DOI : 10.17577/IJERTV9IS060867
- Open Access
- Authors : Ganesh Prasanna S , Shashikumar M. Hiremath
- Paper ID : IJERTV9IS060867
- Volume & Issue : Volume 09, Issue 06 (June 2020)
- Published (First Online): 01-07-2020
- ISSN (Online) : 2278-0181
- Publisher Name : IJERT
- License:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Water Quality and Heavy Metal Analysis of Kunchenahalli Lake in Shivamogga District, Karnataka, India
Ganesh Prasanna S
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
J.N.N. College of Engineering Navule, Shivamogga : 577204
Shashikumar M. Hiremath
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
J.N.N.College of Engineering Navule, Shivamogga : 577204
Abstract : An attempt has been made to evaluate the Physico – Chemical Parameters and heavy metals in the water and sediment samples of Kunchenahalli lake in Shivamogga District, Karnataka. Water and soil samples were collected during pre-monsoon from January 2019 to April 2019 and subjected to Physical and Chemical analysis viz., Dissolved Solids, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Total Hardness, Acidity, Alkalinity, Turbidity and Heavy metals. The results indicate that the Lake is contaminated with high concentrations of Iron and Manganese, threatening to use of lake water for the Domestic and Irrigation purposes and also for survival of aquatic flora and fauna.
Keywords:- Physico-Chemical Parameters; Heavy Metals; Topo sheet; Atomic Absorption Spectrometry.
INTRODUCTION
Land uses and the water quality of adjacent aquatic systems within a watershed area shows strong bonds exists between them. Recently, studies of the relationships between land uses and water quality begun to increase considerably (Sang-Woo Lee et.al., 2009). Fe and Mn are essential minerals, neurotoxicity by inhalation/digestion of these minerals have been widely described, particularly in workers and miners, where exposure is relatively high. Recently, there has been concern over a number of studies that have suggested that
exposure to high concentrations of Fe and Mn in drinking water may have neurological adverse effects in terms of intellectual and cognitive development. (Paul Rumsby et.al., 2014). Water is one of the most important components of the ecosystem, the increased human population, industrialization, use of fertilizers in the agriculture and man-made activity has deteriorated the quality of the surface as well as ground waters rendering them to unfit for usage. Moreover in addition to this the increase in the levels of heavy metals has enormously summed up a threat to the aquatic and human races. It is therefore necessary that the quality of water should be checked at regular time of intervals.
The Present Study involves the Analysis of water Quality in Terms of Physico-chemical parameters and Heavy metals detection of Kunchenahalli Lake, Shivamogga District, Karnataka. It is located in 14.06N, 75.55E and is covered in 48N/12 Toposheet of Survey of India. This Lake is having an area of 4 sq kmtrs and serving around 5000 population with 1300 households in Kunchenahalli village. This Lake water is used basically for agriculture and partially for domestic activities. The mean annual rainfall in the study area is 901 mm during the period from 1991-2005.
Location Map with Sampling Points
Figure 1: Location map with Sampling points for water samples and soil samples at Kunchenahalli Lake
Figure 2: Photographical picture of Kunchenahalli Lake
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Eight Water samples and Four Soil Samples from Kunchenahalli Lake were collected during the months from January 2019 to April 2019 in clean and dry Polythene bottles. The Water samples and soil samples were immediately brought in to Laboratory for the Estimation of various Physico-chemical parameters. Whereas pH and DO was recorded at the time of sample collection by using Pocket Digital pH Meter and DO meter. While other Parameters Such as TDS, Hardness, Alkalinity, Acidity and heavy metals such as Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn were estimated in the Laboratory by using Indian Standard Procedures (Titration method, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) Thermo M5 Model) (Trivedy and Goel,1986, APHA 1985).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Table 5.1 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Kunchenahalli Lake Water Samples :
|
SL No. |
Samples |
Colour |
Turbidity NTU |
pH |
TDS (mg/L) |
Acidity (mg/L) |
Ca Hardness (mg/L) |
TH (mg/L) |
DO (mg/L) |
Alk (mg/L) |
|
01 |
Sample 1 |
10 |
4 |
8.76 |
155.62 |
40.13 |
100 |
200 |
1.54 |
200.12 |
|
02 |
Sample 2 |
10 |
4 |
8.87 |
162.44 |
30.33 |
131 |
206 |
1.80 |
205.32 |
|
03 |
Sample 3 |
10 |
4 |
8.91 |
160.58 |
40.12 |
106 |
194 |
2.05 |
200.23 |
|
04 |
Sample 4 |
10 |
4 |
8.67 |
156.24 |
30.66 |
135 |
204 |
1.71 |
205.00 |
|
05 |
Sample 5 |
10 |
4 |
8.71 |
159.34 |
36.21 |
124 |
187 |
1.85 |
190.33 |
|
06 |
Sample 6 |
10 |
4 |
8.90 |
161.20 |
40.02 |
116 |
174 |
1.65 |
187.05 |
|
07 |
Sample 7 |
10 |
4 |
8.85 |
160.58 |
36.51 |
126 |
185 |
1.70 |
190.63 |
|
08 |
Sample 8 |
10 |
4 |
8.54 |
159.96 |
40.36 |
115 |
171 |
1.90 |
170.28 |
|
09 |
BIS (max) |
5 |
1 |
8.5 |
500 |
– |
– |
200 |
– |
100 |
2.5
2
ppm
ppm
1.5
1
0.5
0
DO variations in water samples
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Water Sample id
Fig : 5.1.1 DO variations of Kunchenahalli Lake Water Samples
pH Variations in water samples
pH Variations in water samples
8.95
8.9
8.85
8.8
8.75
8.7
8.65
8.6
8.55
8.5
8.95
8.9
8.85
8.8
8.75
8.7
8.65
8.6
8.55
8.5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Water Sample id
Water Sample id
mg/L
mg/L
pH value
pH value
Fig : 5.1.2 pH variations of Kunchenahalli Lake Water Samples
TDS variations in water samples
TDS variations in water samples
163
162
161
160
159
158
157
156
155
163
162
161
160
159
158
157
156
155
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Water Sample id
Water Sample id
mg/L asCaCO3
mg/L asCaCO3
Fig : 5.1.3 TDS variations of Kunchenahalli Lake Water Samples
Chemical Variations in water samples
250
200
150
100
50
Acidity
alkalinity
Ca Hardness Total hardness
Chemical Variations in water samples
250
200
150
100
50
Acidity
alkalinity
Ca Hardness Total hardness
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Water Sample id
Water Sample id
Fig : 5.1.4 Chemical variations of Kunchenahalli Lake Water Samples
The Physico-chemical analysis of Kunchenahalli Lake water samples (samples taken at the surface level) exhibited normal distribution (Table 5.1) varying in between 8.54 to 8.91 for pH (Fig 5.1.2) and varying between 155.62 mg/L to 162.44 mg/L for Total Dissolved Solids (Fig 5.1.3) within permissible BIS standard levels 8.5 (pH) and 500 mg/L (TDS). Slightly high values of Total Hardness i.e., 200 mg/L, 206 mg/L and 204 mg/L for sample no. 1,2 and 4 respectively (Fig 5.1.4) have been reported against BIS standard limit (200 mg/L) indicating mineral contamination. Lake water is augmented with pollutants reflecting in Dissolved Oxygen analysis of all samples being reported with less DO varying between 1.54 mg/L to 2.05 mg/L (Fig 5.1.1) making water body unfit for the survival of aquatic flora and fauna.
Table 5.2 Chemical Characteristics of Water at 10m Depth
|
SL NO |
SAMPLE DETAILS |
pH |
Turbidity NTU |
pH |
TDS (mg/L) |
Acidity (mg/L) |
Ca Hardness (mg/L) |
TH (mg/L) |
|
01 |
Sample 1 |
8.7 |
164.32 |
40.44 |
115 |
215 |
1.31 |
204.65 |
|
02 |
Sample 2 |
8.7 |
161.34 |
31.21 |
133 |
223 |
1.56 |
210.12 |
|
03 |
Sample 3 |
8.9 |
167.68 |
41.32 |
111 |
201 |
1.89 |
202.90 |
|
04 |
Sample 4 |
8.7 |
156.28 |
30.44 |
145 |
208 |
1.52 |
207.27 |
|
05 |
Sample 5 |
8.5 |
157.24 |
38.32 |
132 |
200 |
1.77 |
194.21 |
|
06 |
Sample 6 |
8.81 |
170.20 |
40.07 |
127 |
196 |
1.45 |
189.11 |
|
07 |
Sample 7 |
8.75 |
159.58 |
38.21 |
121 |
201 |
1.59 |
194.32 |
|
08 |
Sample 8 |
8.64 |
160.96 |
41.45 |
125 |
213 |
1.61 |
181.32 |
|
09 |
BIS(max) |
8.3 |
500 |
– |
– |
200 |
– |
100 |
DO variations in 10mt deep water samples
2
1.5
ppm
ppm
1
0.5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Water Sample id
Fig : 5.2.1 DO variations of Kunchenahalli Lake Water Samples (10mt Deep)
9
8.9
pH value
pH value
8.8
8.7
8.6
8.5
8.4
pH Variations in 10mt deep water samples
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Water Sample id
Fig : 5.2.2 pH variations of Kunchenahalli Lake Water Samples (10mt Deep)
175
170
mg/L
mg/L
165
160
155
150
TDS variations in 10mt deep water samples
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Water Sample id
Fig : 5.2.3 pH variations of Kunchenahalli Lake Water Samples (10mt Deep)
Chemical Variations in 10mt deep water samples
250
200
mg/L asCaCO3
mg/L asCaCO3
150
100
50
Acidity alkalinity
Ca Hardness Total hardness
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Water Sample id
Fig : 5.2.4 Chemical variations of Kunchenahalli Lake Water Samples (10mt Deep)
Similarly the Physico-chemical analysis of Kunchenahalli Lake water samples (samples taken at 10mt depth) exhibited normal distribution (Table 5.2) varying in between 8.5 to 8.9 for pH (Fig 5.2.2) and varying between 156.28 mg/L to 170.20 mg/L for Total Dissolved Solids (Fig 5.2.3), showing higher than the concentration at the surface level and within permissible BIS standard levels 8.5 (pH) and 500 mg/L (TDS). But showed significant high values of Total Hardness i.e., 201 mg/L to 223 mg/L for almost all samples highest being in respect of sample no. 2 (Fig 5.2.4) have been reported against BIS standard limit (200 mg/L) indicating mineral contamination. Similar results were obtained for Dissolved Oxygen analysis of all water samples at 10 mt depth being reported with less DO varying between 1.31 mg/L to 1.89 mg/L (Fig 5.2.1) threatening for the survival of aquatic flora and fauna.
Table 5.3 Heavy Metal analysis of Kunchenahalli Lake Water Samples.
|
SL NO |
SAMPLE DETAILS |
IRON (Fe) mg/L |
Zinc(Zn) mg/L |
Copper(cu) mg/L |
Manganese (Mn) mg/L |
|
01 |
Sample 1 |
2.878 |
0.006 |
0.038 |
2.554 |
|
02 |
Sample 2 |
2.267 |
0.003 |
0.028 |
2.438 |
|
03 |
Sample 3 |
2.280 |
0.001 |
0.024 |
2.502 |
|
04 |
Sample 4 |
2.481 |
0.004 |
0.024 |
2.526 |
|
05 |
Sample 5 |
2.325 |
0.004 |
0.021 |
2.445 |
|
06 |
Sample 6 |
2.241 |
0.003 |
0.032 |
2.598 |
|
07 |
Sample 7 |
2.455 |
0.006 |
0.034 |
2.214 |
|
08 |
Sample 8 |
2.412 |
0.005 |
0.031 |
2.638 |
|
09 |
BIS (max) |
0.3 |
5 |
0.050 |
0.1 |
Fe and Mn variations in Surface Water Samples
Fe and Mn variations in Surface Water Samples
3
3
2.5
2.5
2
Fe
Mn
2
Fe
Mn
1.5
1.5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Sample id
Sample id
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
Fig : 5.3.1 Fe and Mn variations of Kunchenahalli Lake Water Samples
Zn and Cu variations in Surface Water Samples
Zn and Cu variations in Surface Water Samples
0.04
0.035
0.03
0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
Zn
Cu
0.04
0.035
0.03
0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
Zn
Cu
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Sample id
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Sample id
Fig : 5.3.2 Zn and Cu variations of Kunchenahalli Lake Water Samples
Heavy metal analysis of Lake water samples (at the surface level) particularly for Fe,Mn, Zn and Cu (Table 5.3) clearly indicates the significant contamination of Lake water with Fe and Mn concentrations much more high varying from 2.241 ppm to 2.878 ppm for Fe and varying from 2.214 ppm to 2.638 ppm for Mn (Fig 5.3.1) against BIS standard limits 0.3 ppm (Fe) and
0.1 ppm (Mn) respectively. Whereas Zn and Cu analysis of Lake water samples revealed concentrations well within the BIS standard limits varying from 0.001 ppm to 0.006 ppm for Zn against limit of 5 ppm (Zn) and varying from 0.021ppm to 0.038 ppm for Cu (Fig 5.3.2) against limit of 0.050 ppm (Cu).
Table 5.4 Heavy Metal of Kunchenahalli Lake Water Samples at Depth of 10m
|
SL NO |
SAMPLE DETAILS |
IRON (Fe) mg/L |
Zinc(Zn) mg/L |
Copper(cu) mg/L |
Manganese (Mn) mg/L |
|
01 |
Sample 1 |
2.894 |
0.007 |
0.039 |
2.612 |
|
02 |
Sample 2 |
2.281 |
0.004 |
0.024 |
2.467 |
|
03 |
Sample 3 |
2.301 |
0.005 |
0.026 |
2.533 |
|
04 |
Sample 4 |
2.501 |
0.003 |
0.032 |
2.500 |
|
05 |
Sample 5 |
2.351 |
0.002 |
0.026 |
2.435 |
|
06 |
Sample 6 |
2.241 |
0.005 |
0.031 |
2.465 |
|
07 |
Sample 7 |
2.467 |
0.004 |
0.037 |
2.671 |
|
08 |
Sample 8 |
2.552 |
0.005 |
0.046 |
2.668 |
|
09 |
BIS (max) |
0.3 |
5 |
0.050 |
0.1 |
Fe and Mn variations in Surface Water Samples
Fe and Mn variations in Surface Water Samples
3
3
2.5
2.5
2
Fe
Mn
2
Fe
Mn
1.5
1.5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Sample id
Sample id
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
Fig : 5.4.1 Fe and Mn variations of Kunchenahalli Lake Water Samples at 10mt deep
Zn and Cu variations in Surface Water Samples
Zn and Cu variations in Surface Water Samples
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
Zn
Cu
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
Zn
Cu
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Sample id
Sample id
Fig : 5.4.2 Zn and Cu variations of Kunchenahalli Lake Water Samples at 10mt deep
Similar results were obtained in case of heavy metal analysis of Lake water samples (at 10 mt depth) for Fe,Mn, Zn and Cu (Table 5.4) pointing the contamination of Lake water with Fe and Mn concentrations much more high varying from
-
ppm to 2.894 ppm for Fe and varying from 2.465 ppm to 2.668 ppm for Mn (Fig 5.4.1) against BIS standard limits 0.3 ppm (Fe) and 0.1 ppm (Mn) respectively. Whereas Zn and Cu analysis of Lake water samples revealed concentrations well within the BIS standard limits varying from 0.002 ppm to 0.007 ppm for Zn against limit of 5 ppm (Zn) and varying from 0.024ppm to 0.046 ppm for Cu (Fig 5.4.2) against limit of 0.050 ppm (Cu).
Table 5.5 Heavy Metal analysis of Settled Solids.
SL NO
SAMPLE DETAILS
IRON (Fe)
ppm
Zinc(Zn) ppm
Copper(cu) ppm
Manganese (Mn)
ppm
01
Sample 1
30.92
18.36
0.88
7.46
02
Sample 2
27.60
18.13
0.51
6.25
03
Sample 3
17.40
12.50
0.28
2.36
04
Sample 4
25.56
15.12
0.48
4.47
Fe and Zn variations in sediment samples
Fe and Zn variations in sediment samples
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Fe
Zn
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Fe
Zn
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Sample id
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Sample id
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
Fig : 5.5.1 Fe and Mn variations of Sediments Samples
Cu and Mn variations in sediment samples
Cu and Mn variations in sediment samples
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Cu
Mn
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Cu
Mn
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Sample id
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Sample id
Fig : 5.5.2 Zn and Cu variations of Sediments Samples
Further the sediment samples from 4 selected points around the Lake were taken and when subjected to Heavy metal analysis (Table 5.5), Fe concentrations found to vary from 17.40 ppm to 30.92 ppm (Fig 5.5.1), Zn ranged between 12.50 ppm to 18.36 ppm (Fig 5.5.1), Cu found to vary from 0.28 ppm to 0.88 ppm (Fig 5.5.2)and Mn ranged between 2.36 ppm to 7.46 ppm (Fig 5.5.2). This sediment analysis has solidified the heavy metal pollution in the Kunchenahalli Lake water body owing to threaten for the useofwater for the domestic purpose. There is a need for action to treat the Lake water and make use of the water body for public usage.
CONCLUSIONS
The Quantitative and Qualitative conclusions through this study are definitive by itself, the core parameters of chemical and physical characteristics especially Total Hardness and Dissolved Oxygen not comply with the BIS standard limits, which is enough proof that the water source is polluted and this pollution is directly or indirectly related or caused by large amount of Manganese and Iron present in the surrounding area.
Heavy metal analysis conducted by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry clearly proves that manganese and iron are fully concentrated in the surrounding soil which encircle the lake and the amount of these metals leeching into the water results in the content of metal oxides present in the water exceeding the BIS limit standards by Ten to twenty times which is not acceptable. This seeping of metal oxides is due to the environmental factors where surface runoff seeps into the lake due to the bund of soil being at a higher elevation than the Water source which is present at a lower elevation level. The results lead towards the
necessity of treating the Lake water if it is to put for domestic purpose. The simplest form of treatment would be Oxidation with aeration to precipitate out the Iron and Manganese.
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