .

      Fig 7. Priority of sub-watershed based on Morphometric and Land use/land cover analysis

   7. CONCLUSION

Watershed prioritization is one of the most important aspects of planning for implementation of development and management of natural resources

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   ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

   This paper is an outcome of research project funded by NRDMS, Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi. We express our sincere thanks to DST, New Delhi for providing financial support for the project.

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Table No 1.1: Total Stream Numbers of Panchganga River

Table No 1.2 : Sub-basin wise derived morphometric parameters of the Panchganga River basin

Table No.1.3: Final Prioritization of Panchganga Basin